1
|
Xu S, Hu A, Chen J, Shuai Z, Liu T, Deng J, Li L, Gong Q, He Z, Yu L. The role of calcium-sensing receptor in ginsenoside Rg1 promoting reendothelialization to inhibit intimal hyperplasia after balloon injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114843. [PMID: 37201261 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a G protein-coupled receptor, widely distributed in various tissues, including vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, which plays an important role in the migration and homing of stem/progenitor cells and the proliferation of tissue cells. Restenosis after Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) seriously affects its prognosis and application. Our previous research has found that ginsenoside Rg1 (GS-Rg1) can inhibit the occurrence of restenosis after balloon injury of the common carotid artery in rats, but the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, it was found that GS-Rg1 (4, 8, 16 mg/kg) inhibited vascular restenosis caused by balloon injury, and mobilize endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) to promote reendothelialization and inhibit intimal hyperplasia, which significantly reduced after administration of CaSR antagonist NPS 2143. Interestingly, CaSR and its downstream JNK, P38 were highly expressed in the proliferative intima and participated in the abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells mediated by smooth muscle progenitor cells (SMPCs). GS-Rg1 inhibited intimal hyperplasia, while it decreased the expression of CaSR, JNK, and P38. This might relate to the distribution of CaSR and the facilitation of GS-Rg1 on the vascular endothelial repair. It is concluded that CaSR plays a key role in GS-Rg1 promoting reendothelialization to inhibit intimal hyperplasia after balloon Injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangfu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China.
| | - Anling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou 550014, China
| | - Jiameng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Zhiqin Shuai
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Taotao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Jiang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Lisheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Qihai Gong
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Zhixu He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China.
| | - Limei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Protective effect and mechanism of ginsenoside Rg2 on atherosclerosis. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:237-245. [PMID: 36926610 PMCID: PMC10014178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenoside Rg2 (Rg2) has a variety of pharmacological activities and provides benefits during inflammation, cancer, and other diseases. However, there are no reports about the relationship between Rg2 and atherosclerosis. Methods We used 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) to detect the cell viability of Rg2 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The expression of inflammatory factors in HUVECs and the expression of phenotypic transformation-related marker in VSMCs were detected at mRNA levels. Western blot method was used to detect the expression of inflammation pathways and the expression of phenotypic transformation at the protein levels. The rat carotid balloon injury model was performed to explore the effect of Rg2 on inflammation and phenotypic transformation in vivo. Results Rg2 decreased the expression of inflammatory factors induced by lipopolysaccharide in HUVECs-without affecting cell viability. These events depend on the blocking regulation of NF-κB and p-ERK signaling pathway. In VSMCs, Rg2 can inhibit the proliferation, migration, and phenotypic transformation of VSMCs induced by platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-which may contribute to its anti-atherosclerotic role. In rats with carotid balloon injury, Rg2 can reduce intimal proliferation after injury, regulate the inflammatory pathway to reduce inflammatory response, and also suppress the phenotypic transformation of VSMCs. Conclusion These results suggest that Rg2 can exert its anti-atherosclerotic effect at the cellular level and animal level, which provides a more sufficient basis for ginseng as a functional dietary regulator.
