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Mahomoodally MF, Coodian K, Hosenally M, Zengin G, Shariati MA, Abdalla AN, Alhazmi HA, Khuwaja G, Mohan S, Khalid A. Herbal remedies in the management of hyperuricemia and gout: A review of in vitro, in vivo and clinical evidences. Phytother Res 2024; 38:3370-3400. [PMID: 38655878 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Gout, or hyperuricemia is a multifactorial and multi-faceted metabolic disease that is quite difficult to manage and/or treat. Conventional therapies such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as allopurinol, corticosteroids and colchicine amongst others, have helped in its management and treatment to some extent. This study aimed to compile and analyze the different herbal remedies used in the management of hyperuricemia and gout. A literature search was conducted from key databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar) using relevant keywords via the PRISMA model. Smilax riparia A.DC. from Traditional Chinese Medicine is used in many countries for its therapeutic effect on lowering serum urate levels. No single study was able to establish the efficacy of a specific traditionally used herb via in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. Patients were found to use a panoply of natural remedies, mainly plants to treat hyperuricemia and gout, which have been validated to some extent by in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. Nonetheless, further research is needed to better understand the ethnopharmacological relationship of such herbal remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Kaisavadee Coodian
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Muzzammil Hosenally
- Department of Economics and Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences & Humanities, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Semey Branch of the Institute, Kazakh Research Institute of Processing and Food Industry, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Ashraf N Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gulrana Khuwaja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
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Mishra AK, S L N, Jain A, Jagtap CY, Dane G, Paroha S, Sahoo PK. Effectiveness of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. fruits in cancer and inflammatory diseases: A mini review. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105978. [PMID: 38685508 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semecarpus anacardium Linn. (SCA) fruits are found in India's sub-Himalayan, tropical, and central regions and have been utilized for centuries in traditional Indian medicine to treat various ailments. In recent times, a growing body of research has emerged indicating that the extracts and active components found in SCA fruits possess qualities that can potentially inhibit the development of cancer and inflammatory markers. PURPOSE This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature on the pharmacological mechanisms underlying the effects of extracts and phytochemicals of SCA fruits in cellular, animal models, and clinical trials of cancer and inflammatory diseases. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted utilizing several databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, preprint platforms, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews using the keywords "Semecarpus anacardium", "Anti-inflammatory," and "cancer". The collection of articles started with establishing the database and continued until April 2024. RESULTS Out of 1130 retrieved database records, 316 pertained to systematic reviews. The remaining 814 records focused on examining the anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties of SCA fruits. In the course of these investigations, the four primary cancer types linked to SCA fruits are identified as lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, and blood cancer. CONCLUSION The findings will provide more support for investigating SCA fruits in cancer treatment and will furnish thorough reference data and recommendations for future studies on this botanical medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Kumar Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Neha S L
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Ankit Jain
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333001, India
| | | | - Ganesh Dane
- Central Ayurveda Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, 284003, India
| | - Shweta Paroha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Pravat Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110017, India.
