1
|
Gogina M, Hahn SJ, Ohde R, Brandt A, Forster S, Kröncke I, Powilleit M, Romoth K, Sonnewald M, Zettler ML. Baseline Inventory of Benthic Macrofauna in German Marine Protected Areas (2020-2022) before Closure for Bottom-Contact Fishing. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:389. [PMID: 38927269 PMCID: PMC11201066 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The response of benthic habitats and organisms to bottom-contact fishing intensity is investigated in marine protected areas (MPAs) of the German EEZ in the North and Baltic Seas. We examined the current state of macrofauna biodiversity in 2020-2022. Comparative analysis for macrofauna (in- and epifauna) inhabiting nine Natura 2000 MPAs constitutes a baseline to assess the effects of bottom-contact fishing exclusion in the future. Aspects of spatial and temporal variability are briefly summarized and discussed. We provide a species list for each region, including 481 taxa, of which 79 were found in both regions, 183 only in the North Sea, and 219 only in the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea dataset surprisingly included higher numbers of taxa and revealed more Red List species. The share of major taxonomic groups (polychaetes, bivalves and amphipods) in species richness showed peculiar commonalities between the two regions. In the North Sea, multivariate analysis of community structure revealed significantly higher within-similarity and stronger separation between the considered MPAs compared to the Baltic MPAs. Salinity, temperature and sediment fractions of sand were responsible for over 60% of the variation in the North Sea macrofauna occurrence data. Salinity, mud fraction and bottom-contact fishing were the most important drivers in the Baltic Sea and, together with other considered environmental drivers, were responsible for 53% of the variation. This study identifies aspects of macrofauna occurrence that may be used to assess (causes of) future changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayya Gogina
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, D-18119 Rostock, Germany; (K.R.); (M.L.Z.)
| | - Sarah Joy Hahn
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.J.H.); (A.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Ramona Ohde
- Senckenberg am Meer, Department for Marine Research, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (R.O.); (I.K.)
| | - Angelika Brandt
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.J.H.); (A.B.); (M.S.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, D-60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Forster
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Biosciences (IfBi), University of Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany; (S.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Ingrid Kröncke
- Senckenberg am Meer, Department for Marine Research, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (R.O.); (I.K.)
| | - Martin Powilleit
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Biosciences (IfBi), University of Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany; (S.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Katharina Romoth
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, D-18119 Rostock, Germany; (K.R.); (M.L.Z.)
| | - Moritz Sonnewald
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.J.H.); (A.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Michael L. Zettler
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, D-18119 Rostock, Germany; (K.R.); (M.L.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schaub I, Friedland R, Zettler ML. Good-Moderate boundary setting for the environmental status assessment of the macrozoobenthos communities with the Benthic Quality Index (BQI) in the south-western Baltic Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 201:116150. [PMID: 38367315 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The status assessment of the macrofauna community under the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) requires threshold values that mark the transition from good to moderate conditions (G-M boundaries). Using the example of the Benthic Quality Index (BQI) in the south-western Baltic Sea, we demonstrate the possibilities and restrictions of i) defining G-M boundaries using reference areas, historical data and a statistical method and ii) the subsequent evaluation of the resulting G-M boundaries using disturbance data. The historical data from the period 1911 to 1929 proved to be unsuitable for defining G-M boundaries due to their data quality. The G-M boundaries calculated using the statistical method delineated high disturbance values more reliably than those based on reference areas. We conclude that disturbance data are very useful to evaluate G-M boundaries for their suitability, but data on all state conditions are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Schaub
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany.
| | - René Friedland
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Michael L Zettler
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maar M, Larsen J, Butenschön M, Kristiansen T, Thodsen H, Taylor D, Schourup-Kristensen V. Impacts of climate change on water quality, benthic mussels, and suspended mussel culture in a shallow, eutrophic estuary. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25218. [PMID: 38322902 PMCID: PMC10845728 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change is a global problem that causes severe local changes to marine biota, ecosystem functioning, and ecosystem services. The Limfjorden is a shallow, eutrophic estuary influenced by episodic summer hypoxia with an important mussel fishery and suspended mussel culture industry. Three future climate change scenarios ranging from low greenhouse gas emissions (SSP1-2.6), to intermediate (SSP2-4.5) and very high emissions (SSP5-8.5) were combined with nutrient load reductions according to the National Water Plans to investigate potential impacts on natural benthic mussel populations and suspended mussel culture for the two periods 2051-2060 and 2090-2099, relative to a reference period from 2009 to 2018. The FlexSem model combined 3D hydrodynamics with a pelagic biogeochemical model, a sediment-benthos model, and a dynamic energy budget - farm scale model for mussel culture. Model results showed that the Limfjorden was sensitive to climate change impacts with the strongest responses of physics and water quality in the worst case SSP5-8.5 scenario with no nutrient reductions. In the two low emissions scenarios, expected improvements of bottom oxygen and Chlorophyll a concentrations due to reduced nutrient loads were counteracted by climate change impacts on water physics (warming, freshening, stronger stratification). Hence, higher nutrient reductions in the Water Plans would be needed to reach a good ecological status under the influence of climate change. Suspended mussel culture was intensified in all scenarios showing a high potential harvest, whereas the benthic mussels suffered from reduced food supply and hypoxia. Provided the environmental changes and trends in social demands, in the future, it is likely that suspended mussel cultivation will become the primary source of mussels for the industry. Model scenarios can be used to inform managers, mussel farmers, fishermen, and the local population on potential future changes in bivalve harvesting and ecosystem health, and to find solutions to mitigate climate change impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Maar
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Janus Larsen
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Momme Butenschön
- CMCC Foundation—Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Bologna, Italy
| | - Trond Kristiansen
- Farallon Institute, 101 H St., Petaluma, CA 9495, USA
- Actea Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hans Thodsen
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, CF Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Daniel Taylor
- Section for Coastal Ecology, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, DTU Aqua, 7900 Nykøbing-Mors, Denmark
| | - Vibe Schourup-Kristensen
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|