Collapse
|
3
|
Azhar AS, Abdel-Naim AB, Ashour OM. 2-Methoxyestradiol inhibits carotid artery intimal hyperplasia induced by balloon injury via inhibiting JAK/STAT axis in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:59524-59533. [PMID: 35384535 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intimal hyperplasia (IH) is a common complication of vascular interventional procedures that leads to narrowing of the vessel lumen. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME), an estrogen metabolite, has numerous pharmacological actions, including vasoprotective and antiproliferative activities. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of 2ME, prepared as a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS), to inhibit IH induced by balloon injury (BI) in the rat carotid artery. The prepared 2ME SNEDDS had a particle size of 119 ± 2.3 nm and a zeta potential of -7.1 ± 1.4 mV. Animals were divided into 5 groups, namely control, sham, BI, BI + 2ME (100 μg/kg), and BI + 2ME (250 μg/kg). The obtained data indicated that 2ME significantly inhibited IH as indicated by the histological and morphometric assessment of the intima, media and lumen areas. This was associated with enhanced expression of Bax and inhibited expression of Bcl2 mRNA. Furthermore, 2ME exhibited significant antioxidant properties as evidenced by prevention of malondialdehyde accumulation as well as superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymatic exhaustion. In addition, 2ME showed significant anti-inflammatory actions as it significantly inhibited vascular content of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and nuclear factor-κB. The observed vasoprotective activities of 2ME were accompanied by inhibition of Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) protein expression. In conclusion, this study revealed that 2ME ameliorates balloon injury-induced IH in rats via suppressing JAK/STAT axis. This may help to develop new strategies to combat IH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad S Azhar
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pediatric Cardiac Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf B Abdel-Naim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama M Ashour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang H, Hu C, Xue J, Jin D, Tian L, Zhao D, Li X, Qi W. Ginseng in vascular dysfunction: A review of therapeutic potentials and molecular mechanisms. Phytother Res 2022; 36:857-872. [DOI: org/10.1002/ptr.7369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
AbstractVascular dysfunction can lead to a variety of fatal diseases, including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Although a large number of studies have reported the therapeutic effects of natural compounds on vascular‐related diseases, ginseng is still the focus of research. Ginseng and its active substances have bioactive effects against different diseases with vascular dysfunction. In this review, we summarized the key molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of ginseng, its different active ingredients or formula in the prevention and treatment of vascular‐related diseases, including cardiac‐cerebral vascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes complications, and cancer. Moreover, the bidirectional roles of ginseng in promoting or inhibiting angiogenesis have been highlighted. We systematically teased out the relationship between ginseng and vascular dysfunction, which could provide a basis for the clinical application of ginseng in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio‐Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Cheng Hu
- College of Laboratory Medicine Jilin Medical University Jilin City China
| | - Jiaojiao Xue
- College of Chinese Medicine Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Di Jin
- College of Chinese Medicine Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Lulu Tian
- College of Chinese Medicine Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio‐Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio‐Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Wenxiu Qi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio‐Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang H, Hu C, Xue J, Jin D, Tian L, Zhao D, Li X, Qi W. Ginseng in vascular dysfunction: A review of therapeutic potentials and molecular mechanisms. Phytother Res 2022; 36:857-872. [PMID: 35026867 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction can lead to a variety of fatal diseases, including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Although a large number of studies have reported the therapeutic effects of natural compounds on vascular-related diseases, ginseng is still the focus of research. Ginseng and its active substances have bioactive effects against different diseases with vascular dysfunction. In this review, we summarized the key molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of ginseng, its different active ingredients or formula in the prevention and treatment of vascular-related diseases, including cardiac-cerebral vascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes complications, and cancer. Moreover, the bidirectional roles of ginseng in promoting or inhibiting angiogenesis have been highlighted. We systematically teased out the relationship between ginseng and vascular dysfunction, which could provide a basis for the clinical application of ginseng in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, China
| | - Jiaojiao Xue
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Di Jin
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lulu Tian
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wenxiu Qi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo DA, Da J, Wang QR, Wang Y, Yao S, Huang Y, Wei WL, Liang J, Shen Y, Franz G. Quantitative analysis of eight ginsenosides in red ginseng using ginsenoside rg1 as single reference standard. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_82_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
7
|