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Nguyen DK, Liu TW, Hsu SJ, Huynh QDT, Thi Duong TL, Chu MH, Wang YH, Vo TH, Lee CK. Xanthine oxidase inhibition study of isolated secondary metabolites from Dolichandrone spathacea (Bignoniaceae): In vitro and in silico approach. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:101980. [PMID: 38439949 PMCID: PMC10909772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.101980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) has been widely recognized as a pivotal enzyme in developing hyperuricemia, primarily contributing to the excessive production of uric acid during purine metabolism in the liver. One of the standard treatment approaches involves reducing uric acid levels by inhibiting XO activity. In this study, the leaf extract of Dolichandrone spathacea, traditionally used in folk medicine, was found to inhibit XO activity in the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, their values were 78.57 ± 3.85 % (IC50 = 55.93 ± 5.73 µg/ml) and 69.43 ± 8.68 % (IC50 = 70.17 ± 7.98 µg/ml), respectively. The potential XO inhibitory components were isolated by bioactivity assays and the HR-ESI-MS and NMR spectra system. The main constituents of leaf extracts of Dolichandrone spathacea, six compounds, namely trans-4-methoxycinnamic acid (3), trans-3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid (4), p-coumaric acid (5), martynoside (6), 6-O-(p-methoxy-E-cinnamoyl)-ajugol (7), and scolymoside (17), were identified as potent XO inhibitors with IC50 values ranging from 19.34 ± 1.63 μM to 64.50 ± 0.94 μM. The enzyme kinetics indicated that compounds 3-5, 7, and 17 displayed competitive inhibition like allopurinol, while compound 6 displayed a mixed-type inhibition. Computational studies corroborated these experimental results, highlighting the interactions between potential metabolites and XO enzyme. The hydrogen bonds played crucial roles in the binding interaction, especially, scolymoside (17) forms a hydrogen bond with Mos3004, exhibited the lowest binding energy (-18.3286 kcal/mol) corresponding to the lowest IC50 (19.34 ± 1.63 μM). Furthermore, nine compounds were isolated for the first time from this plant. In conclusion, Dolichandrone spathacea and its constituents possess the potential to modulate the xanthine oxidase enzyme involved in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang-Khoa Nguyen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Ta-Wei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Su-Jung Hsu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Quoc-Dung Tran Huynh
- Ph.D. Program in Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Truc-Ly Thi Duong
- Ph.D. Program in Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Man-Hsiu Chu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Han Wang
- Ph.D. Program in Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Thanh-Hoa Vo
- School of Medicine, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Ching-Kuo Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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Shadid KA, Shakya AK, Naik RR, Al-Qaisi TS, Oriquat GA, Atoom AM, Farah HS. Exploring the Chemical Constituents, Antioxidant, Xanthine Oxidase and COX Inhibitory Activity of Commiphora gileadensis Commonly Grown Wild in Saudi Arabia. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052321. [PMID: 36903563 PMCID: PMC10004785 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of the synthetic drugs has increased in the last few decades; however, these drugs exhibit various side effects. Scientists are therefore seeking alternatives from natural sources. Commiphora gileadensis has long been used to treat various disorders. It is commonly known as bisham or balm of Makkah. This plant contains various phytochemicals, including polyphenols and flavonoids, with biological potential. We found that steam-distilled essential oil of C. gileadensis exhibited higher antioxidant activity (IC50, 22.2 µg/mL) than ascorbic acid (IC50, 1.25 µg/mL). The major constituents (>2%) in the essential oil were β-myrcene, nonane, verticiol, β-phellandrene, β-cadinene, terpinen-4-ol, β-eudesmol, α-pinene, cis-β-copaene and verticillol, which might be responsible for the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The extract of C. gileadensis exhibited inhibitory activity against cyclooxygenase (IC50, 450.1 µg/mL), xanthine oxidase (251.2 µg/mL) and protein denaturation (110.5 µg/mL) compared to standard treatments, making it a viable treatment from a natural plant source. LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds such as caffeic acid phenyl ester, hesperetin, hesperidin, chrysin and transient amounts of catechin, gallic acid, rutin and caffeic acid. The chemical constituents of this plant can be explored further to investigate its wide variety of therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A. Shadid
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Ashok K. Shakya
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +962-5-3500211 (ext. 2135)
| | - Rajashri R. Naik
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Talal S. Al-Qaisi
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Ghaleb A. Oriquat
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Ali M. Atoom
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Husni S. Farah
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
