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Schubert M, Lin M, Clark JF, Kralik M, Damatto S, Copia L, Terzer-Wassmuth S, Harjung A. Short-lived natural radionuclides as tracers in hydrogeological studies - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170800. [PMID: 38342445 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Fundamental approaches to the study of groundwater rely on investigating the spatial and temporal distribution of stable and radioactive isotopes and other anthropogenic compounds in natural waterbodies. The most often used tracers for estimating groundwater flow paths and residence times, groundwater/surface water interaction as well as tracing chemical (contamination) sources include stable isotopes of water (δ 18O and δ 2H), radiocarbon (14C; t1/2 = 5730 a), tritium (3H; t1/2 = 12.43 a) as well as unreactive fluorine-containing gases (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons CCl3F or CFC-11; CCl2F3 or CFC-12; C2Cl3F3 or CFC-113; and SF6). While gas tracers are usually referred to as transient tracers and are appropriate for investigating modern flow systems, the isotopic tracers are often used to investigated paleo or regional flow systems. Stable isotopes of water can also be used to investigate groundwater/surface water interactions. Another, thus far been less frequently used group of groundwater tracers, are cosmo- and geo- genic short-lived radioisotopes. These isotopes are uniquely suited for studying a wide range of groundwater problems that have short time scales including high aquifer vulnerability to quantitative and qualitative impacts and groundwater discharge to surface waters. Here, we discuss and compare the applications of radio‑sulphur (35S; half-life t1/2 = 87 d), radio‑beryllium (7Be; t1/2 = 53 d), radio‑phosphorus (32/33P; combined t1/2 = 33 d), natural tritium (3H; t1/2 = 12.43 a), radon (222Rn; t1/2 = 3.8 d) and short-lived radium (224/223Ra; combined t1/2 = 5.2 d). The paper discusses the principles of the individual tracer methods, focusing on the isotopes' input functions or values, on sampling techniques, and on methods of analyses. Case studies that applied a combined use of the tracers are referred to for readers who wish to learn more about the application of the so far underused cosmo- and geo- genic radioisotopes as aquatic tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schubert
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Department Catchment Hydrology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry and CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jordan F Clark
- Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Martin Kralik
- Department Umweltgeowissenchaften, Division of Environmental Geosciences (EDGE) Center for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, UZA II, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Sandra Damatto
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN), Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242 Cidade Universitaria, 05508-000 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lorenzo Copia
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Isotope Hydrology Section, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Terzer-Wassmuth
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Isotope Hydrology Section, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Harjung
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Isotope Hydrology Section, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
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Wang H, Meng Q, Ma Y, Lou Y, Bai B, Zhu W, Kong Y, Wang H, Feng Z, Zhai S, Yu J. Temporal variations of 7Be and 210Pb activity concentrations in the atmospheric aerosols during 2018-2019 in Beijing, China and their correlations with meteorological parameters. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2023; 262:107162. [PMID: 36934680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2023.107162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In order to establish a regional database on natural radioactivity, a series of measurements of 713 atmospheric aerosol samples collected on filters over a two-year period (2018-2019) in center of Beijing, northeastern China have been performed to analyze 7Be and 210Pb activity concentrations. The mean activity concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb were found to be 7.10 ± 2.44 mBq m-3 and 2.93 ± 1.52 mBq m-3, respectively. Both the radionuclides exhibited strong seasonal variations, with maximum concentration of 7Be occurring in the spring and that of 210Pb in the winter. The concentration of both the radionuclides was minimum in the rainy summer. Higher 7Be concentration in the spring was mainly caused by the stratosphere to troposphere exchange. Higher 210Pb concentration during winter was maybe attributed to the combustion processes in heating systems and the ingression of continental air masses resulted from winds originating from northwest. The dependence of the activity concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb with meteorological parameters such as rainfall, temperature, and humidity was studied through linear correlation analysis. Statistically significant negative correlations were observed between 7Be and 210Pb activity concentrations with rainfall, respectively, which suggested that the removal mechanisms of these two radionuclides were similar. Lead-210 showed statistically significant correlations with temperature, humidity and PM10. A comparison of the data obtained in the present study for Beijing with the northern hemisphere literature values of 7Be and 210Pb in the atmospheric aerosols showed that the values were smaller than the ones observed in the present study. Overall, the study provides an improved understanding of the temporal variability and correlation of 7Be and 210Pb concentrations in the atmosphere in center of Beijing, northeastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 16 Hepingli Middle Street, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Qinghua Meng
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 16 Hepingli Middle Street, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Yongzhong Ma
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 16 Hepingli Middle Street, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Yun Lou
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 16 Hepingli Middle Street, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Bin Bai
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 16 Hepingli Middle Street, Beijing, 100013, China.