Hu A, Shuai Z, Liu J, Huang B, Luo Y, Deng J, Liu J, Yu L, Li L, Xu S. Ginsenoside Rg1 prevents vascular intimal hyperplasia involved by SDF-1α/CXCR4, SCF/c-kit and FKN/CX3CR1 axes in a rat balloon injury. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 260:113046. [PMID: 32504784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. is a traditional tonic that has been used for thousands of years, and has positive effects on vascular diseases. Ginsenoside Rg1 (GS-Rg1) is one of the active ingredients of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. and has been shown to have beneficial effects against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Our previously study has found that GS-Rg1 can mobilize bone marrow stem cells and inhibit vascular smooth muscle proliferation and phenotype transformation. However, pharmacological effects and mechanism of GS-Rg1 in inhibiting intimal hyperplasia is still unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was aimed to investigate whether GS-Rg1 prevented vascular intimal hyperplasia, and the involvement of stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α)/CXCR4, stem cell factor (SCF)/c-kit and fractalkine (FKN)/CX3CR1 axes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were operated with carotid artery balloon injury. The treatment groups were injected with 4, 8 and 16 mg/kg of GS-Rg1 for 14 days. The degree of intimal hyperplasia was evaluated by histopathological examination. The expression of α-SMA (α-smooth muscle actin) and CD133 were detected by double-label immunofluorescence. Serum levels of SDF-1α, SCF and soluble FKN (sFKN) were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protein expressions of SCF, SDF-1α and FKN, as well as the receptors c-kit, CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and CX3C chemokine receptor type 1 (CX3CR1) were detected by immunochemistry. RESULTS GS-Rg1 reduced intimal hyperplasia by evidence of the values of NIA, the ratio of NIA/MA, and the ratio of NIA/IELA and the ratio of NIA/LA, especially in 16 mg/kg group. Furthermore, GS-Rg1 8 mg/kg group and 16 mg/kg group decreased the protein expressions of the SDF-1α/CXCR4, SCF/c-kit and FKN/CX3CR1 axes in neointima, meanwhile GS-Rg1 8 mg/kg group and 16 mg/kg group also attenuated the expressions of SDF-1α, SCF and sFKN in serum. In addition, the expression of α-SMA and CD133 marked smooth muscle progenitor cells (SMPCs) was decreased after GS-Rg1 treatment. CONCLUSIONS GS-Rg1 has a positive effect on inhibiting vascular intimal hyperplasia, and the underlying mechanism is related to inhibitory expression of SDF-1α/CXCR4, SCF/c-kit and FKN/CX3CR1 axes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Angioplasty, Balloon
- Animals
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Injuries/etiology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/prevention & control
- Carotid Artery, Common/drug effects
- Carotid Artery, Common/metabolism
- Carotid Artery, Common/pathology
- Chemokine CX3CL1/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ginsenosides/pharmacology
- Hyperplasia
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/injuries
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Neointima
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Stem Cell Factor/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China; State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550014, China.
| | - Zhiqin Shuai
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China.
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China.
| | - Bo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China.
| | - Yunmei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China.
| | - Jiang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China.
| | - Limei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, China.
| | - Lisheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China.
| | - Shangfu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China; State Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Functional roles and mechanisms of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng in atherosclerosis. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:22-31. [PMID: 33437153 PMCID: PMC7790891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and it results in a high rate of death worldwide, with an increased prevalence with age despite advances in lifestyle management and drug therapy. Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive inflammatory process, and it mainly presents with lipid accumulation, foam cell proliferation, inflammatory response, atherosclerotic plaque formation and rupture, thrombosis, and vascular calcification. Therefore, there is a great need for reliable therapeutic drugs or remedies to cure or alleviate atherosclerosis and reduce the societal burden. Ginsenosides are natural steroid glycosides and triterpene saponins obtained mainly from the plant ginseng. Several recent studies have reported that ginsenosides have a variety of pharmacological activities against several diseases including inflammation, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on describing the different pharmacological functions and underlying mechanisms of various active ginsenosides (Rb1,-Rd, -F, -Rg1, -Rg2, and -Rg3, and compound K) for atherosclerosis, which could provide useful insights for developing novel and effective anti-cardiovascular drugs.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang Z, Zhang H, An M, Bian M, Song M, Guo X, Liu Q, Qiu M. Total Panax notoginseng saponin inhibits balloon injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia in rat carotid artery models by suppressing pERK/p38 MAPK pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 53:e9085. [PMID: 31859914 PMCID: PMC6915881 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20199085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Total Panax notoginseng saponin (TPNS) is the main bioactivity compound derived from the roots and rhizomes of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of TPNS in treating vascular neointimal hyperplasia in rats and its mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups, sham (control), injury, and low, medium, and high dose TPNS (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg). An in vivo 2F Fogarty balloon-induced carotid artery injury model was established in rats. TPNS significantly and dose-dependently reduced balloon injury-induced neointimal area (NIA) (P<0.001, for all doses) and NIA/media area (MA) (P<0.030, for all doses) in the carotid artery of rats, and PCNA expression (P<0.001, all). The mRNA expression of smooth muscle (SM) α-actin was significantly increased in all TPNS groups (P<0.005, for all doses) and the protein expression was significantly increased in the medium (P=0.006) and high dose TPNS (P=0.002) groups compared to the injury group. All the TPNS doses significantly decreased the mRNA expression of c-fos (P<0.001). The medium and high dose TPNS groups significantly suppressed the upregulation of pERK1/2 protein in the NIA (P<0.025) and MA (P<0.004). TPNS dose-dependently inhibited balloon injury-induced activation of pERK/p38MAPK signaling in the carotid artery. TPNS could be a promising agent in inhibiting cell proliferation following vascular injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China.,Second Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China.,Second Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ming An
