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Woods JJ, Rigby A, Wacker JN, Arino T, Alvarenga Vasquez JV, Cosby A, Martin KE, Abergel RJ. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Bifunctional Chelator for Thorium-227 Targeted Radiotherapy. J Med Chem 2025; 68:1682-1692. [PMID: 39752149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c02423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
Abstract
Thorium-227 (227Th) is an α-emitting radionuclide currently under investigation for targeted alpha therapy. Available chelators used for this isotope suffer from challenging multistep syntheses. Here, we present the synthesis and preclinical evaluation of a novel bifunctional chelator, p-SCN-Bn-DOTHOPO, which contains an isothiocyanate group that is suitable for conjugation to biological molecules. This bifunctional chelator was prepared with a 26% overall yield in four steps and conjugated to the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 targeting antibody, trastuzumab. The resulting immunoconjugate was labeled with [227Th]ThIV (pH 5.5, room temperature, 60 min) with ≥95% radiochemical yield and purity. The conjugate was also labeled with zirconium-89 (89Zr), which can be used for positron emission tomography imaging. The radiometal complexes were subsequently investigated for their biological stability. The results described here provide insight into ligand design strategies and optimization of chelators for the development of the next generation of 89Zr and 227Th radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Woods
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alex Rigby
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jennifer N Wacker
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Trevor Arino
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Alexia Cosby
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kirsten E Martin
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca J Abergel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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2
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Bergeron DE, Cessna JT, Broder BA, Pibida L, Fitzgerald RP, DiGiorgio M, Napoli E, Zimmerman BE. Activity standard and calibrations for 227Th with ingrowing progeny. Appl Radiat Isot 2024; 209:111326. [PMID: 38701595 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2024.111326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Thorium-227 was separated from its progeny and standardized for activity by the triple-to-double coincidence ratio (TDCR) method of liquid scintillation counting. Confirmatory liquid scintillation-based measurements were made using efficiency tracing with 3H and live-timed anticoincidence counting (LTAC). The separation time and the efficiency of the separation were confirmed by gamma-ray spectrometry. Calibrations for reentrant pressurized ionization chambers, including commercial radionuclide calibrators, and a well-type NaI(Tl) detector are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis E Bergeron
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Jeffrey T Cessna
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Brittany A Broder
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Leticia Pibida
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Ryan P Fitzgerald
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Morgan DiGiorgio
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | | | - Brian E Zimmerman
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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3
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Abstract
AbstractRadionuclides, whether naturally occurring or artificially produced, are readily detected through their particle and photon emissions following nuclear decay. Radioanalytical techniques use the radiation as a looking glass into the composition of materials, thus providing valuable information to various scientific disciplines. Absolute quantification of the measurand often relies on accurate knowledge of nuclear decay data and detector calibrations traceable to the SI units. Behind the scenes of the radioanalytical world, there is a small community of radionuclide metrologists who provide the vital tools to convert detection rates into activity values. They perform highly accurate primary standardisations of activity to establish the SI-derived unit becquerel for the most relevant radionuclides, and demonstrate international equivalence of their standards through key comparisons. The trustworthiness of their metrological work crucially depends on painstaking scrutiny of their methods and the elaboration of comprehensive uncertainty budgets. Through meticulous methodology, rigorous data analysis, performance of reference measurements, technological innovation, education and training, and organisation of proficiency tests, they help the user community to achieve confidence in measurements for policy support, science, and trade. The author dedicates the George Hevesy Medal Award 2020 to the current and previous generations of radionuclide metrologists who have devoted their professional lives to this noble endeavour.