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Potential applications and preliminary mechanism of action of dietary polyphenols against hyperuricemia: A review. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Naik RR, Shakya AK, Oriquat GA, Katekhaye S, Paradkar A, Fearnley H, Fearnley J. Fatty Acid Analysis, Chemical Constituents, Biological Activity and Pesticide Residues Screening in Jordanian Propolis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165076. [PMID: 34443664 PMCID: PMC8398578 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis is a resinous natural product collected by honeybees (Apis mellifera and others) from tree exudates that has been widely used in folk medicine. The present study was carried out to investigate the fatty acid composition, chemical constituents, antioxidant, and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity of Jordanian propolis, collected from Al-Ghour, Jordan. The hexane extract of Jordanian propolis contained different fatty acids, which are reported for the first time by using GC-FID. The HPLC was carried out to identify important chemical constituents such as fatty acids, polyphenols and α-tocopherol. The antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities were also monitored. The major fatty acid identified were palmitic acid (44.6%), oleic acid (18:1∆9cis, 24.6%), arachidic acid (7.4%), stearic acid (5.4%), linoleic acid (18:2∆9–12cis, 3.1%), caprylic acid (2.9%), lignoceric acid (2.6%), cis-11,14-eicosaldienoic acid (20:2∆11–14cis, 2.4%), palmitoleic acid (1.5%), cis-11-eicosenoic acid (1.2%), α–linolenic acid (18:3∆9–12–15cis, 1.1%), cis-13,16-docosadienoic acid (22:2∆13–16cis, 1.0%), along with other fatty acids. The major chemical constituents identified using gradient HPLC-PDA analysis were pinocembrin (2.82%), chrysin (1.83%), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (1.23%), caffeic acid (1.12%), caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE, 0.79%), apigenin (0.54%), galangin (0.46%), and luteolin (0.30%); while the minor constituents were hesperidin, quercetin, rutin, and vanillic acid. The percentage of α-tocopherol was 2.01 µg/g of the lipid fraction of propolis. Antioxidant properties of the extracts were determined via DPPH radical scavenging. The DPPH radical scavenging activities (IC50) of different extracts ranged from 6.13 to 60.5 µg/mL compared to ascorbic acid (1.21 µg/mL). The xanthine oxidase inhibition (IC50) ranged from 75.11 to 250.74 µg/mL compared to allopurinol (0.38 µg/mL). The results indicate that the various flavonoids, phenolic compounds, α-tocopherol, and other constituents which are present in propolis are responsible for the antioxidant and xanthine oxidation inhibition activity. To evaluate the safety studies of propolis, the pesticide residues were also monitored by LC-MS-MS 4500 Q-Trap. Trace amounts of pesticide residue (ng/mL) were detected in the samples, which are far below the permissible limit as per international guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashri R. Naik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan;
| | - Ashok K. Shakya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan;
- Pharmacological & Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +962-5-3500211 (ext. 2315)
| | - Ghaleb A. Oriquat
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan;
| | - Shankar Katekhaye
- Natures Laboratory Ltd., Whitby YO22 4NH, UK; (S.K.); (H.F.)
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK;
| | - Anant Paradkar
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK;
| | - Hugo Fearnley
- Natures Laboratory Ltd., Whitby YO22 4NH, UK; (S.K.); (H.F.)
| | - James Fearnley
- Apiceutical Research Centre, 3b Enterprise Way, Whitby YO22 4NH, UK;
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Antihyperuricemic Effect of Dendropanax morbifera Leaf Extract in Rodent Models. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:3732317. [PMID: 34335806 PMCID: PMC8324340 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3732317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendropanax morbifera is a well-known traditional medicine used in China and Korea to treat intestinal disorders, urosis, diuresis, and chronic glomerulonephritis. Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by a high uric acid level in serum due to an imbalance between uric acid production and excretion and causes gout. Recently, the prevalence of hyperuricemia worldwide has been continuously increasing. Xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitors (allopurinol (ALP) and febuxostat) and uricosuric agents (benzbromarone and probenecid) are used to treat hyperuricemia clinically. However, because these drugs are poorly tolerated and cause side effects, such as kidney diseases, hepatotoxicity, gastrointestinal symptoms, and hypersensitivity syndrome, only a limited number of drugs are available. We investigated the antihyperuricemic effects of Dendropanax morbifera leaf ethanol extract (DMLE) and its underlying mechanisms of action through in vitro and in vivo studies. We evaluated uric acid levels in serum and urine, and xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibition activity in the serum and liver tissue of a hyperuricemic rat model of potassium oxonate (PO)-induced hyperuricemic rats. In vitro study, XOD-inhibitory activity was the lowest among the test substances at the IC50 of ALP. However, the IC50 of DMLE-70 was significantly low compared with that of other DMLEs (p < 0.05). In PO-induced hyperuricemic rats, uric acid (UA) levels in serum and urine were significantly reduced in all DMLE-70 and allopurinol-treated (ALT) groups than in the PC group (p < 0.05). UA levels in urine were lower than those in serum in all DME groups. In PO-induced hyperuricemic rats, DMEE-200 reduced UA concentration in serum and increased UA excretion in the urine. These findings suggest that DMLE exerts antihyperuricemic and uricosuric effects on promoting UA excretion by enhanced secretion and inhibition of UA reabsorption in the kidneys. Thus, DMLE may be a potential treatment for hyperuricemia and gout.