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Mengni Bian
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Miao Song
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- Second Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Quanli Liu
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China.,Second Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang W, Liu D, Han X, Ren J, Zhou P, Ding P. MicroRNA-451 inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell migration and intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury via Ywhaz/p38 MAPK pathway. Exp Cell Res 2019; 379:214-224. [PMID: 30930138 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has indicated that intimal hyperplasia is a common event in the pathophysiology of many vascular diseases including atherosclerosis (AS). Recently, deregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to be associated with the pathophysiology of AS. However, the biological function and regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in intimal hyperplasia in AS remain largely unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of miRNAs on intimal hyperplasia and reveal the underlying mechanisms of their effects. Firstly, the model of rat vascular injury was successfully constructed in vivo. Then, the miRNAs expression profiles were analyzed by miRNA microarray. It was observed that miR-451 was significantly downregulated in injury carotid arteries. Subsequently, we investigated miR-451 function and found that upregulation of miR-451 by agomir-451 improves intimal thickening in rats following vascular injury. It was also observed that miR-451 was downregulated in the VSMCs following platelet-derived growth factor type BB (PDGF-BB) stimulation. The upregulation of miR-451 attenuated PDGF-BB-induced VSMCs injury, as evidenced by inhibition of proliferation, invasion and migration. Besides, overexpression of miR-451 blocked the activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway in PDGF-BB treated VSMCs, as demonstrated by the downregulation of phosphorylated (p-) p38. In addition, Ywhaz, a positive regulator of p38 MAPK signaling pathway, was found to be a direct target of miR-451 in the VSMCs and this was validated using a luciferase reporter assay. Overexpression of Ywhaz partially abolished the inhibitory effects of miR-451 overexpression on PDGF-BB induced VSMCs injury. Collectively, these findings indicated that miR-451 protected intimal hyperplasia and PDGF-BB-induced VSMCs injury by Ywhaz/p38 MAPK pathway, and miR-451 may be considered as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of AS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Dongmei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henan Province Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Jianzhuang Ren
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Pengli Zhou
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Pengxu Ding
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Plant-Derived Products for Treatment of Vascular Intima Hyperplasia Selectively Inhibit Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Functions. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:3549312. [PMID: 30405738 PMCID: PMC6201497 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3549312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural products are used widely for preventing intimal hyperplasia (IH), a common cardiovascular disease. Four different cells initiate and progress IH, namely, vascular smooth muscle, adventitial and endothelial cells, and circulation or bone marrow-derived cells. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a critical role in initiation and development of intimal thickening and formation of neointimal hyperplasia. In this review, we describe the different originating cells involved in vascular IH and emphasize the effect of different natural products on inhibiting abnormal cellular functions, such as VSMC proliferation and migration. We further present a classification for the different natural products like phenols, flavonoids, terpenes, and alkaloids that suppress VSMC growth. Abnormal VSMC physiology involves disturbance in MAPKs, PI3K/AKT, JAK-STAT, FAK, and NF-κB signal pathways. Most of the natural isolate studies have revealed G1/S phase of cell cycle arrest, decreased ROS production, induced cell apoptosis, restrained migration, and downregulated collagen deposition. It is necessary to screen optimal drugs from natural sources that preferentially inhibit VSMC rather than vascular endothelial cell growth to prevent early IH, restenosis following graft implantation, and atherosclerotic diseases.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zeng J, Yan R, Pan H, You F, Cai T, Liu W, Zheng C, Zhao Z, Gong D, Chen L, Zhang Y. Weipixiao attenuate early angiogenesis in rats with gastric precancerous lesions. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:250. [PMID: 30200948 PMCID: PMC6131880 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis is a pathobiological hallmark of gastric cancer. However, rare studies focus on angiogenesis in gastric precancerous lesions (GPL). Weipixiao (WPX), a Chinese herbal preparation, is proved clinically effective in treating GPL. Here, we evaluated WPX's anti-angiogenic potential for GPL, and also investigated the possibility of its anti-angiogenic mechanisms. METHODS HPLC analysis was applied to screen the major chemical components of WPX. After modeling N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced GPL in male Sprague-Dawley rats, different doses of WPX were administrated orally for 10 weeks. Next, we performed histopathological examination using routine H&E staining and HID-AB-PAS staining. In parallel, we assessed angiogenesis revealed by microvessel density (MVD) using CD34 immunostaining, and subsequently observe microvessel ultrastructure in gastric mucosa under Transmission Electron Microscope. Finally, we detect expression of angiogenesis-associated markers VEGF and HIF-1α using immunohistochemistry. Moreover, mRNA expressions of ERK1, ERK2, Cylin D1 as well as HIF-1α in gastric mucosa were determined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS We observed the appearance of active angiogenesis in GPL rats, and demonstrated that WPX could reduce microvascular abnormalities and attenuate early angiogenesis in most of GPL specimens with a concomitant regression of most intestinal metaplasia (IM) and a portion of gastric epithelial dysplasia (GED). In parallel, WPX could suppress HIF-1α mRNA expression (P < 0.01) as well as protein expression (although without statistical significance), and could markedly inhibit VEGF protein expression in GPL rats. Mechanistically, WPX intervention, especially at low dose, caused a significant decrease in the ERK1 and Cylin D1 mRNA levels. However, WPX might probably have no regulatory effect on ERK2 amplification. CONCLUSIONS WPX could attenuate early angiogenesis and temper microvascular abnormalities in GPL rats. This might be partly achieved by inhibiting on the angiogenesis-associated markers HIF-1α and VEGF, and on the ERK1/Cylin D1 aberrant activation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Gao Y, Gao CY, Zhu P, Xu SF, Luo YM, Deng J, Yang DL. Ginsenoside Re inhibits vascular neointimal hyperplasia in balloon-injured carotid arteries through activating the eNOS/NO/cGMP pathway in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1091-1097. [PMID: 30119175 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Re (GS-Re) is one of the main ingredients of ginseng, a widely known Chinese traditional medicine, and has a variety of beneficial effects, including vasorelaxation, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. The aims of the present study were to observe the effect of GS-Re on balloon injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia in the arteries and to investigate the mechanisms underlying this effect. A rat vascular neointimal hyperplasia model was generated by rubbing the endothelium of the common carotid artery (CCA) with a balloon, and GS-Re (12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg/d) were subsequently continuously administered to the rats by gavage for 14 days. After GS-Re treatment, the vessel lumen of injured vessels showed significant increases in the GS-Re 25.0 and 50.0 mg/kg/d (intermediate- and high-dose) groups according to H.E. staining. Additionally, a reduced percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells and an increased number of SM α-actin-positive cells were detected, and the levels of NO, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), and eNOS mRNA as well as the phos-eNOSser1177/eNOS protein ratio were obviously upregulated in the intermediate- and high-dose groups. Moreover, the promotive effects of GS-Re on NO and eNOS expression were blocked by L-NAME treatment to different degrees. These results suggested that GS-Re can suppress balloon injury-induced vascular neointimal hyperplasia by inhibiting VSMC proliferation, which is closely related to the activation of the eNOS/NO/cGMP pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China.
| | - Chen-Ying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China
| | - Shang-Fu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China
| | - Yun-Mei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China
| | - Jiang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China
| | - Dan-Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Notoginsenoside R1 inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration and neointimal hyperplasia through PI3K/Akt signaling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7595. [PMID: 29765072 PMCID: PMC5953917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25874-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Restenosis caused by neointimal hyperplasia significantly decreases long-term efficacy of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), stenting, and by-pass surgery for managing coronary and peripheral arterial diseases. A major cause of pathological neointima formation is abnormal vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration. Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) is a novel saponin that is derived from Panax notoginseng and has reported cardioprotective, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its role in modulating VSMC neointima formation remains unexplored. Herein, we report that NGR1 inhibits serum-induced VSMC proliferation and migration by regulating VSMC actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Using a mouse femoral artery endothelium denudation model, we further demonstrate that systemic administration of NGR1 had a potent therapeutic effect in mice, significantly reducing neointimal hyperplasia following acute vessel injury. Mechanistically, we show that NGR1’s mode of action is through inhibiting the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling. Taken together, this study identified NGR1 as a potential therapeutic agent for combating restenosis after PTA in cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
|
15
|