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4
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Bergeron DE, Kossert K, Collins SM, Fenwick AJ. Realization and dissemination of activity standards for medically important alpha-emitting radionuclides. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 184:110161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bergeron DE, Collins SM, Pibida L, Cessna JT, Fitzgerald R, Zimmerman BE, Ivanov P, Keightley JD, Napoli E. Ra-224 activity, half-life, and 241 keV gamma ray absolute emission intensity: A NIST-NPL bilateral comparison. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 170:109572. [PMID: 33461017 PMCID: PMC8406413 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The national metrology institutes for the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States of America (USA) have compared activity standards for 224Ra, an α-particle emitter of interest as the basis for therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Solutions of 224RaCl2 were assayed by absolute methods, including digital coincidence counting and triple-to-double coincidence ratio liquid scintillation counting. Ionization chamber and high-purity germanium (HPGe) γ-ray spectrometry calibrations were compared; further, a solution was shipped between laboratories for a direct comparison by HPGe spectrometry. New determinations of the absolute emission intensity for the 241 keV γ ray (Iγ = 4.011(16) per 100 disintegrations of 224Ra) and of the 224Ra half-life (T1/2 = 3.6313(14) d) are presented and discussed in the context of previous measurements and evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis E Bergeron
- Radiation Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
| | - Sean M Collins
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Leticia Pibida
- Radiation Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Cessna
- Radiation Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Ryan Fitzgerald
- Radiation Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Brian E Zimmerman
- Radiation Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Peter Ivanov
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - John D Keightley
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Elisa Napoli
- Oncoinvent AS, Oslo, Norway; Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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6
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Derivation of an uncertainty propagation factor for half-life determinations. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 158:109046. [PMID: 32174372 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An analytical equation is derived for the uncertainty propagation factor for a half-life determination from a least-squares fit to equidistant activity measurements performed with identical relative uncertainties. The obtained formula applies to a purely random statistical uncertainty component. It is equivalent to the solution published by Parker in Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 286, 502. A more general equation for weighted least-squares fitting is derived and presented in a compact manner. It is used as a benchmark to verify the applicability of Parker's solution to non-equidistant data with unequal uncertainties.
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7
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Collins SM, Shearman R, Ivanov P, Regan PH. The impact of high-energy tailing in high-purity germanium gamma-ray spectrometry on the activity determination of 224Ra using the 241.0 keV emission. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 157:109021. [PMID: 31889679 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.109021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
High-energy tailing is an often-overlooked component in high-purity germanium gamma-ray spectrometry when performing the non-linear least squares fit of a full-energy peak. This component comes from the incomplete restoration of the baseline prior to the next pulse being processed and therefore is an issue of increased count rates. In the current work, the impact of this oversight is shown through the dynamics and decay characteristics of 224Ra and its radioactive decay progeny. Multiple measurements of two samples, separated from the decay progeny and at differing activities, have been made. The results of full-energy peak fitting of the convoluted 238.6 keV and 241.0 keV full-energy peaks with and without the high energy tailing component are presented. Trends in the observed activity that approximate the ingrowth of 212Pb have been observed where no high-energy tailing component is used, with maximum relative differences of 2% and 5% determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Collins
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - R Shearman
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - P Ivanov
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - P H Regan
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
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Gholami YH, Maschmeyer R, Kuncic Z. Radio-enhancement effects by radiolabeled nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14346. [PMID: 31586146 PMCID: PMC6778074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50861-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer radiation therapy, dose enhancement by nanoparticles has to date been investigated only for external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). Here, we report on an in silico study of nanoparticle-enhanced radiation damage in the context of internal radionuclide therapy. We demonstrate the proof-of-principle that clinically relevant radiotherapeutic isotopes (i.e. 213Bi, 223Ra, 90Y, 177Lu, 67Cu, 64Cu and 89Zr) labeled to clinically relevant superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles results in enhanced radiation damage effects localized to sub-micron scales. We find that radiation dose can be enhanced by up to 20%, vastly outperforming nanoparticle dose enhancement in conventional EBRT. Our results demonstrate that in addition to the favorable spectral characteristics of the isotopes and their proximity to the nanoparticles, clustering of the nanoparticles results in a nonlinear collective effect that amplifies nanoscale radiation damage effects by electron-mediated inter-nanoparticle interactions. In this way, optimal radio-enhancement is achieved when the inter-nanoparticle distance is less than the mean range of the secondary electrons. For the radioisotopes studied here, this corresponds to inter-nanoparticle distances <50 nm, with the strongest effects within 20 nm. The results of this study suggest that radiolabeled nanoparticles offer a novel and potentially highly effective platform for developing next-generation theranostic strategies for cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Hadi Gholami
- The University of Sydney, Institute of Medical Physics, School of Physics, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Richard Maschmeyer
- The University of Sydney, Institute of Medical Physics, School of Physics, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Zdenka Kuncic
- The University of Sydney, Institute of Medical Physics, School of Physics, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Collins SM, Keightley JD, Ivanov P, Arinc A, Fenwick AJ, Pearce AK. The potential radio-immunotherapeutic α-emitter 227Th – part II: Absolute γ-ray emission intensities from the excited levels of 223Ra. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 145:251-257. [PMID: 30686576 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Collins
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom.
