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Schourup-Kristensen V, Larsen J, Stæhr PAU, Maar M. Modelled dispersal pathways of non-indigenous species in the Danish Wadden Sea. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 191:106111. [PMID: 37573739 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The introduction-rate of non-indigenous species (NIS) to coastal water bodies has accelerated over the last century. We present a model study assessing the fate of NIS released in likely point sources of the Danish Wadden Sea. We show that NIS-particles released in the deep North Sea are generally transported away from the Wadden Sea, while those released in the coastal North Sea and the Wadden Sea show large variability in track pattern and settlement location. Consequently, the introduction of NIS from ships entering the port of Esbjerg pose a threat to the Wadden Sea through primary and secondary spreading, while transport of species from sources in the south likely causes a slow and steady settling of NIS in the Wadden Sea and coastal North Sea. The study points to the importance of enforcing an efficient monitoring system to ensure early detection of changes to the species composition of the Wadden Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibe Schourup-Kristensen
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Janus Larsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Marie Maar
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
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2
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Status and Trends in the Rate of Introduction of Marine Non-Indigenous Species in European Seas. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14121077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Invasive alien species are a major worldwide driver of biodiversity change. The current study lists verified records of non-indigenous species (NIS) in European marine waters until 2020, with the purpose of establishing a baseline, assessing trends, and discussing appropriate threshold values for good environmental status (GES) according to the relevant European legislation. All NIS records were verified by national experts and trends are presented in six-year assessment periods from 1970 to 2020 according to the European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Altogether, 874 NIS have been introduced to European marine waters until 2020 with the Mediterranean Sea and North-East Atlantic Ocean hosting most of the introductions. Overall, the number of new introductions has steadily increased since 2000. The annual rate of new introductions reached 21 new NIS in European seas within the last six-year assessment period (2012–2017). This increase is likely due to increased human activities and research efforts that have intensified during the early 21st century within European Seas. As Europe seas are not environmentally, nor geographically homogenous, the setting of threshold values for assessing GES requires regional expertise. Further, once management measures are operational, pathway-specific threshold values would enable assessing the effectiveness of such measures.
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Li N, Liu Z, Wang P, Suman K, Zhang J, Song Y. Effects of sodium hypochlorite treatment on the chlorophyll fluorescence in photosystem II of microalgae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155192. [PMID: 35421461 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll fluorescence-based method shows great potentials for on-site assessing the vitality of algae in treated ship's ballast water. However, there is very limited information on the mechanism of chlorophyll fluorescence in photosystem II (PSII) after the NaClO treatment. In this paper, the effects of NaClO treatments with five concentrations (0.01, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12 and 0.15 mg/L) and treating periods (6, 24 and 48 h) on the chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics and spectra of Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) and Platymonas helgolandica (P. helgolandica) were investigated. Experimental results showed that both exposure time and dose were important factors that affect the toxicity of NaClO to microalgae. Further analyses showed that the maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSII, photochemical quenching and yield decreased rapidly with the increase in NaClO concentrations in the range of 0.04 mg/L to 0.15 mg/L, suggesting that NaClO seriously inhibited PSII reaction centers of algae. In addition, the maxima value of fluorescence at excitation wavelength still appeared near 437 nm and 468 nm under NaClO stress, pointing to the pigments for fluorescence produced by algae were mainly chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b antenna. As compared to chlorophyll a, the relative fluorescence intensity of chlorophyll b decreased significantly in the all of NaClO treatments. According to the fluorescence emission spectra, treatment of NaClO resulted in a shift of the maximum peak of C. vulgaris and P. helgolandica from 685.2 nm to 681.9 nm and 685.2 nm to 680.5 within 6 h, respectively. This indicates that the structure of antenna light-absorbing pigments of PSII changed under NaClO stress. These results revealed that the chlorophyll fluorescence mechanism in PSII of damaged microalgae occurred variation, which was important for the reliable application of on-site analysis of ballast water indicator based on chlorophyll fluorescence detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Kapur Suman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Junyan Zhang
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yongxin Song
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
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Ballast Water Management Strategy to Reduce the Impact of Introductions by Utilizing an Empirical Risk Model. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14060981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of non-indigenous aquatic species (NIASs) was identified as one of the major threats to aquatic ecosystems. Shipping is one of the potential invasive pathways for the introduction of marine NIASs, mainly via ballast water, sediments, and ship fouling. In addition, The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) aims to mitigate the introduction risk of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens (HAOPs) via ships’ ballast water and sediment. Some of these species can be very harmful and cause loss of biodiversity, adverse environmental consequences, and economic and social impacts. In this study, an empirical model based on the environmental similarity and the vessel characteristics was used to assess the risk associated with the ballast water, for the incoming vessels to the port of Kaohsiung and port of Riga. The priority for port state control (PSC) inspection was established and recommended for better ballast water management.
