Cuscuta chinensis Lam.: A systematic review on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important traditional herbal medicine

Reverse traceability analysis of estrogenic active ingredients in Cuscutae semen based on intestinal and hepatic metabolism

As a traditional Chinese medicine for reinforcing kidney, Cuscutae semen can be applied in regulating the level of estrogen. And nine direct-acting substances in vivo with estrogenic effect has been figured out according to our previous research. However, their transformation relationship and the prototype forms of some metabolites are still not clear, impeding the elucidation of the effective substances of Cuscutae semen. In this study, to reveal the metabolic pathways of nine direct-acting substances in vivo, the hepatic and intestinal metabolism of nine monomer components from Cuscutae semen were investigated using liver microsomes of female rats and intestinal flora in ovariectomized rats. Based on ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOFMS) method, a total of 35 hepatic metabolites and three intestinal metabolites were tentatively identified respectively. The proposed metabolic pathways of main metabolites were discussed. Glucuronidation binding reactions played a dominant role in the hepatic metabolism. While in the intestinal metabolism, flavonoid glycosides were hydrolyzed into the aglycones without further phase II metabolic reaction. According to the achievements above, a reverse traceability analysis of the direct-acting substances in vivo was conducted, and the metabolic transformation relationship between the components was clarified except for methylated quercetin glucuronide. It is tentatively speculated that kaempferol, quercetin, apigenin, hyperin, astragalin and isoquercitrin in Cuscutae semen are potential estrogenic effective substances, which can be used as reference for quality control.

Bazibushen attenuates fibroblast senescence in silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis via FOXO1/PINK1/Parkin Axis

Silicosis, an age-related disease, is still a heavy burden on global occupational health. Emerging evidence has revealed that targeting senescent cells may be a promising therapeutic strategy for silicosis. This study was designed to investigate the novel function of Bazibushen (BZBS), a known anti-aging drug, in improving silica-induced lung fibrosis. We first confirmed the accumulation of senescent fibroblasts in the fibrotic regions of silicotic lungs. In both young (6-8 weeks) and aged (12 months) silicotic mice, BZBS exhibited anti-fibrosis and anti-senescence effects. Results of in vitro experiments showed the ability of BZBS to block the expression of p21, fibrotic markers, and senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors. Furthermore, BZBS was observed to attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction in senescent fibroblasts through FOXO1/PINK1/Parkin signaling. Collectively, these results indicated BZBS as a potential anti-fibrosis agent, which exerted its role through maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis in senescent fibroblasts.

Regulation of detoxifying enzymes expression and restriction of picorna-like virus infection by natural polysaccharide extracts in Drosophila cells

The world is currently witnessing a rise in viral infections, while the availability of antiviral drugs remains limited. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has historically served as a valuable source of novel compounds for disease treatment. In this study, we assessed the antiviral potential of various TCM compounds using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. Our findings reveal that natural polysaccharide extracts, prepared from 10 commonly used medicinal herbs or fungi, exhibit antiviral activity against two picorna-like viruses. Importantly, the antiviral effect is not directly attributable to the compound itself but is instead mediated by cellular responses induced by treatment with the extract. We observed that the polysaccharide extract triggers a broad transcriptional response, which partially overlaps with NF-κB pathway activation in Drosophila. However, the antiviral activity of the extract was independent of classical innate immune pathways, such as RNA interference or NF-κB signaling. Instead, the extract appears to uniquely stimulate detoxification pathways, including upregulation of cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase genes, which correlates with its antiviral effects.

Quantum mechanics-based structural analysis of phenolic glycosides from Cuscuta japonica seeds with protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells

Japanese dodder (Cuscuta japonica Choisy) is a parasitic plant with diverse pharmaceutical properties that has demonstrated great promise for the development of dietary supplements and herbal medicines. A systematic phytochemical investigation of dodder seeds yielded 12 previously undescribed aromatic glycosides (1-12) and eight known constituents (13-20) from various groups, including phenolics, flavonoids, and lignan glycosides. Compound structures were determined using a combination of high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Moreover, quantum mechanics-driven 1H iterative full spin analysis revealed intricate NMR spectral details for the isolated glycosides, including multiplicities and coupling constants that were previously ambiguous, providing crucial insight into the presence of higher-order resonance effects in the sugar units as well as long-range couplings in unsaturated molecules. Furthermore, the abilities of the plant extract as well as compounds 1, 2, 4-7, 10, 11, and 14-20 to restore cell viability and reduce reactive oxygen species production in SH-SY5Y cells suggest that C. japonica and its isolates are potential antioxidant neuroprotective therapeutic candidates.

Protective effects of Cuscuta chinensis Lam. extract against learning and memory dysfunction induced by streptozotocin and amyloid β25-35 in vivo model

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with hyperglycaemia and amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation. In the present study, we investigated whether an aqueous extract of Cuscuta chinensis Lam. (CCWE) improved cognitive disorder in a hyperglycaemic and cognitive-impaired mouse model. Hyperglycaemia was induced by streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg) and a single intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ25-35 (25 nM) was performed. The Aβ25-35-injected hyperglycaemic mice were then administered CCWE (100 or 200 mg/kg/day) for 14-d. The protective effects of the CCWE were evaluated by behavioural tests and western blot analysis. The bioactive compounds in CCWE were isolated by UPLC-QTOF/MS analysis. The administration of CCWE improved the learning and memory function in STZ/Aβ25-35-injected mice. Moreover, CCWE positively regulated the amyloidogenic pathway-related proteins and insulin signalling-related proteins. The bioactive components in CCWE were also identified. These findings suggest the possibility of CCWE as a potential candidate for the dual-targeting treatment of hyperglycaemia and AD.

