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Veses A, Martínez JD, Sanchís A, López JM, García T, García G, Murillo R. Pyrolysis of End-Of-Life Tires: Moving from a Pilot Prototype to a Semi-Industrial Plant Using Auger Technology. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2024; 38:17087-17099. [PMID: 39257467 PMCID: PMC11382153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c02748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
This work, carried out within the framework of the BlackCycle project, demonstrates the robustness of an auger reactor for the pyrolysis of end-of-life tires (ELTs) to be considered within the seventh level of technology readiness (TRL-7). For this purpose, the resulting pyrolysis products are compared with those obtained from a pilot scale facility ranging within the fifth technology readiness level (TRL-5). Using the same type of ELTs, tire trucks (TTs), operating conditions used at the TRL-5 plant are attempted to mimic those expected at a semi-industrial plant: tailored temperature profile (450, 550, and 775 °C) and residence time for vapors (30 s) and solids (15 min). The feed mass rate is 4 and 400 kg/h for the pilot and semi-industrial plants, respectively. The yields of tire pyrolysis oil (TPO), tire pyrolysis gas (TPG), and raw recovered carbon black (RRCB) from both plants, as well as their key properties and characteristics, are in good agreement with each other. The TPO produced by both plants contains comparable concentrations of value-added chemicals such as benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, and limonene. There is also a very similar pattern between the simulated distillation curves. The TPG obtained from both plants is also very rich in H2 and CH4 and has a lower calorific value of 52-54 MJ/Nm3 (N2 free basis). Although the RRCBs produced by the two plants are more demanding and require more labor, they do have a number of comparable characteristics. All this information demonstrates not only the reliability of the experimental campaigns to scale up the pyrolysis process but also the robustness of the semi-industrial scale plant based on the auger technology to be classified at TRL-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Veses
- Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), C/Miguel Luesma Castán 4, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Juan Daniel Martínez
- Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), C/Miguel Luesma Castán 4, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Alberto Sanchís
- Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), C/Miguel Luesma Castán 4, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - José Manuel López
- Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), C/Miguel Luesma Castán 4, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Tomás García
- Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), C/Miguel Luesma Castán 4, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Gonzalo García
- Greenval Technologies S.L, C/Ayala 10, Madrid 28001, Spain
| | - Ramón Murillo
- Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), C/Miguel Luesma Castán 4, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
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Rahman M, Faruk MO, Islam MW, Akter M, Saha JK, Ahmed N, Sharmin A, Hoque MA, Afroze M, Khan M, Akhtar US, Hossain MM. Comparison of the Effect of Kaolin and Bentonite Clay (Raw, Acid-Treated, and Metal-Impregnated) on the Pyrolysis of Waste Tire. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:474-485. [PMID: 38222627 PMCID: PMC10785626 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the effectiveness of kaolin and bentonite catalysts in improving liquid hydrocarbon yields during the pyrolysis of waste tires. Raw clay, nitric acid-treated clay, and mono- or bimetal-impregnated clay were used as catalysts in the pyrolysis of waste tire. Acid-treated kaolin produced a higher yield of liquid hydrocarbons (43.24-47%) compared to acid-treated bentonite (35.34-41.85%). This improvement in the liquid yield can be attributed to the higher specific surface area and pore diameter of the acid-treated clay in comparison to raw kaolin (39.48%) and raw bentonite (31.62%). Moreover, the use of metal-impregnated catalysts, such as Fe/kaolin and Ni/Fe/kaolin, resulted in higher liquid yields (47%) compared to the 3 M HNO3-treated kaolin catalyst (43.24%). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis confirmed the presence of limonene, a crucial ingredient for commercial perfume production, in the liquid products. The calorific values of oil obtained through kaolin and bentonite catalysis were measured at 13,922 and 10,174 kcal/kg, respectively, further highlighting the potential of these catalysts in waste tire valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Omar Faruk
- Department
of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering
and Technology (BUET), Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Waliul Islam
- HPE
Project Services, 2/4
Holden St, Ashfield NSW
2131, Australia
| | - Moni Akter
- Department
of Chemistry, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Joyanta K. Saha
- Department
of Chemistry, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Nafees Ahmed
- Department
of Chemistry, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Ayesha Sharmin
- Department
of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering
and Technology (BUET), Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Azizul Hoque
- Institute
