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Taufek NM, Mohamad Zulkifli NFN, Hamizah AN. Upcycling of food waste generated from the fresh market by utilising black soldier fly larvae: Influence on growth, bioconversion, and nutritional composition. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 349:119467. [PMID: 37976636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Innovative solutions are needed to limit environmental effect and optimise resource use as food waste generation rises worldwide. This study investigates the potential of upcycling food waste from fresh markets using Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) as a sustainable approach. This study explored four fresh market food waste substrates for BSFL bioconversion: discarded fish waste (FI), slaughtered chicken waste (CHI), vegetable waste (VEG), and a 1:1:1 combination of all three (MIX). Soybean curd residue (SCR) was treated as the control substrate. The effects on larval growth, nutritional content, and waste bioconversion rates were examined. The larvae growth rate was strongly impacted by waste type, with BSF-fed CHI and MIX gaining 18.0 and 16.7 mg/d, respectively, followed by BSF-fed with SCR (12.2 mg/d), FI (8.9 mg/d) and VEG (7.6 mg/d). The waste type did not substantially alter BSFL length. The survival rate of the BSFL fed with the food waste studied ranges from 95 to 98.47%, with SCR being the highest. Our findings indicated that BSFL can effectively convert a variety of fresh market food waste into valuable biomass. CHI waste produced the highest larval biomass and bioconversion rate followed by MIX, SCR, FI and VEG. The different waste stream has a major influence on BSFL biomass nutrition. BSFL nutritional composition is independent of the substrate's nutritional content, indicating no direct correlation between substrate and BSFL biomass nutritional composition. SCR waste produced the highest protein content of BSFL (50.49%), followed by VEG (32.61%), MIX (32.57%), FI (31.03%) and CHI (29.06%). SCR waste also produced BSFL biomass with lowest lipid content (26.55%) compared to other waste which resulted into BSFL with lipid levels ranging from 42.92% to 53.72%. BSFL-fed with SCR is the most suitable to be used as an alternative animal's feed based on the protein and lipid levels, while defatting procedure is necessary for the other waste-fed BSFL to render it suitability as animal feed alternatives. Based on bioconversion rate, BSFL growth, and lipid content, the MIX and CHI waste might be viable substrates for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhidayah Mohd Taufek
- Aqua Nutri Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Ladang Mini, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Nor Fatin Najihah Mohamad Zulkifli
- Aqua Nutri Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Ladang Mini, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Nazri Hamizah
- Aqua Nutri Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Heussler CD, Dittmann IL, Egger B, Robra S, Klammsteiner T. A Comparative Study of Effects of Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable Microplastics on the Growth and Development of Black Soldier Fly Larvae ( Hermetia illucens). WASTE AND BIOMASS VALORIZATION 2023; 15:2313-2322. [PMID: 38623455 PMCID: PMC11016124 DOI: 10.1007/s12649-023-02296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the digestion process of biodegradable and non-biodegradable microplastics (MPs) within black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) and assess their impact on larval growth and development. The goal was to understand the fate of MPs within BSFL, considering their potential for waste conversion polluted with MPs. Methods BSFL were exposed to two types of MPs, and their growth, development, potential accumulation and excretion of MPs were monitored. Results The findings revealed that the MPs accumulated solely in the larval gut and had no adverse effects on the growth and development of BSFL. Larvae efficiently excreted MPs before reaching the pupation stage. Conclusion This research emphasizes the potential of BSFL as a bioconversion agent for organic waste, even in the presence of MPs. The effective excretion of MPs by BSFL before pupation suggests their ability to mitigate potential harm caused by MP accumulation. The fact that BSFL may excrete MPs before pupation would contribute to their safe use as animal feedstock. A careful evaluation of the effects of using BSFL reared on contaminated substrates especially containing visually non-detectable residuals like nanoplastics, chemicals or toxic metals and further examination of the broader implications for waste management and sustainable livestock farming remains important. Graphical Abstract Experimental design outlining the workflow for the analyses used to investigate the effect of two types of microplastics, polyamide (PA), and polylactic acid (PLA), on growth and development of black soldier fly larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernhard Egger
- Department of Zoology, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sabine Robra
- Department of Waste Treatment and Resource Management, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Gopa Worldwide Consultants, 61348 Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Klammsteiner
- Department of Ecology, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Li O, Liang J, Chen Y, Tang S, Li Z. Exploration of Converting Food Waste into Value-Added Products via Insect Pretreatment-Assisted Hydrothermal Catalysis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:18760-18772. [PMID: 37273594 PMCID: PMC10233670 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The environmental burden of food waste (FW) disposal coupled with natural resource scarcity has aroused interest in FW valorization; however, transforming FW into valuable products remains a challenge because of its heterogeneous nature. In this study, a two-stage method involving black soldier fly (BSF)-based insect pretreatment and subsequent hydrothermal catalysis over a single-atom cerium-incorporated hydroxyapatite (Ce-HAP) was explored to convert FW into high added-value furfurals (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural). FW consisting of cereal, vegetables, meat, eggs, oil, and salt was initially degraded by BSF larvae to generate homogeneous BSF biomass, and then, crucial parameters impacting the conversion of BSF biomass into furfurals were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, 9.3 wt % yield of furfurals was attained, and repeated trials confirmed the recyclability of Ce-HAP. It was proved that the revenue of furfural production from FW by this two-stage method ranged from 3.14 to 584.4 USD/tonne. This study provides a potential technical orientation for FW resource utilization.