| | - Weijie Zhu
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 16 Hepingli Middle Street, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Yuxia Kong
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 16 Hepingli Middle Street, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Hongfang Wang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 16 Hepingli Middle Street, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Zechen Feng
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 16 Hepingli Middle Street, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Shuguang Zhai
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 16 Hepingli Middle Street, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 16 Hepingli Middle Street, Beijing, 100013, China
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Biernacik D, Zalewska T. 7Be, 210Pb, airborne particulate matter and PM10 concentrations in relation to meteorological conditions in southern Poland in 1998-2016. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2023; 259-260:107122. [PMID: 36696867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2023.107122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of the concentration of 7Be in aerosol samples collected in one of the most polluted areas in Europe (Katowice and Krakow in southern Poland) indicated seasonal variability, with a maximum in the summer months. The average concentrations of 7Be were 4616.1 μBq m-3 in Katowice and 3259.4 μBq m-3 in Krakow, respectively, and they are among the highest values recorded in Poland in the studied period (1998-2016). These cities are also characterised by Poland's highest concentrations of 210Pb (547.8 μBq m-3 and 513.2 μBq m-3). The highest radioactive concentrations of 210Pb were observed in the winter and autumn, since in the case of these industrial areas, the combustion processes related to heating in the cold season of the year are an additional source of this isotope, next to its natural origin. The airborne particulate matter concentrations at both locations correlate with the concentrations of 210Pb. The average values of PM10 concentrations (71.1 μg m-3 in Krakow to 45.0 μg m-3 in Katowice), were 2-3 times higher than the average ones recorded in northern Poland. It has been proven that air temperature is the key parameter affecting the transport of isotopes, especially in the warm season of the year, when its increase causes increased thermal convection, leading to intense vertical mixing and exchange in the troposphere. Analyses using the machine learning method allowed for an indication of the correlation between relative humidity and atmospheric precipitation, as well as higher wind speed and concentrations of 7Be which is inversely proportional. Geographical factors (the latitude of the station and the land elevation) have no impact on near-surface concentrations of 7Be in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Biernacik
- Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, National Research Institute, Waszyngtona 42, 81-342, Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Tamara Zalewska
- Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, National Research Institute, Waszyngtona 42, 81-342, Gdynia, Poland
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Karunakara N, D'Souza RS, Nayak SR, Bharath S, Krishnan KA, Dileep BN, Ravi PM. Quantification of excess Carbon-14 specific activity in terrestrial biota in the off-site locations of the PHWR nuclear power plant at Kaiga, India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159756. [PMID: 36461574 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This is the first detailed study on 14C activity in the environment surrounding a nuclear facility in India. Samples of food matrices and wild plants from the off-site locations of the PHWR nuclear power plant (NPP) at Kaiga were analysed by liquid scintillation spectrometry, results were validated by accelerator mass spectrometry, and an extensive database (N = 142) was established. The stable isotope ratio of carbon (δ13C) in terrestrial plants varied from -33.5 to -23.3 ‰. The maximum excess 14C activity recorded in terrestrial biota was 44 Bq kg-1C (19 pMC). About 75 % of the samples exhibited specific activity in the range 228-249 Bq kg-1C (101-110 pMC). Statistical tests on the 14C specific activity dataset for 2.3-5, 5-10, and 10-20 km radial zones confirmed that the impact of the operation of the NPP on the environment beyond 5 km is minimal. The study suggests that the 14C activity released through gaseous effluents from Kaiga NPP is transported to greater distances along the axis of the valley than that predicted by the Gaussian plume model and those reported for other NPP sites worldwide. This is due to the unique topography of the Kaiga valley in which wind flow channelling, strong winds in the valley mouth, and calm wind within the valley due to the blocking effect by hills for the south-westerly wind regime play dominant roles in the transport of gaseous effluents. The 14C specific activity values at upwind monitoring stations located at >5 km distance from the NPP during the south-westerly wind regime were higher than those observed during the north-easterly wind regime when the same monitoring stations were located on the downwind side. The ingestion dose to the population in the 2.3-5 km radius zone, attributable to the release of 14C from the NPP, was 0.75 μSv y-1. This is a negligibly small fraction of the ICRP recommended dose limit of 1000 μSv y-1 for the public from other than natural sources. The dose due to the natural 14C activity in the Kaiga region was 12 µSv y-1, corresponding to the ambient natural activity of 230 Bq kg-1 C.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Karunakara
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Radioactivity (CARER), Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri 574199, India.