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Era B, Delogu GL, Pintus F, Fais A, Gatto G, Uriarte E, Borges F, Kumar A, Matos MJ. Looking for new xanthine oxidase inhibitors: 3-Phenylcoumarins versus 2-phenylbenzofurans. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:774-780. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Ye ZJ, He XA, Wu JP, Li J, Chang XW, Tan J, Lv WY, Zhu H, Sun HH, Wang WX, Chen ZH, Zhu GZ, Xu KP. New prenylflavonol glycosides with xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity from the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus. Bioorg Chem 2020; 101:104018. [PMID: 32629277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Eight new prenylflavonol glycosides (1-8), along with five known analogues (9-13) were isolated from the n-butanol extract of the dried leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus (family Juglandaceae) for the first time. The structures of these compounds were characterized by comprehensive analysis of 1D, 2D NMR, HRESIMS, UV data and acid hydrolysis. In bioassay, all these thirteen prenylflavonol glycosides exhibited inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity. Especially compounds 2 and 7, showed outstanding IC50 values of 31.81 ± 2.20 and 29.71 ± 3.69 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jun Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated HaiKou Hospital Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570100, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ai He
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated HaiKou Hospital Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570100, PR China
| | - Jian-Ping Wu
- Department of Pharmacochemistry, College of Xiangya Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacochemistry, College of Xiangya Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Xi-Wen Chang
- Department of Pharmacochemistry, College of Xiangya Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Jie Tan
- Department of Pharmacochemistry, College of Xiangya Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Wen-Yan Lv
- Department of Pharmacochemistry, College of Xiangya Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Pharmacochemistry, College of Xiangya Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Hui-Hui Sun
- Department of Pharmacochemistry, College of Xiangya Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Wen-Xuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacochemistry, College of Xiangya Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Zu-Hui Chen
- Department of Pharmacochemistry, College of Xiangya Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China; Hunan Heran Biotechnology Development Company, 410013 Changsha, PR China
| | - Gang-Zhi Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated HaiKou Hospital Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570100, PR China
| | - Kang-Ping Xu
- Department of Pharmacochemistry, College of Xiangya Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China.
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Kuo YH, Yeh YT, Pan SY, Hsieh SC. Identification and Structural Elucidation of Anti-Inflammatory Compounds from Chinese Olive ( Canarium Album L.) Fruit Extracts. Foods 2019; 8:foods8100441. [PMID: 31561441 PMCID: PMC6836117 DOI: 10.3390/foods8100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese olive (Canarium album L.), a rich source of polyphenols, can be used as a functional food ingredient. We previously showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of this extract (CO-EtOAc) is an effective anti-inflammatory agent. Therefore, here, we aimed to screen the bioactive fractions extracted from CO-EtOAc using different isolation techniques, and purify the bioactive compounds based on their cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory abilities. CO-EtOAc was fractionated using silica gel and Sephadex column chromatography, and the active compounds were isolated and purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The structures of the resulting compounds were identified using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. Activity-directed fractionation and purification were used to identify the following active compounds with anti-inflammatory effects using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophages: sitoindoside I, amentoflavone, tetrahydroamentoflavone and protocatechuic acid. For the first time, sitoindoside I and tetrahydroamentoflavone were isolated from Chinese olive, and the anti-inflammatory compounds of CO-EtOAc were identified, suggesting its potential for used as a health food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Te Yeh
- Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University; Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Sih-Ying Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University; Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Chen Hsieh
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University; Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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11
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Mehmood A, Ishaq M, Zhao L, Safdar B, Rehman AU, Munir M, Raza A, Nadeem M, Iqbal W, Wang C. Natural compounds with xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity: A review. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 93:387-418. [PMID: 30403440 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia (HUA), a disease due to an elevation of body uric acid level and responsible for various diseases such as gout, cardiovascular disorders, and renal failure, is a major ground debate for the medical science these days. Considering the risk factors linked with allopathic drugs for the treatment of this disease, the debate has now become a special issue. Previously, we critically discussed the role of dietary polyphenols in the treatment of HUA. Besides dietary food plants, many researchers figure out the tremendous effects of medicinal plants-derived phytochemicals against HUA. Keeping in mind all these aspects, we reviewed all possible managerial studies related to HUA through medicinal plants (isolated compounds). In the current review article, we comprehensively discussed various bioactive compounds, chemical structures, and structure-activity relationship with responsible key enzyme xanthine oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Mehmood
