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Martínez-Radl FB, Hinton DE, Stangier U. Susto as a cultural conceptualization of distress: Existing research and aspects to consider for future investigations. Transcult Psychiatry 2023; 60:690-702. [PMID: 36991563 PMCID: PMC10504816 DOI: 10.1177/13634615231163986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Among the cultural conceptualizations of distress, susto is defined in the DSM-5 as "a cultural explanation of distress and misfortune in Latin America that refers to an illness attributed to a terrifying event that causes the soul to leave the body and leads to unhappiness and illness, as well as difficulties in performing key social functions" (American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition. Washington, DC: APA, p. 836). Thus, susto represents a cultural explanation that encompasses the symptoms of various mental disorders and physical diseases. We analyzed the descriptions of susto from different scientific fields and related them to definitions of DSM-5 syndromes. Three syndromic subtypes of susto show a symptomatic overlap with depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and somatic disorder. However, linguistic metaphors describing symptoms and perceived causes that are specific for Latin American culture support the concept of susto as a specific idiom of distress (e.g., loss of soul, shadow or ajayu; sunken, closed or white eyes; jumping and screaming in the night; being thrown to the ground). In addition, if diagnostic criteria are met for mental disorders, then susto describes a perceived cause of psychopathological states (e.g., depressive disorder, PTSD, somatic disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder). Future research with people who have experienced susto is needed to clarify whether susto precedes the onset of other mental disorders (perceived cause) or whether it is a way of designating distress (idiom of distress).
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Flores N, Ticona JC, Bilbao-Ramos P, Dea-Ayuela MA, Ruiz Macedo JC, Bazzocchi IL, Bolás-Fernández F, Jiménez IA. An unprecedented chlorine-containing piperamide from Piper pseudoarboreum as potential leishmanicidal agent. Fitoterapia 2019; 134:340-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Auditeau E, Moyano LM, Bourdy G, Nizard M, Jost J, Ratsimbazafy V, Preux PM, Boumediene F. Herbal medicine uses to treat people with epilepsy: A survey in rural communities of northern Peru. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 215:184-190. [PMID: 29317303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epilepsy affects 150,000 people in Peru, with a prevalence of 16.6/1000 and a treatment gap of 75%. Herbal medicine (HM) is widely used in this country. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to assess the use of plants in a rural community in northern Peru as part of therapeutic strategies for people with epilepsy (PWE). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was a cross-sectional observational and descriptive study. The inclusion criteria for people with epilepsy were 2 years of age and over, having lived in the study area for at least 3 months and a confirmed diagnosis of epilepsy by a neurologist. The information was gathered through structured interviews using a survey questionnaire. Botanical species used by people with epilepsy or traditional healers were collected and identified. RESULTS Out of the 228 people with epilepsy included, 60.0% had used herbal remedies and 54.8% both herbal medicine and anti-epileptic drugs. The traditional healer was the first practitioner consulted by 45.2% of people with epilepsy. Sixty-six species have been mentioned by the people with epilepsy and traditional healers on the treatment of epilepsy. Carbamazepine was the most prescribed anti-epileptic drug with 33.2% of prescriptions. CONCLUSIONS This study was the first to measure a percentage of use of herbal medicine for epilepsy in Peru. It would be interesting to conduct a pharmacological evaluation of the most commonly used species on epileptic models to validate and secure their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Auditeau
- INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; Univ. Limoges, UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France.
| | - Luz Maria Moyano
- INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; Univ. Limoges, UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; Cysticercosis Elimination Program and Center for Global Health Tumbes, University Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Avenida Panamericana Norte, Tumbes, Peru.
| | - Geneviève Bourdy
- UMR 152 Research Institute for the development, University Toulouse 3, Pharmaceutical sciences Faculty, 35 chemin des Maraîchers, 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | - Mandy Nizard
- INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; Univ. Limoges, UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France.
| | - Jérémy Jost
- INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; Univ. Limoges, UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France.
| | - Voa Ratsimbazafy
- INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; Univ. Limoges, UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France.
| | - Pierre-Marie Preux
- INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; Univ. Limoges, UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France.
| | - Farid Boumediene
- INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; Univ. Limoges, UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France.