| | - Renita Shiny D'Souza
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Radioactivity (CARER), Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri 574199, India
| | - S Rashmi Nayak
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Radioactivity (CARER), Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri 574199, India
| | - S Bharath
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Radioactivity (CARER), Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri 574199, India
| | - K Arya Krishnan
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Radioactivity (CARER), Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri 574199, India
| | - B N Dileep
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Radioactivity (CARER), Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri 574199, India
| | - P M Ravi
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Radioactivity (CARER), Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri 574199, India
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Berriban I, Azahra M, Chham E, Ferro-García MA, Milena-Pérez A, Nouayti A, Orza JAG, Brattich E, Tositti L, Piñero-García F, El Bardouni T, Ziani H, El Yaakoubi H, El Barbari M. PSCF and CWT methods as a tool to identify potential sources of 7Be and 210Pb aerosols in Granada, Spain. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2022; 251-252:106977. [PMID: 36029737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.106977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This research is focused on studying the preferred source regions and the pathways of the air masses with high particulate concentrations impacting on the activity concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb aerosols in Granada atmosphere. For this purpose, three different source-receptor methods have been used: Cluster Analysis, Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF), and Concentration Weighted Trajectory (CWT). Air filter samples were weekly collected and analysed in Granada university (Spain 37.177N, 3.598 W, 687m a.s.l.) during 12 years (2006-2017) for the activity concentration of 7Be, and during 5 years (2010-2014) for the one of 210Pb. The time series of the collected data indicate that the concentration of both radiotracers present a cyclical and seasonal pattern, in association with their origins and atmospheric conditions. Clustering analysis showed that the air masses arriving to Granada can be classified as: (1) tropical continental air masses coming from the Mediterranean Sea, (2) tropical and warm polar maritime air masses produced over the Atlantic Ocean, and (3) continental air masses originated over Europe and Northern Africa. The PSCF and CWT methods confirmed that the main source areas of 7Be are located in the Atlantic coast of southern Morocco, and Northern Africa. On the other hand, southern France and the Algerian desert were found to be the main region sources of 210Pb. In addition, the Mediterranean Basin has been postulated as a strong source region for 7Be and 210Pb. Furthermore, the PSCF and CWT models show that the regions with larger 7Be/210Pb ratios are located in the Atlantic Ocean, due to frequent stratospheric intrusions specially during the winter months.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Berriban
- Radiations and Nuclear Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco.
