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Piquet JC, Maestresalas B, López-Darias M. Temperature as an effective biosecurity tool against invasive snakes. J Therm Biol 2024; 125:103978. [PMID: 39368169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
The application of thermal treatments could serve as a biosecurity tool to avert snake introduction, which often leads to irreversible ecological impacts. Here, we tested the applicability of conductive heating and thermal fumigation to prevent the spread of the California kingsnake (Lampropeltis californiae), a damaging species established on the island of Gran Canaria, likely to reach other vulnerable regions, and included among the most concerning invasive species of the European Union. We exposed 24 individuals to a thermal gradient to determine species selected temperatures, range of preferred temperatures and voluntary thermal maximum and used other 24 individuals to analyse their response to conductive heating, thermal fumigation and control (no heat) treatments. Lampropeltis californiae selected temperatures of 27.80 ± 1.05 °C (ranging 26.86 °C ± 1.21 °C to 28.68 °C ± 1.25 °C) and a voluntary thermal maximum of 32.50 ± 3.69 °C. Conductive heating and thermal fumigation performed equally well, inducing the exit of 83.33% and 91.67% of all individuals after 14.36 ± 9.25 min and 11.13 ± 8.60 min of exposition, and at a body temperature of 35.66 ± 3.53 °C and 35.57 ± 2.41 °C, respectively. Control treatments produced the exit of 29.17% of all individuals, which came out of the box in 24.80 ± 8.83 min and at a body temperature of 28.60 ± 1.38 °C. Thermal treatments could serve as an effective tool to prevent the inadvertent transportation of L. californiae and other invasive snakes threatening numerous regions around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien C Piquet
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Borja Maestresalas
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Marta López-Darias
- Delegación del CSIC en Canarias, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
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McCampbell M, Spencer M, Hart K, Link G, Watson A, McCleery R. Mammalian lures monitored with time-lapse cameras increase detection of pythons and other snakes. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17577. [PMID: 38938602 PMCID: PMC11210459 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Enhancing detection of cryptic snakes is critical for the development of conservation and management strategies; yet, finding methods that provide adequate detection remains challenging. Issues with detecting snakes can be particularly problematic for some species, like the invasive Burmese python (Python bivittatus) in the Florida Everglades. Methods Using multiple survey methods, we predicted that our ability to detect pythons, larger snakes and all other snakes would be enhanced with the use of live mammalian lures (domesticated rabbits; Oryctolagus cuniculus). Specifically, we used visual surveys, python detection dogs, and time-lapse game cameras to determine if domesticated rabbits were an effective lure. Results Time-lapse game cameras detected almost 40 times more snakes (n = 375, treatment = 245, control = 130) than visual surveys (n = 10). We recorded 21 independent detections of pythons at treatment pens (with lures) and one detection at a control pen (without lures). In addition, we found larger snakes, and all other snakes were 165% and 74% more likely to be detected at treatment pens compared to control pens, respectively. Time-lapse cameras detected almost 40 times more snakes than visual surveys; we did not detect any pythons with python detection dogs. Conclusions Our study presents compelling evidence that the detection of snakes is improved by coupling live mammalian lures with time-lapse game cameras. Although the identification of smaller snake species was limited, this was due to pixel resolution, which could be improved by changing the camera focal length. For larger snakes with individually distinctive patterns, this method could potentially be used to identify unique individuals and thus allow researchers to estimate population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina McCampbell
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - McKayla Spencer
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kristen Hart
- Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, United States Geological Survey, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle Link
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Andrew Watson
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Robert McCleery
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Hill JL, Grisnik M, Hanscom RJ, Sukumaran J, Higham TE, Clark RW. The past, present, and future of predator-prey interactions in a warming world: Using species distribution modeling to forecast ectotherm-endotherm niche overlap. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11067. [PMID: 38435021 PMCID: PMC10905248 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change has the potential to disrupt species interactions across global ecosystems. Ectotherm-endotherm interactions may be especially prone to this risk due to the possible mismatch between the species in physiological response and performance. However, few studies have examined how changing temperatures might differentially impact species' niches or available suitable habitat when they have very different modes of thermoregulation. An ideal system for studying this interaction is the predator-prey system. In this study, we used ecological niche modeling to characterize the niche overlap and examine biogeography in past and future climate conditions of prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) and Ord's kangaroo rats (Dipodomys ordii), an endotherm-ectotherm pair typifying a predator-prey species interaction. Our models show a high niche overlap between these two species (D = 0.863 and I = 0.979) and further affirm similar paleoecological distributions during the last glacial maximum (LGM) and mid-Holocene (MH). Under future climate change scenarios, we found that prairie rattlesnakes may experience a reduction in overall suitable habitat (RCP 2.6 = -1.82%, 4.5 = -4.62%, 8.5 = -7.34%), whereas Ord's kangaroo rats may experience an increase (RCP 2.6 = 9.8%, 4.5 = 11.71%, 8.5 = 8.37%). We found a shared trend of stable suitable habitat at northern latitudes but reduced suitability in southern portions of the range, and we propose future monitoring and conservation be focused on those areas. Overall, we demonstrate a biogeographic example of how interacting ectotherm-endotherm species may have mismatched responses under climate change scenarios and the models presented here can serve as a starting point for further investigation into the biogeography of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Hill
