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Ye T, Pollack GH. Do aqueous solutions contain net charge? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275953. [PMID: 36301987 PMCID: PMC9612516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Solutions with high pH values are sometimes thought to contain net negative charge because of an excess of OH- groups, while solutions with low pH values are thought opposite. To follow up on these speculations, we used a simple electrochemical cell to study three types of solution: electrolyzed waters with differing pH values; acids and bases with different pH values; and various salt solutions. When electrolyzed waters of various pH values were tested against water of pH 7, we found that acidic waters were indeed positively charged, while basic waters were negatively charged. We found much the same when standard acids and bases were compared to reference solutions: acidic solutions were positively charged while basic solutions were negatively charged. Various salts, including NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4, and K2SO4, were also tested against DI water (containing trace amounts of NaCl to lend conductivity). Surprisingly, all salts were found to be negatively charged, more so as their concentrations increased. This collection of results supports the hypothesis that at least some aqueous solutions may contain net charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ye
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gerald H. Pollack
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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. Boshra AY, Mariod AA, Ali Massad FA, Abdalrhman EM, Abbas SM, Hassan AA, Mahamedan MM, Elatta NM, Kh.A.Masaad H, Hamid AM, Fadlalmola HA. Composition, hydrology, and health benefits of Zamzam water. BIONATURA 2021. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2021.06.04.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Since before, many religions have used Zamzam water because they used it for treatment and other spiritual activities. This study reviews the composition, hydrology, and the effect of Zamzam water on human health. Zamzam water differs from regular water. Mineral deposits show it is alkaline and biologically has no biotic growth, and does not show toxicity signs. Zamzam is well-focused based on the expenditure of Makah hill. Zamzam well has been used for about 4000 years. Zamzam water is used for the treatment of many diseases. The data on Zamzam water composition, hydrology, and health benefits have been narratively reviewed. Future research is needed to investigate the other benefits and uses of Zamzam water on human health as antioxidants, antimicrobial, and its effects on cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Y . Boshra
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdalbasit A. Mariod
- College of Sciences and Arts-Alkamil, University of Jeddah, Alkamil, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima A. Ali Massad
- Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage Center, Ghibaish College of Science& Technology,Ghibaish,Sudan
| | - Eshraga M. Abdalrhman
- Department of Food Sci. & Technology, College of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Sci. & Technology, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Sabah M. Abbas
- Department of English, College of Science & Arts, King Khalid University, Abha, Zahran Al-Janoub, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amel A. Hassan
- Alzaiem Alazhari University-Faculty of Medical Technical Sciences- department of nursing,Sudan
| | - Manal M. Mahamedan
- Department of food technology- Nyala College- Sudan technological university, Sudan
| | | | | | - Amal M. Hamid
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Medical Technical, Science, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Sudan
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Kufiyah AK, Bagasi AMH, Nawlalili SM, Bazaid DS, Marghalani AA, Fathi A. Effect of Zamzam Water on Microhardness of Primary Tooth Enamel After Erosion Induced by Claritin Syrup: An In-vitro Study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2021; 11:173-178. [PMID: 34036079 PMCID: PMC8118050 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_420_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dental erosion is an irreversible damage to hard tissues in the mouth due to acid dissolution not induced by microorganisms. Oral medications contributed to the etiology of dental erosion. Among these medications, antihistamine-containing syrups were reported to have a considerable erosive effect on hard dental tissues. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the effect of Zamzam water on the microhardness of primary tooth enamel after erosion induced by Claritin™ syrup. Materials and Methods: The present in-vitro study was conducted on 25 primary central incisor teeth. The labial surfaces of the specimens were prepared for microhardness testing. Baseline microhardness was measured first, then the samples were submerged in the erosive agent Claritin™ syrup, for 30 min every 12 h for 12 days. Thereafter, all the teeth were placed in Zamzam water for 30 min every 12 h for 12 days. The microhardness was measured by the Vickers hardness tester and expressed as Vickers microhardness value (VH). The measurements were completed three times for the same sample: baseline, after erosion, and after Zamzam treatment. Data were analyzed statistically using one-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Results: The primary teeth included in this study showed a significant increase in their surface microhardness after Zamzam water treatment; the mean value of VH was increased from 33.12 ± 1.62 to 89.32 ± 8.52 (P-value <0.0001). Conclusion: Zamzam water could be introduced as a part of the management of dental erosion in the primary dentition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Adel Fathi
- Preventive Dentistry Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pedodontics and Oral Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Siraj AK, Begum R, Melosantos R, Albalawy W, Abboud J, Siraj N, Al-Kuraya KS. Zamzam water protects cancer cells from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis via mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109376. [PMID: 31545262 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many Muslims believe that water from the Zamzam well is the cure for every disease. Zamzam water (ZW) is naturally alkaline water consumed by millions of people worldwide. The current study investigated the effect of ZW on cell viability and apoptosis in breast, colorectal and ovarian cancer cell lines and compared the effect with that of drinking water (DW). METHODS Three different ZW samples collected from different sources at different periods were used. To balance the tonicity, ZW and DW were buffered using PBS and the pH was adjusted to 7.4. For the treatment, ZW and DW were diluted to 50% with RPMI medium (10% FBS). Cancer cell lines were treated with ZW or DW, with