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Satti KH, Siddique MT, Dilband M, Rehman SU, Mansoor S, Malik AH. A novel method to estimate the dead layer of HPGe detector for Monte Carlo FEPE computation. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 202:111067. [PMID: 37857176 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.111067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel method to determine the surface and lateral dead layers of p-type HPGe detector is proposed to compute the full energy peak efficiency (FEPE). The method employed standard radioactive point sources 241Am, 133Ba and FEPE measurement at low energies to estimate the thickness of frontal and lateral dead layers. The method is simple to apply, requires only two standard radioactive sources to estimate the optimum thickness of frontal and lateral dead layers. The proposed method is validated by measuring the efficiency of various point sources and a volume source in the energy range from 59 to 1408 keV. The measured efficiencies agree to simulation with relative deviation less than 4.0% at each energy. The proposed detector model enables to calibrate the detector for environmental radioactivity measurement without standard volume sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khizar Hayat Satti
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan; Health Physics Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, P.O Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq Siddique
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Dilband
- Health Physics Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, P.O Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shakeel Ur Rehman
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Nuclear Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Hussain Malik
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
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2
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Pohuliai S, Kanapelka M, Lupilov A. Comparison of MCC-MT and EffMAKER software packages for in SITU field measurements with Monte Carlo simulations. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 199:110901. [PMID: 37364424 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
This work is devoted to comparing the Monte Carlo simulation tools: Monte Carlo Calculation-Multi Track (MCC-MT) software and EffMaker software, in terms of the efficiency when using them in field applications for measurement of radioactive waste or their free release from control. The detection efficiency of volumetric gamma sources' reference samples in the form of a metal cylinder, a rod, and a rod placed in a 200-L barrel with sand, in the energy range of 50-1500 keV, has been simulated. Comparison of simulation results with in-situ measurements by a mobile HPGe spectrometer showed that the discrepancy between calculation and experiment for all measurement geometries is larger for EffMaker, which is associated with a less accurate detector model than in MCC-MT. Both programs give acceptable results in terms of accuracy and are recommended for calibrating gamma spectrometers in the case of field measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pohuliai
- Baltic Scientific Instruments, Riga, Latvia.
| | | | - A Lupilov
- Baltic Scientific Instruments, Riga, Latvia
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3
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Pohuliai S, Vlasenko A, Malgin V, Kanapelka M. X-ray radiography of HPGe detectors for Monte Carlo simulations. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 198:110837. [PMID: 37150104 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The results of the development of a radiographic installation that allows to control the size of the internal elements of HPGe detectors' cryostats for simulation by Monte Carlo method, are presented. Calibration and assessment of image quality value of the developed radiographic installation were carried out in accordance with ISO Standards 19232-1 and 19232-5. Simulation of the HPGe detector's registration efficiency in the range of 50 keV-3 MeV with the MCC-MT program showed that the discrepancy between the calculated and experimental results when adjusting the detector model using radiological measurement data does not exceed 3% in geometry for point sources and 5% for the Eu-152 source in the Marinelli beaker geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhii Pohuliai
- Baltic Scientific Instruments, Ltd.(1), 3 Ramulu Street, Riga, LV-1005, Latvia.
| | - Andrey Vlasenko
- Baltic Scientific Instruments, Ltd.(1), 3 Ramulu Street, Riga, LV-1005, Latvia
| | - Vladislav Malgin
- Baltic Scientific Instruments, Ltd.(1), 3 Ramulu Street, Riga, LV-1005, Latvia
| | - Marina Kanapelka
- Baltic Scientific Instruments, Ltd.(1), 3 Ramulu Street, Riga, LV-1005, Latvia
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Aksoy G, Ünlü H, Bölükdemir MH. Monte Carlo simulation study on the cause of the formation of the efficiency curve at low energies in germanium detectors. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 192:110571. [PMID: 36463617 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Detector efficiency is a measure of the detectors' ability to detect radiation. It is known that the efficiency values, which are important and affect the activity calculation in germanium detectors, decrease rapidly at low energies. This study focuses on the reasons for this handicap in the low energy region of the efficiency curve. The Monte Carlo simulation was carried out with four setups: germanium only, germanium with a dead layer, germanium with aluminum holders, and finally germanium with a dead layer and aluminum holders. The effect of each setup on the efficiency curve was observed. As a result, it was seen that the main cause of the handicap was the dead layer. For this reason, it was concluded that the current value of the dead layer, which is known to change over time, should be taken into account in detector calibrations or characterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülper Aksoy
- Gazi University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Advanced Technologies, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Hasan Ünlü
- Gazi University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Advanced Technologies, Ankara, Türkiye
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5
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Design and performance study of a proportional counter for low-energy X-rays. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2023.110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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6
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Establishing a pre-mining baseline of natural radionuclides distribution and radiation hazard for the Bled El-Hadba sedimentary phosphate deposits (North-Eastern Algeria). NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Re-construction of a HPGe detector precise modeling for efficiency calibration. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 180:110059. [PMID: 34929611 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.110059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High purity germanium (HPGe) detector is a preferred choice for determining the activity of the radioactive samples for nuclear diagnostics of Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) experiments. Although the amounts of the radiochemical sample are limited, activity measurement at a close distance between the detector window and the radioactive source is a feasible method. Efficiency calibration of gamma rays at a close distance from the surface of a HPGe detector is crucial. Considering the problem of the coincidence at a close distance, the alternative way is to construct a precise model of the HPGe detector and then to calculate efficiency accurately at an arbitrary distance from the surface of the HPGe detector using Monte Carlo method. In this paper, internal geometry and structure except for dead layers of the HPGe detector is obtained by X-ray radiography and 3D reconstruction. The optimal dead layers of the germanium crystal are determined by tracing the minimal sum squared residual (SSR) of gamma-ray efficiencies between calculations and measurements for standard planar sources. Nonhomogeneous distribution of the dead layer is supposed according to the inner structure on the Ge crystal. The final results show that the corrected model improves the accuracy of the calculated efficiencies.