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López KSE, Marques AM, Moreira DDEL, Velozo LS, Sudo RT, Zapata-Sudo G, Guimarães EF, Kaplan MAC. Local Anesthetic Activity from Extracts, Fractions and Pure Compounds from the Roots of Ottonia anisum Spreng. (Piperaceae). AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 88:2229-2237. [PMID: 27991959 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620150821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Piperaceae species can be found worldwide in tropical and subtropical areas and many of them have been used for centuries in traditional folk medicine and in culinary. In Brazil, species of Piperaceae are commonly used in some communities as local anesthetic and analgesic. Countrified communities have known some species of the genus Ottonia as "anestesia" and it is a common habit of chewing leaves and roots of Ottonia species to relief toothache. The purpose of this study is to report our findings on new molecules entities obtained from the roots of Ottonia anisum Spreng, in which local anesthetic activity (sensory blockage) is demonstrated for the first time in vivo guinea pig model. Phytochemical investigation led to the isolation of three amides (pipercallosidine, piperine and valeramide) and in an enriched mixture of seven amides (valeramide, 4,5-dihydropiperlonguminine, N-isobutil-6-piperonil-2-hexenamide, piperovatine, dihydropipercallosidine, pipercallosidine and pipercallpsine). Our findings demonstrated the anesthetic potential for the methanolic extract from roots, its n-hexane partition and amides from O. anisum and it is in agreement with ethnobotanical survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin S E López
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro/UFRJ, Av. Brigadeiro Trompowski, s/n, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - André M Marques
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais/IPPN, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro/UFRJ, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Davyson DE L Moreira
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, PN5, Far-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rua Sizenando Nabuco, 100, Manguinhos, 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leosvaldo S Velozo
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais/IPPN, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro/UFRJ, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roberto T Sudo
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro/UFRJ, Av. Brigadeiro Trompowski, s/n, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gisele Zapata-Sudo
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro/UFRJ, Av. Brigadeiro Trompowski, s/n, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elsie F Guimarães
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Jardim Botânico, 2240-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Auxiliadora C Kaplan
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais/IPPN, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro/UFRJ, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Giovannini P, Howes MJR. Medicinal plants used to treat snakebite in Central America: Review and assessment of scientific evidence. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 199:240-256. [PMID: 28179114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Every year between 1.2 and 5.5 million people worldwide are victims of snakebites, with about 400,000 left permanently injured. In Central America an estimated 5500 snakebite cases are reported by health centres, but this is likely to be an underestimate due to unreported cases in rural regions. The aim of this study is to review the medicinal plants used traditionally to treat snakebites in seven Central American countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was performed on published primary data on medicinal plants of Central America and those specifically pertaining to use against snakebites. Plant use reports for traditional snakebite remedies identified in primary sources were extracted and entered in a database, with data analysed in terms of the most frequent numbers of use reports. The scientific evidence that might support the local uses of the most frequently reported species was also examined. RESULTS A total of 260 independent plant use reports were recorded in the 34 sources included in this review, encompassing 208 species used to treat snakebite in Central America. Only nine species were reported in at least three studies: Cissampelos pareira L., Piper amalago L., Aristolochia trilobata L., Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) Druce, Strychnos panamensis Seem., Dorstenia contrajerva L., Scoparia dulcis L., Hamelia patens Jacq., and Simaba cedron Planch. Genera with the highest number of species used to treat snakebite were Piper, Aristolochia, Hamelia, Ipomoea, Passiflora and Peperomia. The extent of the scientific evidence available to understand any pharmacological basis for their use against snakebites varied between different plant species. CONCLUSION At least 208 plant species are traditionally used to treat snakebite in Central America but there is a lack of clinical research to evaluate their efficacy and safety. Available pharmacological data suggest different plant species may target different symptoms of snakebites, such as pain or anxiety, although more studies are needed to further evaluate the scientific basis for their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Giovannini
- Natural Capital and Plant Health Department, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK.
| | - Melanie-Jayne R Howes
- Natural Capital and Plant Health Department, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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Mullally M, Cayer C, Muhammad A, Walshe-Roussel B, Ahmed F, Sanchez-Vindas PE, Otarola Rojas M, Merali Z, Cal V, Durst T, Trudeau VL, Arnason JT. Anxiolytic activity and active principles of Piper amalago (Piperaceae), a medicinal plant used by the Q'eqchi' Maya to treat susto, a culture-bound illness. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 185:147-154. [PMID: 26972506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The medicinal plant, Piper amalago L. (Piperaceae), is used traditionally by Q'eqchi' Maya healers for the treatment of "susto" a culture-bound syndrome. Previous research suggests that susto symptoms may be a manifestation of anxiety. The objectives were to characterize the effect of ethanolic extract of P. amalago in behavioral assays of anxiety at doses representative of traditional use and to isolate active principles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats treated orally with low dose ethanolic extracts of P. amalago leaves (8-75mg/kg) were tested in several behavioral paradigms including the elevated plus maze (EPM), social interaction (SI), and conditioned emotional response (CER) tests, and compared to diazepam, a positive control. The active anxiolytic principle was isolated by bioassay guided isolation using an in vitro GABAA competitive binding assay. RESULTS Extracts had significant anxiolytic activity in all behavioral tests, with the strongest activity in the SI and the CER paradigms. In an in vitro GABAA competitive binding assay, a 66.5µg/mL concentration of P. amalago ethanol extract displaced 50% of the GABAA-BZD receptor ligand [(3)H]-Flunitrazepam. Bioassay-guided fractionation identified a furofuran lignan, a molecule with structural similarity to yangambin, with high affinity for the GABAA-BZD receptor as the principle bioactive. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the ethnobotanical use of this plant may have a pharmacological basis in its anxiolytic activity, as demonstrated in animal behaviour tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mullally
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - C Cayer
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - A Muhammad
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - B Walshe-Roussel
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - F Ahmed
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - P E Sanchez-Vindas
- JVR Herbarium, Campus Omar Dengo, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - M Otarola Rojas
- JVR Herbarium, Campus Omar Dengo, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Z Merali
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - V Cal
- Belize Indigenous Training Institute, Punta Gorda, Belize
| | - T Durst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - V L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - J T Arnason
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5 Canada.
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