- Beijing Advance Innovation center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Ishaq
- Beijing Advance Innovation center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Beijing Advance Innovation center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Bushra Safdar
- Beijing Advance Innovation center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Ashfaq-Ur Rehman
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Masooma Munir
- Food Science Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Ali Raza
- Beijing Advance Innovation center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Waheed Iqbal
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Advance Innovation center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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12
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Optimization of the Extraction Conditions and Biological Evaluation of Dendropanax morbifera H. Lev as an Anti-Hyperuricemic Source. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123313. [PMID: 30558104 PMCID: PMC6321341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendropanax morbifera H. Levis a medicinal plant native to South Korea, East Asia, and South America. Among some 75 species, one species grows in Korea. In previous studies, D. morbifera extracts with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-complementary and anti-cancer activities were reported. The present study aims to investigate optimization of extraction and evaluation of anti-hyperuricemic effects of D. morbifera leaf and the phytochemicals contained therein. Ethanol and hexane extract were found to display the best xanthine oxidase inhibition among six types of solvent and water extract. The antioxidant effect of the ethanol extract was superior to that of the hexane extract. The DPPH radical scavenging effect of the ethanol and hexane extracts were 81.52 ± 1.57% and 2.69 ± 0.16. The reducing power of the ethanol and hexane extracts were 9.71 ± 0.15 and 0.89 ± 0.01 mg/g equivalent of gallic acid. Total phenols of the ethanol and hexane extracts were 6.53 ± 0.16 and 0.63 ± 0.001 mg/g equivalent of gallic acid. In addition, we compared the two marker compounds from D. morbifera, chlorogenic acid and rutin, which were determined in the ethanol extract at 0.80 ± 0.03% and 0.52 ± 0.01%, respectively. We found that the ethanol extracts showed better xanthine oxidase inhibition than hexane extracts. Especially, ethanol extracts showed higher antioxidant activity than hexane extracts. Based on these results, we selected the ethanol extract as an effective xanthine oxidase inhibitor and confirmed whether ethanol extracts showed xanthine oxidase inhibition in animal experiments. The in vivo mouse study demonstrated that ethanol extract of D. morbifera leaf at the dose of 300 mg/kg could inhibit blood/hepatic xanthine oxidase activity and this result shows that the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity in vitro is reproduced in vivo. The present study showed that ethanol extract was optimal xanthine oxidase inhibitor which can be applied to prevent diseases related to hyperuricemia.
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Ethanol Extract of Cudrania tricuspidata Leaf Ameliorates Hyperuricemia in Mice via Inhibition of Hepatic and Serum Xanthine Oxidase Activity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:8037925. [PMID: 30622611 PMCID: PMC6304516 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8037925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau (Moraceae) (CT) is a dietary and medicinal plant distributed widely in Northeast Asia. There have been no studies on the effect of CT and/or its active constituents on in vivo xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, hyperuricemia, and gout. The aim of this study was to investigate XO inhibitory and antihyperuricemic effects of the ethanol extract of CT leaf (CTLE) and its active constituents in vitro and in vivo. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses were used to determine a chemical profile of CTLE. XO inhibitory and antihyperuricemic effects of CTLE given orally (30 and 100 mg/kg per day for 1 week) were examined in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic ICR mice. CTLE exhibited XO inhibitory activity in vitro with an IC50 of 368.2 μg/mL, significantly reduced serum uric acid levels by approximately 2-fold (7.9 nM in normal mice; 3.8 nM in 30 mg/kg CTLE; 3.9 nM in 100 mg/kg CTLE), and significantly alleviated hyperuricemia by reducing hepatic (by 39.1 and 41.8% in 30 and 100 mg/kg, respectively) and serum XO activity (by 30.7 and 50.1% in 30 and 100 mg/kg, respectively) in hyperuricemic mice. Moreover, several XO inhibitory and/or antihyperuricemic phytochemicals, such as stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, vitamin E, rutin, and kaempferol, were identified from CTLE. Compared with rutin, kaempferol showed markedly higher XO inhibitory activity in vitro. Our present results demonstrate that CTLE may offer a promising alternative to allopurinol for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout.
