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Wang X, Ding C, Long H, Wu Y, Zhao H, Jiang F, Chang R, Xue S, Shen M, Yang X. Catalytic reduction of nitrogen monoxide using iron-nickel oxygen carriers derived from electroplating sludge: Novel method for the collaborative emission decrease of polluting gases. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172315. [PMID: 38593874 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The valorization of electroplating sludge (ES) for high added value presents greater economic and environmental benefits than conventional treatment methods such as thermal processing, solidification, and landfill. Inspired by the mechanism of chemical looping combustion (CLC), this study developed a novel cost-effective method for denitrification by preparing FeNi-OCs from ES to achieve the synergistic reduction of CO and NO emissions. The phase structure, micromorphology, and valence state changes of the FeNi-OC catalyst during the CO-catalyzed reduction of NO and the pathway for catalytic denitrification using FeNi-OCs were analyzed. Results showed that CO could reduce FeNi-OCs to FeNi, and the reduced FeNi was subsequently oxidized back to FeNi-OCs by NO, a process analogous to CLC. During experiments, the simultaneous consumption of CO and NO gases was observed at 350 °C. This phenomenon was highly pronounced at 600 °C, where the CO and NO concentrations decreased from initial values of 8550 and 470 ppm, respectively, to 6719 and 0 ppm, respectively, with conversion rates of 21.41 % and 100 %, respectively. Hence, synergistic emission reduction was achieved. Further experiments also indicated that the addition of 1.5 % ES during iron ore sintering could substantially reduce the CO and NO concentrations in the sintering flue gas from 1268.32 and 244.81 ppm, respectively, to 974.51 and 161.11 ppm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchao Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Metallurgy Engineering & Resources Recycling, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, China; School of Metallurgical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China
| | - Chengyi Ding
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Metallurgy Engineering & Resources Recycling, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, China; School of Metallurgical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China.
| | - Hongming Long
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Metallurgy Engineering & Resources Recycling, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, China; School of Metallurgical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China.
| | - Yuxi Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Metallurgy Engineering & Resources Recycling, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, China
| | - Hexi Zhao
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China
| | - Rende Chang
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China
| | - Sheng Xue
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China
| | - Mingrui Shen
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Metallurgy Engineering & Resources Recycling, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, China
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Wang H, Liu X, Zhang Z. Approaches for electroplating sludge treatment and disposal technology: Reduction, pretreatment and reuse. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 349:119535. [PMID: 37979382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Electroplating sludge (ES) has become an obstacle to the sustainable development of the electroplating industry. Electroplating sludge has a large storage capacity, with a high concentration of soluble pollutants (heavy metals), which has great potential to harm the local ecosystems and human health. Although much research has been done in this area, there seems to be no mature and stable solution. Therefore, the latest technologies for the reduction, pretreatment and reuse of electroplating sludge are emphatically introduced based on the analysis of the characteristics of electroplating sludge and its impact on the ecological environment. The factors hindering the treatment and disposal of electroplating sludge are pointed out, and reasonable and feasible suggestions to solve this problem are proposed. The solidification and removal mechanism of heavy metals in electroplating sludge is emphatically analyzed. The physicochemical and separation processes of heavy metals, as well as thermal treatment technique are discussed. Finally, it is proposed to establish a database of the physicochemical properties and elemental content of electroplating sludge to achieve its systematic treatment and digestion. We hope that this paper can help solve the problem of electroplating sludge and promote the sustainable development of the electroplating industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Wang