- Department of BiologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Matthew Grisnik
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesTennessee State UniversityNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Department of BiologyCoastal Carolina UniversityConwaySouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Ryan J. Hanscom
- Department of BiologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jeet Sukumaran
- Department of BiologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Timothy E. Higham
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCaliforniaUSA
| | - Rulon W. Clark
- Department of BiologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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4
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Martín-Cruz B, Cecchetti M, Simbaña-Rivera K, Rial-Berriel C, Acosta-Dacal A, Zumbado-Peña M, Henríquez-Hernández LA, Gallo-Barneto R, Cabrera-Pérez MÁ, Melián-Melián A, Suárez-Pérez A, Luzardo OP. Potential exposure of native wildlife to anticoagulant rodenticides in Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain): Evidence from residue analysis of the invasive California Kingsnake (Lampropeltis californiae). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168761. [PMID: 37996022 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs), particularly second-generation compounds (SGARs), are extensively used in pest management, impacting non-target wildlife. The California kingsnake (Lampropeltis californiae), an invasive species in Gran Canaria, is under a control plan involving capture and euthanasia. This research aimed to detect 10 different ARs in these snakes, explore geographical and biometrical factors influencing AR exposure, and assess their potential as sentinel species for raptors, sharing similar foraging habits. Liver samples from 360 snakes, euthanized between 2021 and 2022, were analysed for ARs using LC-MS/MS. Results showed all detected rodenticides were SGARs, except for one instance of diphacinone. Remarkably, 90 % of the snakes tested positive for ARs, with over half exposed to multiple compounds. Brodifacoum was predominant, found in over 90 % of AR-positive snakes, while bromadiolone and difenacoum were also frequently detected but at lower levels. The study revealed that larger snakes and those in certain geographic areas had higher AR concentrations. Snakes in less central or more peripheral areas showed lower levels of these compounds. This suggests a correlation between the snakes' size and distribution with the concentration of ARs in their bodies. The findings indicate that the types and prevalence of ARs in California kingsnakes on Gran Canaria mirror those in the island's raptors. This similarity suggests that the kingsnake could serve as a potential sentinel species for monitoring ARs in the ecosystem. However, further research is necessary to confirm their effectiveness in this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martín-Cruz
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera "Físico" s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Martina Cecchetti
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera "Físico" s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter. Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Simbaña-Rivera
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera "Físico" s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cristian Rial-Berriel
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera "Físico" s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Andrea Acosta-Dacal
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera "Físico" s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Manuel Zumbado-Peña
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera "Físico" s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Spain
| | - Luis Alberto Henríquez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera "Físico" s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Spain
| | - Ramón Gallo-Barneto
- Gestión y Planeamiento Territorial y Medioambiental, S.A. (GESPLAN). Canary Islands Government, C/León y Castillo 54, bajo, 35003 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Cabrera-Pérez
- General Directorate to Combat Climate Change and the Environment, Biodiversity Service, Canary Islands Government, Plaza de los Derechos Humanos, 22, 35071 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ayose Melián-Melián
- Gestión y Planeamiento Territorial y Medioambiental, S.A. (GESPLAN). Canary Islands Government, C/León y Castillo 54, bajo, 35003 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Alejandro Suárez-Pérez
- Gestión y Planeamiento Territorial y Medioambiental, S.A. (GESPLAN). Canary Islands Government, C/León y Castillo 54, bajo, 35003 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Octavio P Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera "Físico" s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Spain
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Santana-Hernández KM, Rodríguez-Ponce E, Medina IR, Acosta-Hernández B, Priestnall SL, Vega S, Marin C, Cerdà-Cuéllar M, Marco-Fuertes A, Ayats T, García Beltrán T, Lupiola-Gómez PA. One Health Approach: Invasive California Kingsnake ( Lampropeltis californiae) as an Important Source of Antimicrobial Drug-Resistant Salmonella Clones on Gran Canaria Island. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1790. [PMID: 37889724 PMCID: PMC10251910 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in the reptile population has led to a rise in the number of zoonotic infections due to close contact with reptiles, with reptile-associated salmonellosis being particularly relevant. California kingsnake invasion not only threatens the endemic reptile population of the island of Gran Canaria (Spain) but also poses serious public health problems by spreading zoonotic pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to the environment. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the occurrence, genetic diversity, and AMR among Salmonella spp. strains isolated from California kingsnakes in Gran Canaria Island (Spain). Of 73 invasive individuals captured, 20.5% carried Salmonella spp., belonging to different subspecies and serovars, with subsp. salamae as the most abundant. Pulsed-field electrophoresis showed high genetic diversity among subsp. salamae isolates, and among these, 73.3% showed resistance to at least one of the antimicrobials tested. In conclusion, the present study revealed the importance of wild invasive California kingsnakes as reservoirs of drug-resistant Salmonella spp. that could pose a direct threat to livestock and humans. Identification of drug-resistant Salmonella strains in wildlife provides valuable information on potential routes of transmission that involve risks to public and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Santana-Hernández
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (K.M.S.-H.); (E.R.-P.); (I.R.M.); (B.A.-H.)