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14
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Liu D, Wang D, Yang W, Meng D. Potential anti-gout constituents as xanthine oxidase inhibitor from the fruits of Stauntonia brachyanthera. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3562-3566. [PMID: 28511908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of finding a better xanthine oxidase inhibitor with potential anti-gout properties, the studies on the fruit of Stauntonia brachyanthera were carried out, which led to the isolation of 12 glycosides, including 4 new nor-oleanane triterpenoids. Their structures were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic (NMR and HR MS) analysis. Two compounds (4 and 11) exhibited significant inhibitory activities on xanthine oxidase with IC50 values of 5.22 and 1.60µM, respectively. Another five compounds (1, 2, 3, 8 and 10) showed qualified activities. The results suggested that the existences of nor-oleanane triterpenoids and flavonoids in the fruits were responsible for the inhibitory activity on xanthine oxidase that could cut off the production of uric acid. Nor-oleanane triterpenoids, a new leading XO inhibitor, is worthy of further studies on molecular biology level for its mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dali Meng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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15
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Yoon IS, Park DH, Kim JE, Yoo JC, Bae MS, Oh DS, Shim JH, Choi CY, An KW, Kim EI, Kim GY, Cho SS. Identification of the biologically active constituents of Camellia japonica leaf and anti-hyperuricemic effect in vitro and in vivo. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:1613-1620. [PMID: 28487949 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Camellia japonica L. is a plant of which the seeds are used as a folk medicine, and it is native to South Korea, Japan and China. In previous study, triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins and fatty acids which have antiviral, antioxidant and anti inflammatory activity were reported from C. japonica leaf and flower. In Korea, the seed from this plant is used as a traditional medicine and in folk remedies for the treatment of bleeding and inflammation. However, the major issue associated with the use of the seed as a medicinal and/or functional food ingredient is its application to the pharmaceutical and food industry. First, the productivity of seed extract is very much less than that of the leaf. Second, the beneficial usage of the seed extract as an alternative medicine and functional source is not yet clear. Thus, in this study, we focused on another part of the plant, the leaf, and found that the extract of Camellia japonica leaf has a high concentration of vitamin E, rutin and other biologically active compounds related to hyperuricemia. We aimed to investigate the biological activities, namely the antioxidant activities, xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity and anti‑hyperuricemic effects of extract from C. japonica leaf and the phytochemicals contained therein. Ethanol extracts of C. japonica leaf (ECJL) were prepared, and the extract was used with respect to antioxidant activities, total phenolic contents and XO inhibitory activity. The in vivo XO inhibitory activity and anti‑hyperuricemic effects of the extract were evaluated in mice with potassium oxonate‑induced hyperuricemia. To clarify the marker compounds that are responsible for the anti‑hyperuricemic effects, several key constituents were identified using gas chromatography‑mass spectrometry (GC‑MS) and and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). ECJL was found to have strong antioxidant activities, and in vitro XO inhibitory activity. The results of the in vivo experiments using mice demonstrated that ECJL at the doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg inhibited hepatic XO activity and significantly attenuated hyperuricemia. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first report on the XO inhibitory and anti-hyperuricemic effects of ECJL, which can be therapeutically applied in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Soo Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Geumjeong, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hun Park
- Department of Oriental Medicine Materials, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeonnam 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Yoo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Bae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Deuk-Sil Oh
- Jeollanamdo Wando Arboretum, Wando, Jeonnam 59105, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Shim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Yung Choi
- Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung, Jeonnam 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Wan An
- Division of Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Il Kim
- Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Gye-Yeop Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Welfare, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeonnam 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
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16
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Xanthine oxidase inhibitors beyond allopurinol and febuxostat; an overview and selection of potential leads based on in silico calculated physico-chemical properties, predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 135:491-516. [PMID: 28478180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO), a versatile metalloflavoprotein enzyme, catalyzes the oxidative hydroxylation of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid in purine catabolism while simultaneously producing reactive oxygen species. Both lead to the gout-causing hyperuricemia and oxidative damage of the tissues where overactivity of XO is present. Over the past years, significant progress and efforts towards the discovery and development of new XO inhibitors have been made and we believe that not only experts in the field, but also general readership would benefit from a review that addresses this topic. Accordingly, the aim of this article was to overview and select the most potent recently reported XO inhibitors and to compare their structures, mechanisms of action, potency and effectiveness of their inhibitory activity, in silico calculated physico-chemical properties as well as predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Derivatives of imidazole, 1,3-thiazole and pyrimidine proved to be more potent than febuxostat while also displaying/possessing favorable predicted physico-chemical, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties. Although being structurally similar to febuxostat, these optimized inhibitors bear some structural freshness and could be adopted as hits for hit-to-lead development and further evaluation by in vivo studies towards novel drug candidates, and represent valuable model structures for design of novel XO inhibitors.