of Fuel Research and Development (IFRD), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka1205, Bangladesh
| | - Mirola Afroze
- Bangladesh
Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements, Bangladesh Council
of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Mala Khan
- Bangladesh
Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements, Bangladesh Council
of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Umme Sarmeen Akhtar
- Institute
of Glass and Ceramic Research and Testing (IGCRT), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Umme Sarmeen Akhtar, Dhaka1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mainul Hossain
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North
South University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
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Zerin NH, Rasul MG, Jahirul MI, Sayem ASM. End-of-life tyre conversion to energy: A review on pyrolysis and activated carbon production processes and their challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166981. [PMID: 37709084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The number of end-of-life waste tyres has increased enormously worldwide, which is one of the non-biodegradable Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) piling up in an open space for a long time. Every year, various types of tyres are released in the environment from different vehicles, such as trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles, and bicycles, which negatively impact the environment. Nowadays, waste tyres are treated in several ways, whereas thermochemical conversion is one of them, including combustion, gasification, incineration, and pyrolysis. Many literatures revealed that pyrolysis is a more environmentally friendly process than others since it can convert waste tyres into crude oil, char, and syngas without emitting harmful gases. In this study, the pyrolysis of tyres and the chemical activation of tyres are reviewed in terms of their kinetic behaviour. According to the literature, the most influential factors of the pyrolysis process are reactors, temperature, heating rate, residence time, feedstock size and catalyst. As the main ingredient of the tyre is rubber, tyre pyrolysis starts from 300 °C and completely decomposed nearly 550 °C. It can be found from literature that Pyrolysed tyre can produce 30-65% oil, 25-45% char and 5-20 % gas. It is also explained how the properties of active carbon (AC) are affected by activating conditions, including activation temperature, agent, the ratio of reagent mixture and others. Generally, pyrolytic char has surface area between 20 and 80 m2/g, whereas tyre-derived activated carbon's (TDAC) surface area varied from 90 to 970 m2/g. For large surface area and porous structure, TDAC has large application in purification and energy storage sector. The individuality of this article is to depict the entire pathway of AC production from waste tyres. The findings of this literature review help to improve technologies for producing activated carbon from waste tyres pyrolysed char.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Zerin
- Fuel and Energy Research Group, School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, North Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia
| | - M G Rasul
- Fuel and Energy Research Group, School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, North Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia.
| | - M I Jahirul
- Fuel and Energy Research Group, School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, North Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia
| | - A S M Sayem
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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Staroń A, Kijania-Kontak M, Dziadas M, Banach M. Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Solid Oil Materials Based on Pyrolysis Oil. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5847. [PMID: 37687541 PMCID: PMC10488463 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
One method of managing used car tires is decomposition by thermochemical conversion methods. By conducting the process at temperatures of 450-750 °C, three fractions are obtained from tires: oil, gas, and solid. The liquid product of the pyrolysis of used car tires is pyrolysis oil, which consists of aromatic, polyaromatic, and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Unconventional building materials were obtained from tire pyrolysis oil and the environmental impact was evaluated. Blocks made from pyrolysis oil showed mechanical strength of up to about 1700 N. No heavy metals or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which were found in the crude heavy-PO fraction, were detected in the filtrates after incubation of the block obtained from the heavy-PO fraction at 240 °C. The highest inhibition of Sorghum saccharatum shoot (74.4%) and root (57.5%) growth was observed for solid materials from the medium-PO fraction obtained at 240 °C. The most favorable values of the parameters for the process of obtaining blocks based on post-PO were an annealing temperature of 180 °C, time of 20 h, and mass ratio of catalyst to catalyzed oil of 0.045.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Staroń
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Magda Kijania-Kontak
- Department of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Dziadas
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Banach
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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