Xu Y, Chen XP, Zhang F, Hou HH, Zhang JY, Lin SX, Sun AS. Rutaecarpine Inhibits Intimal Hyperplasia in A Balloon-Injured Rat Artery Model. Chin J Integr Med 2017; 24:429-435. [PMID: 28861806 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-017-2900-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect and potential mechanisms of rutaecarpine (Rut) in a rat artery balloon-injury model. METHODS The intimal hyperplasia model was established by rubbing the endothelia with a balloon catheter in the common carotid artery (CCA) of rats. Fifty rats were randomly divided into five groups, ie. sham, model, Rut (25, 50 and 75 mg/kg) with 10 rats of each group. The rats were treated with or without Rut (25, 50, 75 mg/kg) by intragastric administration for 14 consecutive days following injury. The morphological changes of the intima were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and smooth muscle (SM) α-actin in the ateries were assayed by immunohistochemical staining. The mRNA expressions of c-myc, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2), MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were determined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The protein expressions of MKP-1 and phosphorylated ERK2 (p-ERK2) were examined by Western blotting. The plasma contents of nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) were also determined. RESULTS Compared with the model group, Rut treatment significantly decreased intimal thickening and ameliorated endothelial injury (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The positive expression rate of PCNA was decreased, while the expression rate of SM α-actin obviously increased in the vascular wall after Rut (50 and 75 mg/kg) administration (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of c-myc, ERK2 and PCNA were downregulated while the expressions of eNOS and MKP-1 were upregulated (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The protein expressions of MKP-1 and the phosphorylation of ERK2 were upregulated and downregulated after Rut (50 and 75 mg/kg) administration (P<0.05 or P<0.01), respectively. In addition, Rut dramatically reversed balloon injury-induced decrease of NO and cGMP in the plasma (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION Rut could inhibit the balloon injury-induced carotid intimal hyperplasia in rats, possibly mediated by promotion of NO production and inhibiting ERK2 signal transduction pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou and Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, 563099, China.,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou and Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, 563099, China
| | - Hua-Hua Hou
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou and Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, 563099, China
| | - Jing-Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou and Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, 563099, China
| | - Shu-Xian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou and Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, 563099, China
| | - An-Sheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou and Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, 563099, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Saleh Al-Shehabi T, Iratni R, Eid AH. Anti-atherosclerotic plants which modulate the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1068-1081. [PMID: 26776961 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of global death, with atherosclerosis being a major contributor to this mortality. Several mechanisms are implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease. A key element in the development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions is the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells. Under pathophysiologic conditions such as injury, these cells switch from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype that often possesses high proliferative and migratory capacities. PURPOSE Despite major advances made in the management and treatment of atherosclerosis, mortality associated with this disease remains high. This mandates that other approaches be sought. Herbal medicine, especially for the treatment of CVD, has been gaining more attention in recent years. This is in no small part due to the evidence-based values associated with the consumption of many plants as well as the relatively cheaper prices, easier access and conventional folk medicine "inherited" over generations. Sections: In this review, we provide a brief introduction about the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis then we highlight the role of vascular smooth muscle cells in this disease, especially when a phenotypic switch of these cells arises. We then thoroughly discuss the various plants that show potentially beneficial effects as anti-atherosclerotic, with prime attention given to herbs and plants that inhibit the phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSION Accumulating evidence provides the justification for the use of botanicals in the treatment or prevention of atherosclerosis. However, further studies, especially clinical ones, are warranted to better define several pharmacological parameters of these herbs, such as toxicity, tolerability, and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuqa Saleh Al-Shehabi
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Rabah Iratni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon ; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
LI CHANGYI, YANG LINGCHAO, GUO KAI, WANG YUEPENG, LI YIGANG. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1: A critical phosphatase manipulating mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in cardiovascular disease (Review). Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1095-102. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
18
|
Shishtar E, Jovanovski E, Jenkins A, Vuksan V. Effects of Korean White Ginseng (Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer) on Vascular and Glycemic Health in Type 2 Diabetes: Results of a Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-controlled, Multiple-crossover, Acute Dose Escalation Trial. Clin Nutr Res 2014; 3:89-97. [PMID: 25136536 PMCID: PMC4135246 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2014.3.2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Korean red ginseng (steam treated Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), among most prized traditional herbal remedies, has been clinically shown to improve cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Whether this holds true for the dried non-steamed variety, known as Korean white ginseng (KWG) is unclear. This study therefore, investigated the efficacy and safety of escalating doses of KWG on vascular and glycemic parameters in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Using an acute, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover design, 25 participants with well-controlled T2DM (12-males: 13-females, age: 63 ± 9 