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17
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In Vitro and In Vivo Studies on Quercus acuta Thunb. (Fagaceae) Extract: Active Constituents, Serum Uric Acid Suppression, and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:4097195. [PMID: 28421120 PMCID: PMC5381200 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4097195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Quercus acuta Thunb. (Fagaceae) (QA) is cultivated as a dietary and ornamental plant in China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. It has been widely used as the main ingredient of acorn tofu, a traditional food in China and South Korea. The aim of this study was to determine in vitro and in vivo xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory and antihyperuricemic activities of an ethyl acetate extract of QA leaf (QALE) and identify its active phytochemicals using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography (LC) systems. The QALE was found to possess potent in vitro antioxidant and XO inhibitory activities. In vivo study using hyperuricemic mice induced with potassium oxonate demonstrated that the QALE could inhibit hepatic XO activity at a relatively low oral dose (50 mg/kg) and significantly alleviate hyperuricemia to a similar extent as allopurinol. Several active compounds including vitamin E known to possess XO inhibitory activity were identified from the QALE. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports the active constituents and antihyperuricemic effect of QA, suggesting that it is feasible to use QALE as a food therapy or alternative medicine for alleviating hyperuricemia and gout.
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18
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Yoon IS, Park DH, Ki SH, Cho SS. Effects of extracts from Corylopsis coreana Uyeki (Hamamelidaceae) flos on xanthine oxidase activity and hyperuricemia. J Pharm Pharmacol 2016; 68:1597-1603. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study aims to investigate xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity and antihyperuricemic effects of Corylopsis coreana Uyeki flos extracts and the phytochemicals contained therein.
Methods
Ethanolic extracts of the plant were prepared, and the extraction process was optimized with respect to flavonoid content and XO inhibitory activity. The optimized ethanolic extract was tested for its XO inhibitory activity and antihyperuricemic effects in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice.
Key findings
The 80% ethanolic extract showed the highest total flavonoid content and in-vitro XO inhibitory activity. In-vivo studies demonstrated that the optimized 80% ethanolic extract could inhibit hepatic XO activity and significantly alleviate hyperuricemia at a relatively low oral dose (50 mg/kg) in mice. Additionally, an in-vitro enzyme inhibition study showed that phytochemicals such as bergenin, isosalipurposide, quercetin and quercitrin may be the key constituents responsible for the observed antihyperuricemic effects of the extract.
Conclusions
This study is the first report on the XO inhibitory and antihyperuricemic effects of C. coreana Uyeki flos extract, which can be therapeutically applied in treating hyperuricemia and gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Soo Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Dae-Hun Park
- Department of Oriental Medicine Materials, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Ki
- Department of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam, Korea
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Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an important enzyme catalyzing the hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid which is excreted by kidneys. Excessive production and/or inadequate excretion of uric acid results in hyperuricemia. This paper presents a detailed review of methods of isolation, determination of xanthine oxidase activity, and the effect of plant extracts and their constituents on it. Determining the content and activities of XO can be used for diagnostic purposes. Testing inhibition of XO is important for detection of potentially effective compounds or extracts that can be used to treat diseases that are caused by increased activity of XO.In vitrobioassays are used to examine test material for XO inhibition, as inhibitors of XO may be potentially useful for the treatment of gout or other XO induced diseases. Several authors reported on the XO inhibitory potential of traditionally used medicinal plants.