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Zengqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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Wei J, Shi P, Cui G, Li X, Xu M, Xu D, Xie Y. Analysis of soil pollution characteristics and influencing factors based on ten electroplating enterprises. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122562. [PMID: 37717896 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The electroplating industry encompasses various processes and plating types that contribute to environmental pollution, which has led to growing public concern. To investigate related soil pollution in China, the study selected 10 sites with diverse industrial characteristics distributed across China and collected 1052 soil samples to determine the presence of industrial priority pollutants (PP) based on production process and pollutant toxicity. The factors influencing site pollution as well as proposed pollution prevention and control approaches were then evaluated. The results indicate the presence of significant pollution in the electroplating industry, with ten constituents surpassing the risk screening values (RSV). The identified PP consist of Cr(VI), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), total chromium (Cr), and petroleum hydrocarbons (C10-C40). PP contamination was primarily observed in production areas, liquid storage facilities, and solid zones. The vertical distribution of metal pollutants decreased with soil depth, whereas the reverse was true for petroleum hydrocarbons (C10-C40). Increase in site production time was strongly correlated with soil pollution, but strengthening anti-seepage measures in key areas can effectively reduce the soil exceedance standard ratio. This study serves as a foundation for conceptualizing site repair technology in the electroplating industry and offers a reference and methodology for pollution and source control in this and related sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Wei
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China; Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Peili Shi
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Guannan Cui
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Environment, College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Minke Xu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dongyao Xu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yunfeng Xie
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Zhu J, Cheng Y, Wang Z, Zhang J, Yue Y, Qian G. Low-energy production of a monolithic catalyst with MnCu-synergetic enhancement for catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 336:117688. [PMID: 36907063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Producing a low-cost catalyst by a low-cost method is one of the hottest topics in the field of catalytic oxidization of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this work, a catalyst formula with a low-energy requirement was optimized in the powdered state, and verified in the monolithic state. An effective MnCu catalyst was synthesized at a temperature as low as 200 °C. Removals were all bigger than 88% for toluene, ethyl acetate, hexane, formaldehyde, and cyclohexanone at a low temperature of 240 °C. The MnCu catalyst was then loaded on a honeycomb cordierite, which was also effective for toluene removal at 240 °C. After characterizations, active phases were Mn3O4/CuMn2O4 in both the powdered and monolithic catalysts. The enhanced activity was attributed to balanced distributions of low-valence Mn and Cu, as well as abundant surface oxygen vacancies. The obtained catalyst is produced by low energy and effective at low temperature, which suggests a perspective application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Yu Cheng
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Zongfang Wang
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Jia Zhang
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Yang Yue
- MGI of Shanghai University, Xiapu Town, Xiangdong District, Pingxiang City, Jiangxi, 337022, PR China.
| | - Guangren Qian
- MGI of Shanghai University, Xiapu Town, Xiangdong District, Pingxiang City, Jiangxi, 337022, PR China
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Wu T, Li X, Weng CH, Ding F, Tan F, Duan R. Highly efficient LaMO 3 (M = Co, Fe) perovskites catalyzed Fenton's reaction for degradation of direct blue 86. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 227:115756. [PMID: 36966992 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite-structured catalysts LaMO3 (M = Co, Fe) were successfully synthesized and attempted to catalyze hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for the degradation of Direct Blue 86 (DB86), a carcinogenic phthalocyanine dye. The heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction revealed that the oxidative power of the LaCoO3-catalyzed H2O2 (LaCoO3/H2O2) process was higher than that of LaFeO3/H2O2. When LaCoO3 was calcined at 750 °C for 5 h, 100 mg/L of DB86 could be completely degraded within 5 min via LaCoO3/H2O2 system under H2O2 0.0979 mol/L, initial pH 3.0, LaCoO3 0.4 g/L, and 25 °C. The oxidative LaCoO3/H2O2 system has a low activation energy (14.68 kJ/mol) for DB86 degradation, indicating that it is a fast reaction process with highly favorable at high reaction temperatures. For the first time, a cyclic reaction mechanism of catalytic LaCoO3/H2O2 system was proposed based on the evidence of coexisting CoII and CoIII on the LaCoO3 surface and the presence of HO• radicals (major), O2•- radicals (minor), and 1O2 (minor). LaCoO3 perovskite catalyst was reusable and still maintained reactive with a satisfactory degradation efficiency within 5 min even after five consecutive uses. This study shows that the as-prepared LaCoO3 is a highly efficient catalyst for phthalocyanine dye degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyan Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics and Powder Materials, School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan, 417000, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics and Powder Materials, School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan, 417000, China
| | - Chih-Huang Weng
- Department of Civil Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, 84008, Taiwan.
| | - Feng Ding
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics and Powder Materials, School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan, 417000, China.