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Purkayastha D, Sarkar S. Performance evaluation of black soldier fly larvae fed on human faeces, food waste and their mixture. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 326:116727. [PMID: 36372040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL)-based technology has been proposed and tested for treatment and valorization of human faeces, food waste and a mixture of 75% human faeces with 25% food waste. Experiments were conducted between 15 and 45 °C and 55-75% relative humidity. BSFL's performance for the degradation of the mixed waste was significantly better than their performances when used for the degradation of either human faeces or food waste fed alone, primarily due to the availability of more conducive pH, and better microbial and nutrient balance. The abiotic factors, temperature and relative humidity impacted the decomposition rate and weight gain pattern of BSFL when they were fed on the waste streams. The results showed that the optimum conditions to conduct the proposed BSFL-based treatment was 31-35 °C and 55-75% RH. The protein content in the BSFL was not impacted significantly by the quality of the waste stream, whereas the fat content varied substantially. The abiotic factors also impacted the protein and fat content of BSFL. The investigation led to the estimation of the decomposition rates over a wide range of temperature and relative humidity conditions, which could be useful for the design of large-scale BSFL-based treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasree Purkayastha
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
| | - Sudipta Sarkar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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Rehman KU, Hollah C, Wiesotzki K, Rehman RU, Rehman AU, Zhang J, Zheng L, Nienaber T, Heinz V, Aganovic K. Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens as a potential innovative and environmentally friendly tool for organic waste management: A mini-review. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:81-97. [PMID: 35730793 PMCID: PMC9925914 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221105441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The application of black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens based technology to process organic wastes presents a practical option for organic waste management by producing feed materials (protein, fat), biodiesel, chitin and biofertilizer. Therefore, BSF organic wastes recycling is a sustainable and cost-effective process that promotes resource recovery, and generates valuable products, thereby creating new economic opportunities for the industrial sector and entrepreneurs. Specifically, we discussed the significance of BSF larvae (BSFL) in the recycling of biowaste. Despite the fact that BSFL may consume a variety of wastes materials, whereas, certain lignocellulosic wastes, such as dairy manure, are deficient in nutrients, which might slow BSFL development. The nutritional value of larval feeding substrates may be improved by mixing in nutrient-rich substrates like chicken manure or soybean curd residue, for instance. Similarly, microbial fermentation may be used to digest lignocellulosic waste, releasing nutrients that are needed for the BSFL. In this mini-review, a thorough discussion has been conducted on the various waste biodegraded by the BSFL, their co-digestion and microbial fermentation of BSFL substrate, as well as the prospective applications and safety of the possible by-products that may be generated at the completion of the treatment process. Furthermore, this study examines the present gaps and challenges on the direction to the efficient application of BSF for waste management and the commercialization of its by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif ur Rehman
- Department of Microbiology,
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Th Islamia University of
Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- Poultry Research Institute
Rawalpindi, Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Punjab,
Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of
Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial
Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural
University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Clemens Hollah
- DIL Deutsches Institut für
Lebensmitteltechnik e. V. – German Institute of Food Technologies,
Quakenbruck, Germany
| | - Karin Wiesotzki
- DIL Deutsches Institut für
Lebensmitteltechnik e. V. – German Institute of Food Technologies,
Quakenbruck, Germany
| | - Rashid ur Rehman
- Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | | | - Jibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of
Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial
Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural
University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Longyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of
Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial
Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural
University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Theresa Nienaber
- DIL Deutsches Institut für
Lebensmitteltechnik e. V. – German Institute of Food Technologies,
Quakenbruck, Germany
| | - Volker Heinz
- DIL Deutsches Institut für
Lebensmitteltechnik e. V. – German Institute of Food Technologies,
Quakenbruck, Germany
| | - Kemal Aganovic
- DIL Deutsches Institut für
Lebensmitteltechnik e. V. – German Institute of Food Technologies,
Quakenbruck, Germany
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Eriksen NT. Dynamic modelling of feed assimilation, growth, lipid accumulation, and CO2 production in black soldier fly larvae. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276605. [PMID: 36288352 PMCID: PMC9605037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF) is becoming a novel farm animal. BSF larvae can be reared on different substrates. Their performance is important but highly variable and different models have been employed to analyze their growth, so far without considering that metabolic rates, growth, and biochemical composition of the larvae are interrelated. This work develops a dynamic model, which describes general growth patterns of BSF larvae and predicts observed variability in larval performances. The model was tested against data from literature, which combines kinetic growth data with measurements of lipid or dry weight content, and CO2 production. The model combines the kinetics of the logistic model with principles from differential energy budget models and considers key events in larval life history, moulting and metamorphosis. Larvae are compartmentised into structural biomass, storage lipids, and a pool of assimilates. Feed assimilation is considered the overall rate limiting process and is reduced in relation to larval weight by a logistic function. A second logistic function further reduces the specific growth rate of structural biomass, causes imbalance between and feed assimilation and growth rates, and leaves a surplus of assimilates to be stored as lipids. Fluxes between compartments consider cost of synthesis of structural biomass and lipids, as well as maintenance. When assimilation falls below maintenance needs, storage lipids are recycled. The model is able to describe growth and lipid contents of BSF larvae reared on chicken feed, growth of feed limited BSF larvae, as well as growth, dry weight content, and CO2 production of BSF larvae reared on different substrate qualities and moisture contents. The model may be used for the analysis of growth and performance of BSF larvae under variable rearing conditions. It can deepen the analyses of experimental data and provide insight into the causes of variability of larval performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Thomas Eriksen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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