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Shen X, Wu W, Ying Y, Zhou L, Zhu H. A regulatory role of Piezo1 in apoptosis of periodontal tissue and periodontal ligament fibroblasts during orthodontic tooth movement. AUST ENDOD J 2023; 49 Suppl 1:228-237. [PMID: 36461169 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Investigation on the effect of Piezo1 on periodontal tissue and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) under mechanical stress and the underlying mechanism. The orthodontic tooth movement rat model was established via an orthodontic spiral tension spring. PDLFs were cultured and subjected to 2.0 g/cm2 static compressive loading. Blocked the Piezo1 via Piezo1 inhibitor, GsMTx4. TUNEL staining and flow cytometry determined the apoptosis rate of periodontal tissue and PDLFs in rats. Expression of Piezo1, p-p38 and ERK1/2 was analysed by immunofluorescence assay and western blotting. Piezo1 inhibitor GsMTx4 relieved the increased expression of Piezo1, ERK1/2 and p-p38, and alleviated apoptosis in periodontal tissue and PDLFs under compressive loading. Piezo1 inhibition can alleviate force-induced apoptosis and damage in rats' periodontal tissue and PDLFs, and regulate the p38/ERK1/2 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanjiang Shen
- Department of Stomatology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Weilli Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Yukang Ying
- Department of Stomatology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Liyuan Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Haiqian Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
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Chauhan N, Kumar M, Chaurasia S, Garg Y, Chopra S, Bhatia A. A Comprehensive Review on Drug Therapies and Nanomaterials used in Orthodontic Treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:3154-3165. [PMID: 38018198 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128276153231117054242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Orthodontic treatment typically requires an extended duration of 1-2 years to complete the treatment. Accelerating the rate of tooth movement during orthodontic treatment is essential for shortening the overall treatment duration. After the completion of orthodontic treatment, a prominent concern arises in the form of orthodontic relapse, where the teeth tend to revert to their original positions. This issue affects approximately 60% of the global population, underscoring the importance of implementing effective measures to address orthodontic relapse. An approach in this regard involves the targeted administration of herbal and synthetic drugs applied directly to the specific area of interest to facilitate tooth movement and prevent orthodontic relapse. Apart from this, researchers are investigating the feasibility of utilizing different types of nanoparticles to improve the process of orthodontic tooth movement. In recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of studies examining the effects of various drugs on orthodontics. However, the currently available literature does not provide significant evidence relating to orthodontic tooth movement. In this review, the authors provide valuable information about the drugs and nanomaterials that are capable of further enhancing the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and reducing the risk of orthodontic relapse. However, a notable hurdle remains, i.e., there is no marketed formulation available that can enhance orthodontic tooth movement and reduce treatment time. Therefore, researchers should try herbal-synthetic approaches to achieve a synergistic effect that can enhance orthodontic tooth movement. In this nutshell, there is an urgent need to develop a non-invasive, patient-compliant, and cost-effective formulation that will provide quality treatment and ultimately reduce the treatment time. Another critical issue is orthodontic relapse, which can be addressed by employing drugs that slow down osteoclastogenesis, thereby preventing tooth movement after treatment. Nevertheless, extensive research is still required to overcome this challenge in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitasha Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Simran Chaurasia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Yogesh Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Shruti Chopra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Amit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
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Li B, Zhao ZH. [Adjunctive interventions to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2019; 37:648-655. [PMID: 31875445 PMCID: PMC7030763 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Orthodontic treatment is a time-consuming process whose duration usually takes 2-3 years. In general, long-term treatment duration possesses higher risks of complications, which may have adverse impact on patients. Therefore, exploring safe and effective adjunctive interventions to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement and shortening the treatment duration are of profound clinical significance. Currently, numerous adjunctive interventions have been generated and developed to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement, which can be divided into two main categories: surgical and non-surgical. However, an intervention that is widely accepted as a routine practice in orthodontic clinic is lacking. This article aims to review com-mon adjunctive interventions used to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. This review can be used as a basis to guide clinical practice, shorten treatment duration, and improve patients' prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomato-logy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhi-He Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomato-logy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Dong XL, Yu WX, Li CM, He S, Zhou LP, Poon CW, Wong MS. Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) protects ovariectomized rats fed with high-saturated fat-sucrose diet from bone loss. Osteoporos Int 2018; 29:223-235. [PMID: 29058051 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-4254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dietary patterns may interfere with the efficacy of herbal intervention. Our results demonstrated the protective effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza aqueous extract (SMA) on bone metabolism were influenced by levels of dietary fat and sucrose in ovariectomized (OVX) rats through its actions on attenuating lipid deposition and oxidative stress in rats. INTRODUCTION Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM), also known as Danshen, has been tested as an osteoporosis treatment in a series of small, short human trials that generally report improvements in bone property. However, dietary patterns may interfere with the effects of herbal intervention. We hypothesized that dietary fat and sucrose levels could influence the effects of SM supplementation on bone in estrogen-deficient animals. METHODS Six-month-old Sprague-Dawley sham or OVX rats were fed either a low-saturated fat-sucrose (LFS, a diet that was similar in composition to normal rat chow) or a high-fat-sucrose (HFS) diet and OVX rats were treated (8 rats/group) with SM aqueous extract (SMA, 600 mg/kg/day), 17β-estradiol (1 mg/kg/day), or vehicle for 12 