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Pang K, Luo K, Zhang S, Hao L. Source-oriented health risk assessment of groundwater based on hydrochemistry and two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 479:135666. [PMID: 39217947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Accurately assessing the health risks posed by major contaminants is essential for protecting groundwater. However, the complexity of pollution sources and the uncertainty of parameters pose challenges for quantitative health risk assessment. In this study, a source-oriented groundwater risk evaluation process was improved by screening key pollutants, employing a combined hydrochemical and positive matrix factorization (PMF) approach for source apportionment, and incorporating two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation for risk characterization. The application of this process to groundwater assessment in Central Jiangxi Province identified NO3-, F-, Se and Mn as the key pollutants. The pollution sources were anthropogenic activities, rock dissolution, regional geological processes, and ion exchange. Anthropogenic sources contributed 36.8 % and 28.8 % of the pollution during the wet season and dry season, respectively, and accounted for more than half of the health risks. NO3- from anthropogenic sources was the primary controlling pollutant. Additionally, the risk assessment indicated that children were at the highest health risk during the dry season, with ingestion rate suggested to be controlled below 1.062 L·day-1 to make the health risk within an acceptable range. The improved assessment methodology could provide more accurate results and recommended intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Pang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kunli Luo
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Shixi Zhang
- School of Geosciences and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Litao Hao
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Ichu BC, Nwogu NA, Opara AI, Agulanna AC, Udoka Nkwoada A. Heavy metal profile with health risk peculiarities in Enugu State and their long-term challenges in drinking water. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:939-952. [PMID: 38822471 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Health authorities are particularly concerned about water security in Enugu, southeast Nigeria and heavy metal (HM) pollution. The HM profiles of 51 samples collected from 17 different commercial bottled water brands in Enugu were examined using an flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn had mean values of 0.15 ± 0.03, 0.03 ± 0.02, 0.16 ± 0.03, 0.13 ± 0.02, and 0.02 ± 0.01 mg/L, respectively. The highest levels of Pb2+ were 0.27 mg/L in Exalté, Ni2+ 0.26 mg/L in Jasmine, Cd2+ 0.36 mg/L in Ezbon, Cr3+ 0.07 mg/L in Trinity, Cu2+ 0.04 mg/L in Bigi, and Zn2+ 0.02 mg/L in Aquarapha. The amounts of Cr, Cu, and Zn were below the allowable limits; nevertheless, the Pb content in eight bottled water samples exceeded both the Nigerian and World Health Organization (WHO)/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) permissible limits. The Cd2+ and Ni2+ levels in the 11th and 4th bottled water samples were above the WHO/USEPA-approved limits. Statistical evaluation revealed significant differences in the amounts of HM ions in the samples (p < 0.05). The findings indicated that concentration levels of Cd2+ Ni2+, and Pb2+ pose a public health concern that needs to be addressed due to potential risk to consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright Chigozie Ichu
- Materials and Energy Technology Department, Projects Development Institute (PRODA), Emene Industrial Layout, P.M.B. 01609, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Nwanyinnaya Akuagwu Nwogu
- Materials and Energy Technology Department, Projects Development Institute (PRODA), Emene Industrial Layout, P.M.B. 01609, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Alexander Iheanyichukwu Opara
- Department of Geology, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Owerri, PMB 1526, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Albert Chibuzo Agulanna
- Materials and Energy Technology Department, Projects Development Institute (PRODA), Emene Industrial Layout, P.M.B. 01609, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Amarachi Udoka Nkwoada
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Owerri, PMB 1526 Imo State, Nigeria E-mail:
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Luque-Espinar JA, López-Chicano M, Pardo-Igúzquiza E, Chica-Olmo M. Using numerical methods for map the spatiotemporal geogenic and anthropogenic influences on the groundwater in a detrital aquifer in south Spain. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 355:120442. [PMID: 38442656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The presence of trace elements in water for domestic supply or irrigation could pose a significant toxic risk for health, due to direct consumption or bioaccumulation through the ingestion of vegetables irrigated with this water. This paper studies the presence of 41 trace elements plus nitrate and bromate in groundwater, using a multivariate statistical tool based on Principal Component Analysis and a geostatistical Kriging method to map the results. Principal Component Analysis revealed 11 significant principal components, which account for 82% and 81% of the total variance (information) respectively for the two dates analysed. Ordinary Kriging was applied to draw maps of the trace elements and PC scores. This research breaks new ground in terms of the large number of parameters used and in terms of the analysis of spatiotemporal variations in these parameters. The results obtained indicate that PC1 represents the natural quality of the aquifer (geogenic) and that there is little change in the average PC1 value between the two dates studied (June near the peak recharge point and November at the end of summer). Agriculture is the human activity that causes the greatest variations in the quality of the groundwater due to the use of fertilizers and due to watering crops with wastewater (PC7_J and PC5_N, June and November, respectively). Other elements of industrial origin, which are dangerous for human health, such as Pb, Cu and Cd, are grouped together in other principal components. The results show that the decline, or even complete absence, of natural recharge during the summer months leads to an increase in the TEs produced by human activity. This indicates that a temporary reduction in the natural recharge could worsen the quality of water resources. Based on the interpretation of the estimated maps, a synthetic map was created to show the spatial distribution of the areas affected by geogenic and anthropogenic factors. Studies with a global approach like this one are necessary in that the possible sources of pollution that could alter the quality of the groundwater and the amount of trace elements and other potentially harmful substances could increase as time goes by. The main advantage of the methodology proposed here is that it reduces the number of parameters, so simplifying the results. This makes it easier to interpret the results and manage the quality of the water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Luque-Espinar
- Geological and Mining Institute of Spain from the National Research Council (CSIC-IGME), Urb Alcázar del Genil, edf Zulema 4 bajo, 18006, Granada, Spain.