| | - J D Keightley
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - P Ivanov
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - A Arinc
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - A J Fenwick
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - A K Pearce
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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Collins SM, Keightley JD, Ivanov P, Arinc A, Jerome SM, Fenwick AJ, Pearce AK. The potential radio-immunotherapeutic α-emitter 227Th - part I: Standardisation via primary liquid scintillation techniques and decay progeny ingrowth measurements. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 145:240-250. [PMID: 30583971 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Thorium-227 is a potential therapeutic radionuclide for applications in targeted α-radioimmunotherapy for the treatment of various types of cancer. To provide nuclear medicine departments involved in Phase I clinical trials traceability to the SI unit of radioactivity (Bq), a standardisation of a radiochemically pure 227Th aqueous solution has been performed at the National Physical Laboratory. This was achieved via two primary liquid scintillation (LS) techniques -4π(LS)-γ digital coincidence counting (DCC) and 4π LS counting. These absolute techniques were supported by the indirect determination of the 227Th activity via the measurement of the ingrowth and decay rate of the decay progeny by both ionisations chambers and high purity germanium (HPGe) gamma-ray spectrometry. The results of the primary techniques were found to be consistent, both with each other (zeta score = 1.1) and to the decay progeny ingrowth measurements. An activity per unit mass of 20.726 (51) kBq g-1 was determined for the solution. A procedure has been developed that provided an effective separation of the 227Th from its decay progeny, which was shown by the effective time zero of the 227Th-223Ra nuclear chronometer measured by HPGe gamma-ray spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Collins
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom.
| | - J D Keightley
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - P Ivanov
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - A Arinc
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - S M Jerome
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - A J Fenwick
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - A K Pearce
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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11
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Kossert K, Nähle O. Determination of the activity and half-life of 227Th. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 145:12-18. [PMID: 30572260 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Liquid scintillation samples with 227Th were prepared a few hours after the separation of the progeny. During the measurements, 227Th and its daughters are not in radioactive equilibrium. The counting efficiencies of the individual radionuclides of the decay chain differ from each other and the activity of an individual progeny relative to the activity of 227Th varies with time. Hence, the overall counting efficiency varies with time as well. The counting efficiency εT227h++ of 227Th and its progeny was determined by means of the CIEMAT/NIST efficiency tracing method. The free parameter is derived from the quench-indicating parameter, SQP(E), and from 3H tracer measurements. This makes it possible to compute the efficiency εT227h++ as a function of time. The individual efficiencies of all progeny are to be combined, taking correction factors and activity ratios into account. Thereby, a new, time-dependent correction, namely for the decay during the measurements, is applied. With this method, activity results are obtained that are stable over a long period of time. A least-squares method yields the time of the chemical separation as well as the 227Th half-life, which was also obtained by means of measurements in an ionization chamber. The weighted mean of the two methods (CIEMAT/NIST efficiency tracing and measurements in ionization chambers) was found to be T1/2 = 18.681(9) d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Kossert
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Ole Nähle
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
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Measurement of absolute γ-ray emission probabilities in the decay of 227Ac in equilibrium with its progeny. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 144:34-46. [PMID: 30522082 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The emission probabilities of γ rays produced in the 227Ac decay series were determined by high-resolution γ-ray spectrometry of sources with standardised activity. The sources were prepared quantitatively on glass discs by drop deposition of a solution with 227Ac in radioactive equilibrium with its daughter nuclides. Their activity was measured by a primary standardisation technique based on alpha-particle counting at a defined low solid angle. Four laboratories performed γ-ray spectrometry and derived absolute γ-ray intensities. Mean values were calculated and compared with literature data and the currently recommended evaluated data. New values on certain γ-ray emission probabilities are proposed.
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Ivanov PI, Collins SM, van Es EM, García-Miranda M, Jerome SM, Russell BC. Evaluation of the separation and purification of 227Th from its decay progeny by anion exchange and extraction chromatography. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 124:100-105. [PMID: 28363158 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Thorium-227 is currently undergoing evaluation as a potential radionuclide for targeted cancer therapy, and as such a high chemical purity of the material is required. To establish a reliable procedure for radiochemical isolation of 227Th from the parent 227Ac and decay progeny, which includes the radiotherapeutic 223Ra, the performance of three different separation schemes based on ion-exchange and extraction chromatography have been evaluated. The results suggest that both ion exchange and extraction chromatographic techniques can be successfully used for the separation of 227Th from its decay progeny, however extraction chromatographic resins demonstrate favourable performance in terms of Th recovery and purification from radionuclide impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Ivanov
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom.
| | - S M Collins
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - E M van Es
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom; Chemistry Department, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - M García-Miranda
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - S M Jerome
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - B C Russell
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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