years, A1c: 6.9 ± 0.7%, BMI: 29.3 ± 4.3 kg/m2) underwent five visits during which they received 1 g, 3 g, or 6 g KWG or 3 g wheat-bran control (twice) together with 50 g-glucose load. For the duration of 240 minutes, augmentation index (AI), and central blood pressure were measured at baseline and at 60 min-intervals, and ambulatory blood pressure was assessed at baseline and at 10 min-intervals. Additionally, capillary blood was collected at time zero and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes post-treatment. A symptoms questionnaire was used to assess safety and adverse events. Two-way ANOVA demonstrated a significant time-treatment interaction effect on AI (p = 0.01) with one-way ANOVA showing significant reductions in AI with 3 g KWG relative to control (p = 0.04). Compared to control, acute administration of KWG appeared to be safe, but did not affect any other postprandial, vascular or glycemic parameters. KWG might have a beneficial effect on AI, a cumulative indicator of arterial health. However, these results are preliminary and highlight the need for long-term investigation with a focus on its accountable components. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT01699074
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esra' Shishtar
- Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena Jovanovski
- Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra Jenkins
- Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vladimir Vuksan
- Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ; Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhan S, Shao Q, Fan X, Li Z. Development of a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of eleven constituents in rat serum and its application to a pharmacokinetic study of a Chinese medicine Shengmai injection. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:275-84. [PMID: 25043947 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of 11 constituents, ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rd, Rc, ophiopogonin D, schisandrin, schisandrol B and schizandrin B, in rat serum using digoxin as the internal standard (IS). The serum samples were pretreated and extracted with a two-step liquid-liquid extraction. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 analytical column with a proper gradient elution using 0.02% acetic acid aqueous solution and 0.02% acetic acid-acetonitrile as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. MS detection was performed using multiple reaction monitoring via an electrospray ionization source. Good linearity was observed in the validated concentration range for every analyte (r(2) ≥0.9929), and the lower limits of quantitation of the analytes were in the range of 0.044-1.190 ng/mL in rat serum. Intra- and inter-day precisions were <14.2%. The accuracy expressed as recovery was within the range of 85.1-112.8%. The extraction recoveries were >75.8%.The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of all analytes in rats after single intravenous administration of Shengmai injection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Zhan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, Medical College of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhan SY, Shao Q, Fan XH, Li Z, Cheng YY. Tissue distribution and excretion of herbal components after intravenous administration of a Chinese medicine (Shengmai injection) in rat. Arch Pharm Res 2014. [PMID: 24748511 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Shengmai injection, consisting of Panax ginseng, Radix ophiopogonis and Schisandra chinensis, is a widely used Chinese medicine for the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases. In this study, tissue distribution and excretion of its multiple active components including protopanaxatriol-type (Ppt-type) ginsenosides (ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rf and Rg2), protopanaxadiol-type (Ppd-type) ginsenosides (ginsenoside Rb1, Rd and Rc), ophiopogonin (ophiopogonin D), and lignan (schisandrin, schisandrol B and schizandrin B) in rat after single intravenous administration of Shengmai injection were reported. Ppt-type ginsenosides exhibited quick and wide distribution from blood into tissues and were eliminated rapidly through biliary, urinary and fecal excretions. Ppd-type ginsenosides Rb1, Rd and Rc distributed quickly from blood to all tissues but exhibited slow elimination by biliary and urinary excretions. Ophiopogonin D was excreted into bile with no urinary and fecal excretion, indicating its elimination in the form of secondary metabolites. Schisandrin, schisandrol B and schizandrin B was found to distribute quickly from blood into most tissues and had accumulation in these tissues. Very low biliary, urinary and fecal excretion implied that lignan was mainly excreted in the form of their metabolites. This study produced a first hand in vivo tissue distribution and dynamic profiles of the active components of Shengmai injection, providing valuable information for drug development and clinical application of Shengmai injection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Zhan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li J, Wei Q, Zuo GW, Xia J, You ZM, Li CL, Chen DL. Ginsenoside Rg1 Induces Apoptosis through Inhibition of the EpoR-Mediated JAK2/STAT5 Signalling Pathway in the TF-1/Epo Human Leukemia Cell Line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:2453-9. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.6.2453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
22
|