| | - Eligia Rodríguez-Ponce
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (K.M.S.-H.); (E.R.-P.); (I.R.M.); (B.A.-H.)
| | - Inmaculada Rosario Medina
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (K.M.S.-H.); (E.R.-P.); (I.R.M.); (B.A.-H.)
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal (IUSA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - Begoña Acosta-Hernández
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (K.M.S.-H.); (E.R.-P.); (I.R.M.); (B.A.-H.)
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal (IUSA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - Simon L. Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK;
| | - Santiago Vega
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain; (C.M.)
| | - Clara Marin
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain; (C.M.)
| | - Marta Cerdà-Cuéllar
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Marco-Fuertes
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain; (C.M.)
| | - Teresa Ayats
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa García Beltrán
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal (IUSA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - Pablo A. Lupiola-Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
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Maestresalas B, Piquet JC, López-Darias M. Spatial ecology to strengthen invasive snake management on islands. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6731. [PMID: 37185934 PMCID: PMC10130030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on the spatial ecology of invasive predators positively contributes to optimizing their management, especially when involving cryptic and secretive species, such as snakes. However, this information is lacking for most invasive snakes, particularly on islands, where they are known to cause severe ecological and socio-economic impacts. This research is focused on assessing the spatial ecology of the California kingsnake (Lampropeltis californiae) on Gran Canaria to strengthen management actions. We monitored 15 radio-tagged individuals once per day on 9-11 days per month from July 2020 to June 2021 to calculate the species' home range and describe annual activity patterns in the invaded range. To account for the species' diel activity during the emergence period, we additionally monitored snakes from January to May 2021 during three consecutive days per month in four different time intervals each day. We detected movement (consecutive detections at least 6 m apart) in 31.68% of the 1146 detections during the whole monitoring period. Movements most frequently detected were shorter than 100 m (82.24%), and among them the range 0-20 m was the most recurrent (27.03%). The mean distance of movement was 62.57 ± 62.62 m in 1-2 days. Average home range was 4.27 ± 5.35 ha-calculated with the Autocorrelated Kernel Density Estimator (AKDE) at 95%-and did not significantly vary with SVL nor sex. We detected an extremely low value of motion variance (0.76 ± 2.62 σ2m) compared to other studies, with a general inactivity period from November to February, January being the less active month of the year. Diel activity was higher during central and evening hours than during early morning and night. Our results should be useful to improve control programs for this invasive snake (e.g., trap placement and visual survey guidance) on Gran Canaria. Our research highlights the importance of gathering spatial information on invasive snakes to enhance control actions, which can contribute to the management of secretive invasive snakes worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Maestresalas
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Julien C Piquet
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Marta López-Darias
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Fisher S, Fisher RN, Alcaraz SE, Gallo‐Barneto R, Patino‐Martinez C, López‐Jurado LF, Cabrera‐Pérez MÁ, Grismer JL. Reproductive plasticity as an advantage of snakes during island invasion. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Fisher
- Department of Biology La Sierra University 4500 Riverwalk Parkway Riverside California USA
- Western Ecological Research Center U.S. Geological Survey 4615 Spruance Road San Diego California USA
| | - Robert N. Fisher
- Western Ecological Research Center U.S. Geological Survey 4615 Spruance Road San Diego California USA
| | - Sophie E. Alcaraz
- Western Ecological Research Center U.S. Geological Survey 4615 Spruance Road San Diego California USA
| | - Ramón Gallo‐Barneto
- Área de Medio Ambiente Gestión y Planeamiento Territorial y Ambiental (GesPlan S. A.) C/Francisco Gourie, 107‐30 Las Palmas Spain
| | - Clara Patino‐Martinez
- Asociación para el Desarrollo Sostenible y Conservación de la Biodiversidad (ADS) C/Blas de Lezo 55 Aguimes Las Palmas Spain
| | - Luis Felipe López‐Jurado
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Las Palmas Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Cabrera‐Pérez
- Servicio de Biodiversidad, Dirección General de Protección de la Naturaleza Gobierno de Canarias C/Profesor Agustín Millares Carló, 18, 5a planta, Edificio Servicios Múltiples II Las Palmas Spain
| | - Jesse L. Grismer
- Department of Biology La Sierra University 4500 Riverwalk Parkway Riverside California USA
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