weeks. RESULTS SMA significantly improved bone properties as revealed by the increase in trabecular bone mineral density and decrease in trabecular separation at proximal metaphysis of the tibia (PT) in HFS-fed OVX rats, but not in LFS-fed OVX rats. SMA greatly reduced lipid deposition and malondialdehyde levels, improved the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in the livers of HFS-fed OVX rats. SMA could directly improve the proliferation and differentiation in vitro in an H2O2-induced preosteoblast cell model by attenuating cellular reactive oxygen species levels. CONCLUSIONS The protective effects of SMA on bone metabolism were influenced by dietary fat and sucrose levels in OVX rats. The ability of SMA to reduce bone loss in HFS-fed OVX rats was associated with the attenuation of lipid deposition and oxidative stress levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Y806, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - W X Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Y806, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - C M Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical College, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - S He
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Y806, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - L P Zhou
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Y806, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - C W Poon
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Y806, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - M S Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Y806, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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Sasaki A, Hasegawa N, Adachi K, Sakagami H, Suda N. Orthodontic treatment-induced temporal alteration of jaw-opening reflex excitability. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:2289-2295. [PMID: 28724785 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00379.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The impairment of orofacial motor function during orthodontic treatment needs to be addressed, because most orthodontic patients experience pain and motor excitability would be affected by pain. In the present study, the temporal alteration of the jaw-opening reflex excitability was investigated to determine if orthodontic treatment affects orofacial motor function. The excitability of jaw-opening reflex evoked by electrical stimulation on the gingiva and recorded bilaterally in the anterior digastric muscles was evaluated at 1 (D1), 3 (D3), and 7 days (D7) after orthodontic force application to the teeth of right side; morphological features (e.g., osteoclast genesis and tooth movement) were also evaluated. To clarify the underlying mechanism of orthodontic treatment-induced alteration of orofacial motor excitability, analgesics were administrated for 1 day. At D1 and D3, orthodontic treatment significantly decreased the threshold for inducing the jaw-opening reflex but significantly increased the threshold at D7. Other parameters of the jaw-opening reflex were also evaluated (e.g., latency, duration and area under the curve of anterior digastric muscles activity), and only the latency of the D1 group was significantly different from that of the other groups. Temporal alteration of the jaw-opening reflex excitability was significantly correlated with changes in morphological features. Aspirin (300 mg·kg-1·day-1) significantly increased the threshold for inducing the jaw-opening reflex, whereas a lower dose (75-150 mg·kg-1·day-1) of aspirin or acetaminophen (300 mg·kg-1·day-1) failed to alter the jaw-opening reflex excitability. These results suggest that an increase of the jaw-opening reflex excitability can be induced acutely by orthodontic treatment, possibly through the cyclooxygenase activation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY It is well known that motor function is affected by pain, but the effect of orthodontic treatment-related pain on the trigeminal motor excitability has not been fully understood. We found that, during orthodontic treatment, trigeminal motor excitability is acutely increased and then decreased in a week. Because alteration of trigeminal motor function can be evaluated quantitatively by jaw-opening reflex excitability, the present animal model may be useful to search for alternative approaches to attenuate orthodontic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Au Sasaki
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Human Development and Fostering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoya Hasegawa
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Human Development and Fostering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazunori Adachi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Therapeutics Science, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama, Japan; and
| | - Hiroshi Sakagami
- Meikai University Research Institute of Odontology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoto Suda
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Human Development and Fostering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama, Japan
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Chen Y, Yang X, Chen T, Ji J, Lan L, Hu R, Ji H. Treatment with Akebia Saponin D Ameliorates Aβ1–42-Induced Memory Impairment and Neurotoxicity in Rats. Molecules 2016. [PMCID: PMC6273713 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is known to be directly associated with the progressive neuronal death observed in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, effective neuroprotective approaches against Aβ neurotoxicity are still unavailable. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of Akebia saponin D (ASD), a typical compound isolated from the rhizome of Dipsacus asper Wall, on Aβ1–42-induced impairment of learning and memory formation and explored the probable underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that treatment with ASD (30, 90 or 270 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated impaired spatial learning and memory in intracerebroventricularly (ICV) Aβ1–42-injected rats, as evidenced by a decrease tendency in escape latency during acquisition trials and improvement in exploratory activities in the probe trial in Morris water maze (MWM). Further study showed that ASD reversed Aβ1–42-induced accumulation of Aβ1–42 and Aβ1–40 in the hippocampus through down-regulating the expression of BACE and Presenilin 2 accompanied with increased the expression of TACE, IDE and LRP-1. Taken together, our findings suggested that ASD exerted therapeutic effects on Aβ-induced cognitive deficits via amyloidogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongde Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.C.); (T.C.); (J.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.C.); (T.C.); (J.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.C.); (T.C.); (J.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Li Lan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.C.); (T.C.); (J.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Rong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (H.J.); Tel.: +86-137-7082-3968 (R.H.); +86-139-5161-5063 (H.J.)
| | - Hui Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.C.); (T.C.); (J.J.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (H.J.); Tel.: +86-137-7082-3968 (R.H.); +86-139-5161-5063 (H.J.)