Zhan S, Guo W, Shao Q, Fan X, Li Z, Cheng Y. A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of drug-drug interaction between ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1 and schizandrin after intravenous administration to rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 152:333-339. [PMID: 24462784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1 and schizandrin are main bioactive components from Panax ginseng and Schisandra chinensis. They have been found in many prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) and proven to be effective for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. It is valuable to investigate their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior and potential synergistic effect for better drug development and clinical application. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pharmacokinetic and nitric oxide (NO) release pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions of ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1 and schisandrin were studied after intravenous administration of each compound with the dose of 10 mg/kg and their mixture with the total dose of 10 mg/kg to isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial ischemia rats. Drug concentrations in serum were determined using LC-MS method. Nitrite and nitrate (NOx(-)), the predominant oxidation product of NO in serum was used as an effective marker and quantitated by the method of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL). The main pharmacokinetic parameters of T(1/2β), MRT(0-∞), Vd, Cl, and AUC, and the main pharmacodynamic parameters of Cmax, Tmax and AUEC were calculated by non-compartment model. RESULTS The results indicated ginsenoside Rb1 and (or) schisandrin in mixture could significantly postpone the elimination of ginsenoside Rg1 in rat serum. Co-administration of three compounds markedly increased the systemic exposure level of each compound in vivo. Ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Rb1 had the effect of inducing real-time NO release in rats concentration dependently. Schisandrin had no effect of inducing real-time NO release in this study. The mixture of ginsenoside Rg1, Rb1 and schisandrin administration exhibited synergistic effect of inducing NO release in ISO treated rats. CONCLUSIONS The result obtained from this study suggested pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions between ginsenoside Rg1, Rb1 and schisandrin. The study provided valuable information for drug development and clinical application of TCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Zhan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenjing Guo
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qing Shao
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Yiyu Cheng
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li CP, Qin G, Shi RZ, Zhang MS, Lv JY. Ginsenoside Rg1 reduces toxicity of PM(2.5) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells by upregulating intracellular antioxidative state. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 35:21-29. [PMID: 23228704 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ambient airborne particulate matter (PM) is an important environmental pollutant responsible for many human diseases. Oxidative stress is suggested to be involved in PM-induced cell injury. The present study is designed to study unsalutary effects of the organic extracts of PM with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5μm (PM(2.5)) and protective effect of Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) against PM(2.5) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. Cytotoxic effects of the organic extract PM(2.5) on HUVECs were measured by means of HUVEC cell viability and the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Expression of heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) and Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Nrf2 cytoplasm-nucleus location were assayed. The present results showed that PM(2.5) (50-800μg/ml) decreased HUVEC viability and increased intracellular generation of ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) in a concentration dependent manner, but increased HO-1 expression without concentration dependence. Rg1 (10 and 40μg/ml) diminished PM(2.5)-induced HUVEC viability, decrease ROS and MDA generation, increased HO-1 and Nrf2 expression and promoted Nrf2 translocation to nucleus in a concentration dependent manner. These results suggested that organic extracts of PM(2.5) increase oxidative stress and decrease cell viability; Rg1 antagonize PM(2.5)-induced excess oxidative stress; HO-1 expression increase and Nrf2 translocation to nucleus may be involved in the effects of both PM(2.5) and Rg1 on HUVECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cai-ping Li
- The Fist Clinical Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Current world literature. Curr Opin Cardiol 2012; 27:682-95. [PMID: 23075824 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0b013e32835a0ad8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
25
|
Progression of cartilage degradation, bone resorption and pain in rat temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis induced by injection of iodoacetate. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45036. [PMID: 22984604 PMCID: PMC3439407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is an important subtype of temporomandibular disorders. A simple and reproducible animal model that mimics the histopathologic changes, both in the cartilage and subchondral bone, and clinical symptoms of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) would help in our understanding of its process and underlying mechanism. Objective To explore whether injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) into the upper compartment of rat TMJ could induce OA-like lesions. Methods Female rats were injected with varied doses of MIA into the upper compartment and observed for up to 12 weeks. Histologic, radiographic, behavioral, and molecular changes in the TMJ were evaluated by light and electron microscopy, MicroCT scanning, head withdrawal threshold test, real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and TUNEL assay. Results The intermediate zone of the disc loosened by 1 day post-MIA injection and thinned thereafter. Injection of an MIA dose of 0.5 mg or higher induced typical OA-like lesions in the TMJ within 4 weeks. Condylar destruction presented in a time-dependent manner, including chondrocyte apoptosis in the early stages, subsequent cartilage matrix disorganization and subchondral bone erosion, fibrosis, subchondral bone sclerosis, and osteophyte formation in the late stages. Nociceptive responses increased in the early stages, corresponding to severe synovitis. Furthermore, chondrocyte apoptosis and an imbalance between anabolism and catabolism of cartilage and subchondral bone might account for the condylar destruction. Conclusions Multi-level data demonstrated a reliable and convenient rat model of TMJOA could be induced by MIA injection into the upper compartment. The model might facilitate TMJOA related researches.
Collapse
|