and without chemotherapeutic agents, for 24 h. Apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry whilst the level of protein expression was determined by Western blotting. RESULTS The results showed that treatment with ZW significantly increased cell proliferation compared to DW control. Treatment with ZW significantly suppressed the effect of chemotherapeutic agents on decreasing cell viability and inducing apoptosis in all the cancer cell lines compared to chemotherapeutic agents alone treated in DW. Furthermore, ZW treatment increased the phosphorylation of CRAF, MEK1/2, ERK1/2 and P38 proteins in these cell lines. Notably, treatment with ZW suppressed the effect of chemotherapy-induced reduction of CRAF, MEK1/2, ERK1/2 and P38 phosphorylation in breast and ovarian cancer cell lines. We also showed that silencing of ERK1/2 significantly increased the chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in breast and colorectal cancer cell lines. These data suggest that MAPK proteins; especially activated ERK1/2 may play a role in ZW mediated suppression of chemotherapy-induced cell death. CONCLUSIONS These findings clearly demonstrate that ZW protects cancer cells from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis through activation of the ERK1/2-MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Khalid Siraj
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafia Begum
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roxanne Melosantos
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa Albalawy
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jehan Abboud
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil Siraj
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khawla S Al-Kuraya
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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Feng L, Li J, Qin L, Guo D, Ding H, Deng D. Radioprotective effect of lactoferrin in mice exposed to sublethal X-ray irradiation. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3143-3148. [PMID: 30214537 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The radioprotective effect of lactoferrin (LF) was studied in mice subjected to sublethal X-ray irradiation. The mice were randomly divided into the Control (non-irradiated mice fed a standard diet without LF), IR (irradiated mice fed a standard diet) and IR+LF (irradiated mice fed LF) groups. The mice were fed daily for 7 days prior to irradiation and for 30 continuous days following irradiation. The survival ratio of the mice in the IR+LF group was significantly increased compared with the IR group between days 15 and 30 after irradiation. The body weight of the mice in the IR+LF group was increased compared with the IR group, and the difference was statistically significant. Blood was collected from the mice via the tail vein on days 2, 7, 14, 21 and 30 following irradiation. The laboratory indicators, including leukocyte, erythrocyte and platelet counts recovered more rapidly following irradiation in the IR+LF group compared with the IR group. Treatment of the irradiated mice with LF significantly reduced the DNA damage. In the hepatic tissue the level of superoxide dismutase in the IR+LF group was significantly increased, while malondialdehyde was significantly decreased compared with the IR group. These findings indicate that LF may prevent radiation damage and may have potential as a treatment for patients with cancer who receive radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng
- Ultrasound Department, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, The School of Medicine of Inner Mongolia University for The Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia 028041, P.R. China
| | - Ling Qin
- Ultrasound Department, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Dan Guo
- Clinical Medicine Department, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271016, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Ding
- Ultrasound Department, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Daping Deng
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, The Radiation Medical Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, P.R. China
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Karimi N, Monfared AS, Haddadi GH, Soleymani A, Mohammadi E, Hajian-Tilaki K, Borzoueisileh S. Radioprotective effect of hesperidin on reducing oxidative stress in the lens tissue of rats. Int J Pharm Investig 2017; 7:149-154. [PMID: 29184828 PMCID: PMC5680651 DOI: 10.4103/jphi.jphi_60_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Oxidative stress is a common factor in cataract. Considering the antioxidant properties of hesperidin as a flavanone glycoside from the flavonoid family with radioprotective effect, this study aimed to determine the protective effect of this flavanone glycoside on reducing oxidative stress in the eye lens tissue of mature rats caused by gamma irradiation. Materials and Methods: A total of 48 adult rats were randomly divided into six groups, namely, control, Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hesperidin, radiation, radiation + DMSO, and radiation + hesperidin. 15 Gy irradiation was carried out using Cobalt-60 teletherapy instrument with a source-to-surface distance of 80 cm at a dose rate of 98.5 cGy/min. 2 days following irradiation, we removed the rats' lenses and analyzed them to determine the effects of hesperidin. Results: The comparison of control and intervention groups after irradiation showed that malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the lens tissue was significantly higher in the irradiation groups than the control group. Furthermore, a significant difference between radiation and radiation + hesperidin groups were observed. The level of glutathione (GSH) in the lens tissue was significantly lower in the irradiation groups compared to the control group. Nonetheless, significant elevation of GSH in the radiation + hesperidin group compared to radiation group was seen. Conclusions: Radiation exposure reduced GSH and enhanced MDA levels in the lens tissue. However, GSH and MDA levels were modulated after hesperidin consumption. These results show the antioxidative properties of hesperidin in the lens and demonstrated that radiation complications such as cataract can be reduced by hesperidin through reducing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Mazandaran Province, Iran
| | - Ali Shabestani Monfared
- Department of Medical Physics, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Mazandaran Province, Iran
| | - Gholam Hassan Haddadi
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Soleymani
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Mazandaran Province, Iran
| | - Erfan Mohammadi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Mazandaran Province, Iran
| | - Karimollah Hajian-Tilaki
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Mazandaran Province, Iran
| | - Sajad Borzoueisileh
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Mazandaran Province, Iran
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