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Kurniawan SB, Pambudi DSA, Ahmad MM, Alfanda BD, Imron MF, Abdullah SRS. Ecological impacts of ballast water loading and discharge: insight into the toxicity and accumulation of disinfection by-products. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09107. [PMID: 35309395 PMCID: PMC8927920 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the implementation of the International Maritime Organization 2004 regulation, most ships have been equipped with on-dock ballast water treatment. While this method is effective in solving the invasive alien species problem, concerns are raised due to the potential release of disinfection by-products (DBPs) as the result of the chemical treatment. This review paper aims to summarize the history of ballast water management (BWM) and the currently used on-dock technology. Chlorination, oxidation, and ozonation are highlighted as the most currently applied methods to treat ballast water on-dock. This paper then focuses on the potential release of toxic DBPs as the result of the selected corresponding treatment methods. Tri-halo methane, haloacetic acid, and several acetic acid-related compounds are emphasized as toxic DBPs with concentrations reaching more than 10 μg/L. The potential toxicities of DBPs, including acute toxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity, to aquatic organisms, are then discussed in detail. Future research directions related to the advanced treatment of DBPs before final discharge and analysis of DBPs in coastal sediments, which are barely studied at present, are suggested to enhance the current knowledge on the fate and the ecological impact of BWM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setyo Budi Kurniawan
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dwi Sasmita Aji Pambudi
- Study Program of Marine Electrical Engineering, Department of Marine Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya, Jalan Teknik Kimia, Kampus ITS Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
| | - Mahasin Maulana Ahmad
- Study Program of Piping Engineering, Department of Marine Engineering, Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya, Jalan Teknik Kimia, Kampus ITS Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
| | - Benedicta Dian Alfanda
- Study Program of Marine Engineering, Department of Marine Engineering, Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya, Jalan Teknik Kimia, Kampus ITS Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Fauzul Imron
- Study Program of Environmental Engineering, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Outinen O, Puntila-Dodd R, Barda I, Brzana R, Hegele-Drywa J, Kalnina M, Kostanda M, Lindqvist A, Normant-Saremba M, Ścibik M, Strake S, Vuolamo J, Lehtiniemi M. The role of marinas in the establishment and spread of non-indigenous species in Baltic Sea fouling communities. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:984-997. [PMID: 34709099 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1996564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The study included the sampling of 12 marinas across six areas of the Baltic Sea with settlement plates and scraping of submerged structures to assess the role of marinas in the spread of non-indigenous species (NIS) via biofouling. 15 NIS were detected in the marinas and secondary spread of previously introduced NIS was detected in five out of six sea areas. Salinity and sea area significantly affected the composition of the fouling assemblages. Settlement plates appeared as the more efficient sampling method over scraping, while the seasonal analyses revealed that the monitoring effort should span over the summer and early autumn in the south-eastern, central, and northern Baltic Sea. The present findings indicate that marinas contribute to the spread of non-indigenous fouling organisms, and there is an increasing demand for the monitoring of marinas and stricter regulations regarding the biofouling management of leisure boats in the Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okko Outinen
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ieva Barda
- Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Agency of Daugavpils University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Radosław Brzana
- Department of Experimental Ecology of Marine Organisms, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Joanna Hegele-Drywa
- Department of Experimental Ecology of Marine Organisms, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Monta Kalnina
- Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Agency of Daugavpils University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Mara Kostanda
- Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Agency of Daugavpils University, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Monika Normant-Saremba
- Department of Experimental Ecology of Marine Organisms, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Michalina Ścibik
- Department of Experimental Ecology of Marine Organisms, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Solvita Strake
- Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Agency of Daugavpils University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Jutta Vuolamo
- Keep the Archipelago Tidy Association, Turku, Finland
| | - Maiju Lehtiniemi
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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Using Onboard-Produced Drinking Water to Achieve Ballast-Free Management. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13147648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Based on the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (the Ballast Water Management Convention, or BWM Convention) of the International Maritime Organization, from 8 September 2017, all ships must have an approved Ballast Water Management Treatment System (BWTS) to prevent the invasion of alien species through the discharge of ballast. Generally speaking, the need for an approved BWTS is limited to large vessels, as they are too large or too expensive for small vessels to install. This study aims to propose a simple ballast-free approach for small vessels (e.g., tugs, workboats, research vessels) that require ballast to compensate for the weight loss of fuel when sailing. Our approach involves refitting the dedicated ballast tank of these small vessels to be drinking water tanks and filling the tanks with onboard-generated distilled or reverse osmosis water to adjust the stability of the ships. We assessed our approach using three vessels. Two ships using our proposed method were certified by the American Bureau of Shipping as containing no ballast water tank, and not being subject to the BWM Convention. This study provides an environmentally harmless, easy to use, and economical approach for small vessels to comply with the BWM Convention.
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