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Guo Y, Li Y, Xue L, Severino RP, Gao S, Niu J, Qin LP, Zhang D, Brömme D. Salvia miltiorrhiza: an ancient Chinese herbal medicine as a source for anti-osteoporotic drugs. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:1401-16. [PMID: 25109459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Red sage (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge), also known as Danshen in Chinese, has been used historically and is currently exploited in combination with other herbs to treat skeletal diseases in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). With the advance of modern analytical technology, a multitude of bone-targeting, pharmaceutically active, compounds has been isolated and characterized from various sources of TCM including those produced in Salvia miltiorrhiza root. The aim of the review is to provide a comprehensive overview about the historical TCM interpretation of the action of Salvia miltiorrhiza in osteoporosis, its use clinical trials, its main phytochemical constituents, and its action on bone-resorptive and bone formation-stimulating mechanisms in in vitro and in vivo studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature sources used were Pubmed, CNKI.net, Cqvip.com, PubChem, and the Web of Science. For the inquiry, keywords such as Salvia, danshen, osteoporosis, bone, osteoclast and osteoblast were used in various combinations. About 130 research papers and reviews were consulted. RESULTS In TCM, the anti-osteopororotic effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza is ascribed to its action on liver and blood stasis as main therapeutic targets defining osteoporosis. 36 clinical trials were identified which used Salvia miltiorrhiza in combination with other herbs and components to treat post-menopausal, senile, and secondary osteoporosis. On average the trials were characterized by high efficacy (>80%) and low toxicity problems. However, various limitations such as small patient samples, short treatment duration, frequent lack of detailed numerical data, and no clear endpoints must be taken into consideration. To date, more than 100 individual compounds have been isolated from this plant and tested in various animal models and biochemical assays. Compounds display anti-resorptive and bone formation-stimulating features targeting different pathways in the bone remodeling cycle. Pathways affected include the activation of osteoblasts, the modulation of osteoclastogenesis, and the inhibition of collagen degradation by cathepsin K. CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of Salvia miltiorrhiza in more than 30% of all herbal clinical trials successfully targeting osteoporosis has stimulated significant interest in the identification and characterization of individual constituents of this herb. The review highlights the anti-osteoporotic potential of Salvia miltiorrhiza in clinical applications and the potential of the herb to provide potent compounds targeting specific pathways in bone resorption and bone formation.
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Key Words
- Anti-resorptive activity
- Danshen
- Osteoporosis
- Pro-anabolic activity
- Salvia miltiorrhiza
- Salvianolic acid A, CID 5281793
- caffeic acid, CID 689043
- cryptotanshinone, CID 160254
- oleanolic acid, CID 10494
- p-coumaric acid, CID 637542
- raloxifene, CID 5035
- salvianolic acid B (Synonym: Salvianic acid B), CID 11629084
- tanshinone I, CID 114917
- tanshinone IIA, CID 164676
- ursolic acid, CID 64945
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Guo
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Liming Xue
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z3
| | - Richele P Severino
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z3
| | - Sihua Gao
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jianzhao Niu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Lu-Ping Qin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China; Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z3.
| | - Dieter Brömme
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z3.
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Yu X, Wang LN, Ma L, You R, Cui R, Ji D, Wu Y, Zhang CF, Yang ZL, Ji H. Akebia saponin D attenuates ibotenic acid-induced cognitive deficits and pro-apoptotic response in rats: involvement of MAPK signal pathway. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 101:479-86. [PMID: 22366219 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic deficit is one of the most remarkable symptoms and plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, the protective effects of Akebia saponin D (ASD) on learning and memory impairments induced by excitatory neurotoxin ibotenic acid injection were examined in vivo. Our findings suggest that ASD (90 mg/kg, p.o.) would exert a rescue effect on rats both in behavioral performances in Morris water maze and Y maze and cholinergic functions detected by chemical methods. We further investigated in the hippocampus and found ASD could regulate apoptosis-related proteins expression following ibotenic acid injection. Additionally, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family phosphorylations were inhibited after ASD treatment, implicating that the MAPK signaling pathway could be involved in the mechanism underlying neuroprotection of ASD against ibotenic acid-induced excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, 210009, Nanjing, PR China
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