| | - Manuel López-Chicano
- Department of Geodynamics, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | | | - Mario Chica-Olmo
- Department of Geodynamics, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
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Creța C, Horga C, Vlad M, Pănescu VA, Bocoș-Bințințan V, Coman MV, Herghelegiu MC, Berg V, Lyche JL, Beldean-Galea MS. Water Quality and Associated Human Health Risk Assessment Related to Some Ions and Trace Elements in a Series of Rural Roma Communities in Transylvania, Romania. Foods 2024; 13:496. [PMID: 38338631 PMCID: PMC10855629 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This research aims to assess the content of some ions and trace elements in water sources in 24 rural Roma communities in Transylvania in order to assess the human health risk associated with exposure to such elements and ions. To this end, eight ions (F-, Cl-, Br-, NO2-, NO3-, SO42-, PO43-, NH4+) and ten trace elements (Cr, Ni, As, Pb, Cd, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Hg) were determined in 71 water samples by ion chromatography coupled with a conductivity detector for ions and atomic absorption spectrophotometry for all trace elements. General parameters were also determined. Non-conformity (as number of samples), according to the EU Drinking Water Directive, was observed as follows: pH (7), EC (7), hardness (1), oxidizability (15), Cl- (4), NO3- (30), SO42- (6), Fe (16), Mn (14), As (3), and Ni (1 sample). The incidence of ions was Cl- (71), SO42- (70), F- (67), NO3- (65), NH4+ (21), Br- (10), PO43-, and NO2- (1 sample) and for trace elements, Mn (59), Fe (50), As (38), Ni (32), Cu (29), Zn (28), Cd (12), Cr (11), and Pb (3 samples). Hg was not detected. Non-carcinogenic (HI) values exceeded one for As in 13 Roma communities, with higher values for children than for adults. For NO3-, the HI values were >1 in 12 for adults and 14 communities for children. The carcinogenic risk (CR) for As through ingestion ranged from 0.795 to 3.50 × 10-4 for adults and from 1.215 to 5.30 × 10-4 for children. CR by dermal contact was in the range of ×10-6 both for adults and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Călina Creța
- Cluj Public Health Regional Centre, National Institute of Public Health, 6 Pasteur Str., RO-400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Horga
- Cluj Public Health Regional Centre, National Institute of Public Health, 6 Pasteur Str., RO-400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mariana Vlad
- Cluj Public Health Regional Centre, National Institute of Public Health, 6 Pasteur Str., RO-400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad-Alexandru Pănescu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 30 Fântânele Str., RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- “Raluca Ripan” Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babeş-Bolyai University, 30 Fântânele Str., RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Victor Bocoș-Bințințan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 30 Fântânele Str., RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maria-Virginia Coman
- “Raluca Ripan” Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babeş-Bolyai University, 30 Fântânele Str., RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Cătălina Herghelegiu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 30 Fântânele Str., RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- “Raluca Ripan” Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babeş-Bolyai University, 30 Fântânele Str., RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vidar Berg
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås-Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Ludvig Lyche
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås-Oslo, Norway
| | - Mihail Simion Beldean-Galea
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 30 Fântânele Str., RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Pang K, Hao L, Yang S, Ren Z, Luo K. Hydrochemical characteristics and water quality assessment of natural water in the South China Mountains: the case in Lianzhou. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:9837-9853. [PMID: 37864616 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