| | - M Azahra
- Radiations and Nuclear Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - E Chham
- Radiations and Nuclear Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - M A Ferro-García
- Radiochemistry and Environmental Radiology Laboratory, Inorganic Chemical Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, 18077, Spain
| | - A Milena-Pérez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - A Nouayti
- Radiations and Nuclear Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - J A G Orza
- SCOLAb, Fisica Aplicada, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, 03202, Spain
| | - E Brattich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - L Tositti
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - F Piñero-García
- Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden
| | - T El Bardouni
- Radiations and Nuclear Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - H Ziani
- Radiations and Nuclear Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - H El Yaakoubi
- Radiations and Nuclear Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - M El Barbari
- Radiations and Nuclear Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
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Zalewska T, Biernacik D. Be-7 and Pb-210 in fallout and aerosols in 2000-2016 in central Europe - Deposition velocity and dependence on meteorological parameters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:154205. [PMID: 35235848 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this research was to determine the transport and deposition velocities of 7Be and 210Pb based on a vast database containing the results of measurements of 7Be and 210Pb in fallout and aerosol samples carried out at several stations located throughout Poland in the period from 2000 to 2016. The monthly deposition flux of 7Be and 210Pb showed an unequivocal downward trend but was also subject to seasonal changes, with maximum values in the summer period. The same patterns were found in the case of the deposition rate, the average values of which were 0.7 cm s-1 for 7Be and 0.5 cm s-1 for 210Pb. A strong, statistically significant dependence of the deposition rate on the amount of dust was demonstrated, whereby a 10 μg m-3 decrease in dust increases the 7Be deposition rate by 0.1 cm s-1. Reduction of the concentration of carrier particles reduces the share of dry deposition in favour of precipitation convection, which is much more significant for the transport of both isotopes to the surface. Study of the effect of meteorological parameters showed that the concentrations of 7Be in fallout and aerosol samples and 210Pb in fallout increase with increasing temperature, indicating a significant share of convection processes in isotope transport. The concentrations of 210Pb in aerosols did not show any significant statistical changes over time. Their maximum values were observed in the winter period, indicating an additional source of this isotope related to combustion processes in the heating season. The studies confirmed the dominant role of convective precipitation and large-scale precipitation processes in the elution of 7Be from the atmosphere by showing the monthly deposition of this isotope to be strongly dependent on the total precipitation (r = 0.618).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zalewska
- Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute, Waszyngtona 42, 81-1342 Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Dawid Biernacik
- Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute, Waszyngtona 42, 81-1342 Gdynia, Poland
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Chaudhury D, Sen U, Sahoo BK, Bhat NN, Kumara K S, Karunakara N, Biswas S, Shenoy P S, Bose B. Thorium promotes lung, liver and kidney damage in BALB/c mouse via alterations in antioxidant systems. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 363:109977. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Zalewska T, Biernacik D, Marosz M. Correlations between 7Be, 210Pb, dust and PM10 concentrations in relation to meteorological conditions in northern Poland in 1998-2018. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2021; 228:106526. [PMID: 33383392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of a twenty-year (1998-2018) data series on 7Be concentrations in weekly collected aerosol samples in northern Poland showed a clear pattern of seasonal changes in 7Be with a maximum in the summer period associated with the most intensive thermal convection and vertical mixing. Activity concentrations of 7Be ranged from 480 μBq m-3 to 9370 μBq m-3. A strong relationship has been shown between 7Be concentrations observed in years and the activity of the Sun related to the sunspot number. Activity concentrations of 210Pb in aerosol ranged from 17 μBq m-3 to 1490 μBq m-3 with maximum occurring in the winter. The difference in the seasonal pattern in 7Be and 210Pb concentrations were directly related to the different sources of both isotopes, as an additional source of 210Pb was the products of combustion during the heating season. Similar pattern with maximum concentrations in winter was observed for PM10, as the main source is the same as in the case 210Pb. A content of PM10 was in the range from 6.5 to 81.7 μg m-3. A statistically significant correlation between both isotopes occurs. At the same time, 7Be, 210Pb and PM10 are visibly related to the dust concentrations ranged from 7.3 μg m-3 in winter to 134.8 μg m-3 in spring. Statistical analysis carried out with simple regression model, stepwise multiple regression, and Random Forest models showed that the sunspots number, air temperature and sunshine duration have the most substantial impact on transport, and hence the concentration of 7Be in the surface layer of the atmosphere. The increase in relative humidity and precipitation and higher wind speed have a statistically significant effect on the reduction of 7Be concentrations in surface air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zalewska
- Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute, Waszyngtona 42, 81-342, Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Dawid Biernacik
- Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute, Waszyngtona 42, 81-342, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Michał Marosz
- Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute, Waszyngtona 42, 81-342, Gdynia, Poland
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Deng B, Zhong Q, Wang Q, Du J, Zhang X. Temporal variation of 210Pb concentration in the urban aerosols of Shanghai, China. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Temporal variation of atmospheric 7Be and 210Pb concentrations and their activity size distributions at Astana, Kazakhstan in Central Asia. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06968-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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