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Lohrabian V, Kamali-Asl A, Harvani HG, Hosseini Aghdam SR, Arabi H, Zaidi H. Comparison of the X-ray tube spectrum measurement using BGO, NaI, LYSO, and HPGe detectors in a preclinical mini-CT scanner: Monte Carlo simulation and practical experiment. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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9
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Mezerreg N, Azbouche A, Haddad M. Study of coincidence summing effect using Monte Carlo simulation to improve large samples measurement for environmental applications. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2021; 232:106573. [PMID: 33751985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2021.106573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new measurement model composed of High Purity Germanium detector HPGe including Lead Shield with a mixed source of Am-241, Cd-109, …in a soil matrix packed in a cylindrical container was developed by Monte Carlo N-Particles code MCNP5. The Monte Carlo models being largely used for efficiencies calculations in routine environmental radioactivity measurements of high volume soil samples. In order to validate the simulation, a multi-radionuclides soil matrix source in a cylindrical container is prepared. Comparing the simulated results to the experimental ones, allows us to correct coincidence summing in the soil standard and study its effect in activity measurements where a good agreement is found between corrected activities and results found by another geometry and show how uncorrected efficiency curves lead to erroneous activity calculation. Finally, the developed model is applied to study the distribution of natural and artificial radioactivity in a forest site in Bainem, northern of Algeria, these results are invested for radiological impact and soil erosion studies in the study Area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Mezerreg
- Laboratory SNIRM, Faculty of Physics, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Ahmed Azbouche
- Nuclear Research Center of Algiers (CRNA), 02 Bd Frantz Fanon, BP 399, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mériem Haddad
- Laboratory SNIRM, Faculty of Physics, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
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Residual radioactivity determination of brass aperture irradiated with wobbling proton beam by considering volume-source geometries. HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12553-020-00466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Abd El Gawad K, Zhijian Z, Hazzaa M. Improving the analysis performance of gamma spectrometer using the Monte Carlo code for accurate measurements of uranium samples. RESULTS IN PHYSICS 2020; 17:103145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rinp.2020.103145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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12
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Coincidence summing corrections factors calculated for volume 152Eu sources in γ-ray spectromtery using Monte Carlo techniques. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zamzamian SM, Hosseini SA, Feghhi SA, Samadfam M. Determining of the optimized dimensions of the Marinelli beaker containing source with inhomogeneous emission rate by using genetic algorithm coupled with MCNP and determining distribution type by neural networks. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 157:109039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Simple procedure for optimizing model of NaI(Tl) detector using Monte Carlo simulation. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Study of the germanium dead layer influence on HP(Ge) detector efficiency by Monte Carlo simulation. RADIATION DETECTION TECHNOLOGY AND METHODS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41605-018-0074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Montalván Olivares DM, Guevara MM, Velasco FG. Determination of the HPGe detector efficiency in measurements of radioactivity in extended environmental samples. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 130:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Measurement of naturally occurring radioactive materials, 238U and 232Th-part 3: is efficiency calibration necessary for quantitative measurement of ultra-low level NORM? J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Zamzamian SM, Hosseini SA, Samadfam M. Optimization of the marinelli beaker dimensions using genetic algorithm. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2017; 172:81-88. [PMID: 28340391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A computational code, based on the genetic algorithm and MCNPX version 2.6 code was developed and used to investigate the effects of some important parameters of HPGe detector (such as Al cap thickness, dead-layer thickness and Ge hole size) on optimum dimensions of marinelli beaker. In addition, the effects of detector material on optimal beaker dimensions were also investigated. Finally, the optimized beaker dimensions at various beaker volumes (300, 500, 700, 1000 and 1500 cm3) were determined for some conventional Ge detectors with different crystal sizes (16 sizes). These sets of data then were used to drive mathematical formulas (obtained by best fitting to data sets). The results showed that, there is no meaningful correlation between the optimum dimensions of the beaker and each of the dead-layer thickness, Al cap thickness and the Ge-crystal hole size. On the other hand, the optimum beaker radius increases with decreasing the density of the detector material while the beaker height decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mehrdad Zamzamian
- Department of Energy Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran Zip code: 8639-11365, Iran
| | - Seyed Abolfazl Hosseini
- Department of Energy Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran Zip code: 8639-11365, Iran
| | - Mohammad Samadfam
- Department of Energy Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran Zip code: 8639-11365, Iran.
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Modarresi SM, Masoudi SF, Karimi M. A method for considering the spatial variations of dead layer thickness in HPGe detectors to improve the FEPE calculation of bulky samples. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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