South China Mountain Region has a well-developed water system with the most abundant water in China. Untreated natural water is the main source of drinking water for the local people. This study aimed to investigate the hydrochemical characteristics and trace element concentrations of natural water in the mountainous regions of South China. In this study, 116 water samples were collected. Traditional hydrochemical methods, water quality index (WQI), hazard index (HI), and nutrient speciation of trace elements (NSTE) were used for analysis. In general, the hydrochemical type was mainly Ca-HCO3- type. The hydrochemical characteristics were mainly influenced by the weathering of calcite and silicate rocks. Overall total dissolved solids (TDS) were low, indicating mainly soft and very soft water. The water that met the standards for mineral water had an average concentration of 59.69 mg/L for Sr (strontium) and an average concentration of 0.46 mg/L for H2SiO3 (silicic acid). Although the water quality index (WQI) indicated that 91.3% of the water samples in the study area were of good quality (WQI < 25), 2.58% of the water samples had significant non-carcinogenic risk (HI > 1) due to the high As and Pb concentrations. The water in the study area contributed significantly to human intake of Sr, Cr, and V, accounting for 8.4, 8.3, and 7.7% of the required daily intake for adults, respectively. It is recommended that a comprehensive water quality evaluation system be constructed to ensure that mountain water is managed for development and safe to drink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Pang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Litao Hao
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Sujiao Yang
- School of Geosciences and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ren
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kunli Luo
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Sawadogo B, Konaté FO, Konaté Y, Traoré O, Sossou SK, Sawadogo E, Sourabié Ouattara PB, Karambiri H. Transfer of Bisphenol A and Trace Metals from Plastic Packaging to Mineral Water in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6908. [PMID: 37887646 PMCID: PMC10606415 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20206908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of packaged water is growing rapidly in both urban and rural centres in Burkina Faso. Bisphenol A (BPA) and trace metals are among the compounds used in the manufacture of plastic packaging, and their presence in water can pose a health risk to consumers due to their alleged toxicity. Therefore, this study explores the transfer of these compounds from plastic packaging to mineral water in Sudano-Sahelian climatic conditions. Ten samples of packaged sachet water commercialised in Ouagadougou were studied. An absence of BPA in the borehole water used to produce packaged water has been shown. The transfer of BPA into mineral water increases with storage temperature. The BPA that appears in packaged water degrades over time. BPA concentrations ranged from 0 to 0.38 mg/L after two weeks of storage, 0 to 0.8 mg/L after four weeks of storage and 0 to 0.35 mg/L after 8 weeks of storage. Analysis of the trace metals showed steadily increasing concentrations from the second to the sixth weeks, with concentrations ranging from 0 to 9.7 µg/L for cadmium and from 0 to 0.13 mg/L for iron in the sachet water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boukary Sawadogo
- Laboratoire Eaux Hydro-Systèmes et Agriculture (LEHSA), Institut International D’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE), 1 Rue de la Science, Ouagadougou 01 BP 594, Burkina Faso; (Y.K.); (S.K.S.); (E.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Francis Ousmane Konaté
- Agence Nationale Pour la Sécurité Sanitaire de L’Environnement, de L’Alimentation, du Travail et des Produits de Santé (ANSSEAT), Boulevard des Tensoba, Ouagadougou 09 BP 24, Burkina Faso; (F.O.K.); (O.T.); (P.B.S.O.)
| | - Yacouba Konaté
- Laboratoire Eaux Hydro-Systèmes et Agriculture (LEHSA), Institut International D’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE), 1 Rue de la Science, Ouagadougou 01 BP 594, Burkina Faso; (Y.K.); (S.K.S.); (E.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Ousmane Traoré
- Agence Nationale Pour la Sécurité Sanitaire de L’Environnement, de L’Alimentation, du Travail et des Produits de Santé (ANSSEAT), Boulevard des Tensoba, Ouagadougou 09 BP 24, Burkina Faso; (F.O.K.); (O.T.); (P.B.S.O.)
| | - Seyram Kossi Sossou
- Laboratoire Eaux Hydro-Systèmes et Agriculture (LEHSA), Institut International D’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE), 1 Rue de la Science, Ouagadougou 01 BP 594, Burkina Faso; (Y.K.); (S.K.S.); (E.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Eric Sawadogo
- Laboratoire Eaux Hydro-Systèmes et Agriculture (LEHSA), Institut International D’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE), 1 Rue de la Science, Ouagadougou 01 BP 594, Burkina Faso; (Y.K.); (S.K.S.); (E.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Pane Bernadette Sourabié Ouattara
- Agence Nationale Pour la Sécurité Sanitaire de L’Environnement, de L’Alimentation, du Travail et des Produits de Santé (ANSSEAT), Boulevard des Tensoba, Ouagadougou 09 BP 24, Burkina Faso; (F.O.K.); (O.T.); (P.B.S.O.)
| | - Harouna Karambiri
- Laboratoire Eaux Hydro-Systèmes et Agriculture (LEHSA), Institut International D’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE), 1 Rue de la Science, Ouagadougou 01 BP 594, Burkina Faso; (Y.K.); (S.K.S.); (E.S.); (H.K.)
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