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20
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Argulla LE, Chichioco-Hernandez CL. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of some Leguminosae plants. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Jayaraj P, Mathew B, Parimaladevi B, Ramani VA, Govindarajan R. Isolation of a bioactive flavonoid from Spilanthes calva D.C. in vitro xanthine oxidase assay and in silico study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionut.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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22
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Wang J, Liu S, Ma B, Chen L, Song F, Liu Z, Liu CM. Rapid screening and detection of XOD inhibitors from S. tamariscina by ultrafiltration LC-PDA–ESI-MS combined with HPCCC. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:7379-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Chu YH, Chen CJ, Wu SH, Hsieh JF. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by Rhodiola crenulata extracts and their phytochemicals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:3742-3749. [PMID: 24712453 DOI: 10.1021/jf5004094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Using a fractionation technique, four phytochemicals were isolated from Rhodiola crenulata extracts. These compounds were identified as 4'-hydroxyacetophenone (4-HAP), epicatechin-(4β,8)-epicatechin gallate (B2-3'-O-gallate), salidroside, and p-tyrosol using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XO) activity by these purified compounds was then evaluated and compared to that of a known XO inhibitor (allopurinol; IC50 = 12.21 ± 0.27 μM). Both 4-HAP and B2-3'-O-gallate showed an XO inhibitory effect, for which the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were 15.62 ± 1.19 and 24.24 ± 1.80 μM, respectively. However, salidroside and p-tyrosol did not show significant inhibitory effects on XO at 30 μM. Furthermore, an inhibition kinetics study indicated that 4-HAP and B2-3'-O-gallate are mixed competitive inhibitors. The inhibition constants (Ki) of 4-HAP and B2-3'-O-gallate were 8.41 ± 1.03 and 6.16 ± 1.56 μM, respectively. These results suggest that 4-HAP and B2-3'-O-gallate are potent XO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Hung Chu
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University , 510 Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang, Taipei 24205, Taiwan
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24
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Li X, Han W, Mai W, Wang L. Antioxidant Activity and Mechanism of Tetrahydroamentoflavone in vitro. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(2 S,2″ S)-Tetrahydroamentoflavone (THA) is a typical biflavonoid. In this study, we systematically evaluated its antioxidant activity by various antioxidant assays in vitro. The IC50 values of THA were 4.8±0.3, 743.2±49.5, 35.5±1.9, 165.7±22.8, 4.4±0.2, and 77.1±2.2 μg/mL, respectively, for superoxide (•O2-) radical-scavenging, Fe2+-chelating, Cu2+-chelating, DPPH• (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical) scavenging, ABTS•+ (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical) scavenging, and Cu2+-reducing power. The average ratio value of IC50, Trolox:IC50, THA was calculated as 2.54, suggesting that THA possesses 2.54 times the total antioxidant level than the standard antioxidant Trolox. THA exerts its antioxidant activity in vitro through metal-chelating, and radical-scavenging, which is via donating a hydrogen atom (H•) and an electron (e). Its antioxidant activity can be responsible for its pharmacological effect and make it an attractive natural antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xican Li
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weijuan Han
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenqiong Mai
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Arimboor R, Arumughan C. Effect of Polymerization on Antioxidant and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Potential of Sea Buckthorn (H. rhamnoides) Proanthocyanidins. J Food Sci 2012; 77:C1036-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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The Hypouricemic Effect of Balanophora laxiflora Extracts and Derived Phytochemicals in Hyperuricemic Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:910152. [PMID: 22778779 PMCID: PMC3388452 DOI: 10.1155/2012/910152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate the lowering of uric acid using Balanophora laxiflora extracts and derived phytochemicals on potassium-oxonate-(PO-) induced hyperuricemia in mice. The results revealed that ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of B. laxiflora extracts exhibited strong xanthine-oxidase-(XOD-) inhibitory activity. In addition, among the 10 subfractions (EA1–10) derived from EtOAc fraction, subfraction 8 (EA8) exhibited the best XOD-inhibitory activity. Four specific phytochemicals, 1-O-(E)-caffeoyl-β-D-glucopyranose (1), 1-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl-β-D-glucopyranose (2), 1,3-di-O-galloyl-4,6-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-β-D-glucopyranose (3), and 1-O-(E)-caffeoyl-4,6-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-β-D-glucopyranose (4), were further isolated and identified from this subfraction. Compounds 3 and 4 exhibited the strongest XOD-inhibitory activity compared with other compounds, and both hydrolyzable tannins were determined to be noncompetitive inhibitors according to the Lineweaver-Burk plot. On the other hand, the in vivo hypouricemic effect in hyperuricemic mice was consistent with XOD-inhibitory activity, indicating that B. laxiflora extracts and derived phytochemicals could be potential candidates as new hypouricemic agents.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2012; 24:237-44. [DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e3283513e33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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