| | - Fengliang Tan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics and Powder Materials, School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan, 417000, China
| | - Renyan Duan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics and Powder Materials, School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan, 417000, China
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Cao C, Yu J, Xu X, Li F, Yang Z, Wang G, Zhang S, Cheng Z, Li T, Pu Y, Xian J, Yang Y, Pu Z. A review on fabricating functional materials by electroplating sludge: process characteristics and outlook. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:64827-64844. [PMID: 37093385 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As the end product of the electroplating industry, electroplating sludge (ES) has a huge annual output and an abundant heavy metal (HM). The effective disposal of ES is attracting increasing attention. Currently, the widely used ES disposal methods (e.g. landfill and incineration) make it difficult to effectively control of HMs and synchronously utilise metal resources, leading to a waste of metal resources, HMs migration, and potential harm to the environment and human health. Therefore, techniques to limit HMs release into the environment and promote the efficient utilisation of metal resources contained within ES are of great interest. Based on these requirements, material reuse is a great potential means of ES management. This review presents an overview of the process flows, principles and feasibilities of the methods employed for the material reuse of ES. Several approaches have been investigated to date, including (1) additions in building materials, (2) application in pigment production, and (3) production of special functional materials. However, these three methods vary in their treatment scales, property requirements, ability to control HMs, and degree of utilisation of metal resources in ES. Currently, the safety of products and costs are not paid enough attention, and the large-scale disposal of HMs is not concordant with the effective management of HMs. Accordingly, this study proposes a holistic sustainable materialised reuse pattern of ES, which combines the scale and efficiency of sludge disposal and pays attention to the safety of products and the cost of transformation process for commercial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Cao
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jian Yu
- School of Geography and Tourism, Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241003, China
| | - Xiaoxun Xu
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment Protection of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Feng Li
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhanbiao Yang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment Protection of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guiyin Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment Protection of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shirong Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment Protection of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhang Cheng
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yulin Pu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Junren Xian
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yuanxiang Yang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhien Pu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Lv JF, Quan YC, Lan ZY, Zheng YX, Wei M, Gao T. Effect of zinc ion on synthesis of chromium-containing spinel from wastewater and insight into the synthesis mechanism. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Li C, Ding S, Zhang J, Wu J, Yue Y, Qian G. Ball milling transformed electroplating sludges with different components to spinels for stable electrocatalytic ammonia production under ambient conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:134060. [PMID: 35189185 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electroplating sludge is classified as hazardous waste, but it is also a potential raw resource since it contains plenty of transition metals. However, the component of electroplating sludge is unstable, which hinders recycling. This work investigates the possibility to synthesize spinels with stable catalytic performances by different electroplating sludges. The obtained catalysts are used in electrocatalytic N2 reduction to produce ammonia. As a result, CuCr2O4, ZnCr2O4, and NiCr2O4 spinels are successfully synthesized by a ball-milling and calcination method. These spinels result in ammonia yields of 7.30-8.86 μg h-1 mg-1cat. Among the three spinels, CuCr2O4 shows the highest yield of 8.86 μg h-1 mg-1cat at -0.9 V. Its faradaic efficiency reaches 0.57%. In addition, no by-product N2H4 is detected, indicating a high selectivity. The catalytic process is carried out by both distal and alternating pathways, in which metal doping and oxygen vacancy function as binding sites for N2 adsorption and reduction. Above results indicate that electroplating sludges with unstable components are feasible to produce spinels for stable electrocatalytic ammonia production under ambient temperature. This is in favor of high-value-added utilization of hazardous waste, and devotes to circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyan Li
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Suyan Ding
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Jia Zhang
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- MGI of Shanghai University, Xiapu Town, Xiangdong District, Pingxiang City, Jiangxi, 337022, PR China
| | - Yang Yue
- MGI of Shanghai University, Xiapu Town, Xiangdong District, Pingxiang City, Jiangxi, 337022, PR China
| | - Guangren Qian
- MGI of Shanghai University, Xiapu Town, Xiangdong District, Pingxiang City, Jiangxi, 337022, PR China.
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Wang Z, Wu T, Long J, Bai L, Zhang J, Qian G. Recycling electroplating sludge as a monolithic catalyst for effective catalytic purification of volatile organic compounds. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113567. [PMID: 34419728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electroplating sludge had a high content of heavy metals and usually lacked high-value-added utilization. In this work, Cu-containing sludge was used to synthesize a spinel catalyst, which was applied in catalytic oxidization of toluene. As a result, the sludge-derived spinel removed 50% of toluene (1000 ppm, 9600 h-1) at 280 °C. In comparison, a reagent-synthesized spinel with a similar component removed 50% of pollutant at 294 °C. The sludge-derived spinel also showed a stable performance for over 50 h at 370 °C. Even when the initial concentration was increased to 5000 ppm, or the gas hourly space velocity was increased to 40,000 h-1, the temperature for 50% removal was only increased to 303 °C. According to characterizations, surface oxygens of the sludge-derived spinel were more active than those in the reagent-synthesized one. Besides, the former had more active surface oxygens (207.9 μmol/g) than the latter (183.1 μmol/g). Furthermore, the sludge-derived spinel was coated on a monolithic honeycomb, which were also effective in catalytic oxidization of toluene. The main results of this work were in favor of high-value-added utilization of hazardous solid waste and promoting its real industry application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongfang Wang
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Tianwei Wu
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Jisheng Long
- Shanghai SUS Environment Co., LTD, Shanghai, 201703, China.
| | - Li Bai
- Shanghai SUS Environment Co., LTD, Shanghai, 201703, China.
| | - Jia Zhang
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Guangren Qian
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
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