Astragalin actives autophagy and inhibits apoptosis of astrocytes in AD mice via down-regulating Fas/Fasl-VDAC1 pathway

Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a common neurodegenerative disease, which characterized by amyloid Aβ deposition and neurofibrillary tangles. Astragalin (AST), a natural flavonoid, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and other pharmacological effects. Astrocytes can phagocytize and degrade Aβ in their vicinity. In this study, we used the AD mice model established by injecting the mixture of Aβ1-42 and Aβ25-35 into the CA1 region of the hippocampus, and C8D1A cells injured by Aβ1-42 to explore the neuroprotective effects of AST. Our findings showed that AST enhances learning and cognitive ability of AD mice, reduces Aβ deposition and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, and improves the structural morphology of hippocampal nerve cells. Furthermore, AST promoted autophagy and suppressed apoptosis of astrocytes in the AD model. Additionally, AST inhibited the expression of proteins associated with the Fas/Fasl-VDAC1 signaling pathway, while autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) or apoptosis agonist phenoxodiol reversed above change. Interestingly, consistent with the action of pathway Fas inhibitor KR-33493, AST could activate autophagy of Aβ1-42 injured C8D1A cells while inhibit their apoptosis. In conclusion, AST activated autophagy and inhibited apoptosis of hippocampal astrocytes in AD mice, ameliorating animal cognitive deficits by down-regulating Fas/Fasl-VDAC1 signaling pathway. Thus, this study provided a new perspective and experimental foundation for developing AD treatment drugs.

The role of Chinese herbal medicine in diminished ovarian reserve management

Diminished Ovarian Reserve (DOR) is characterized by a reduction in the number of available follicles in the ovaries, leading to hormonal imbalances, decreased ovarian reserve, and reduced fertility. Clinically, it presents with elevated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, decreased anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels, and a lower antral follicle count (AFC). In recent years, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has gained recognition for its multi-target, holistic regulation in treating DOR, offering broad therapeutic effects with minimal side effects. This review aims to summarize the mechanisms and clinical efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) formulas and active compounds in the treatment of DOR, providing theoretical support for their clinical application and future research. A systematic literature search was conducted from June 2019 to June 2024, and 12 clinical studies along with 38 basic research papers were selected. The findings suggest that CHM formulas primarily act by counteracting oxidative stress, regulating immune defense, modulating sex hormone secretion via the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, and inhibiting excessive apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of TCM for improving ovarian function, regulating endocrine balance, and alleviating DOR symptoms, offering valuable insights for clinical practice and research.

Multi-omics joint analysis reveals the mechanism underlying Chinese herbal Yougui Pill in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Yougui Pill (YGP), originating from Jingyue Quanshu, comprises 10 traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). This classic prescription is renowned for its ability to tonify the kidney, warm the kidney, promote yang, warm the interior, and dispel cold. YGP has proven effective in treating degenerative knee arthritis, osteoporosis, delayed fracture healing, and other orthopedic conditions, making it a widely used clinical prescription for knee osteoarthritis (KOA).

AIM OF THE STUDY

Although YGP is commonly used in clinical practice, its pharmacodynamic material basis and anti-arthritis mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the chemical constituents of YGP and elucidate its anti-arthritis mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry(ESI-Q TRAP-MS/MS) was used to identify the chemical constituents of YGP. The Hulth method was utilized to establish KOA rat model, and pathological examinations were performed to assess the anti-arthritis effects of YGP. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses were conducted to explore the anti-arthritis mechanisms of YGP. Key targets were confirmed via immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

A total of 1981 chemical components were identified in YGP, predominantly phenolic acids and flavonoids. Compared with the model group, 422 differentially expressed metabolites and 214 differentially expressed genes were identified, primarily involving the MAPK signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, and PI3K-Akt pathway. YGP exerted an anti-osteoarthritis effect by inhibiting the excessive activation of the EGFR/ERT/FOS signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

TCM offers significant advantages in the treatment of KOA, addressing the shortcomings of current clinical medications. YGP displayed exceptional pharmacodynamic effects. This study elucidated its pharmacodynamic material basis and anti-osteoarthritis mechanisms, providing substantial support for its clinical application and the development of related drugs.

Cuscuta epithymum extract affects epileptic offspring behaviour and weight after applying preconception immobility stress on parents

INTRODUCTION

Studies have indicated a link between stress during pregnancy and stress reactivity in offspring. In this study, we investigated the effect of Cuscuta epithymum (CE) extract on seizure and body weight in offspring born to stressed parents (pre-pregnancy).

METHODS

Male and female rats were randomly separated into four groups. Then, the animals were subjected to restraint stress once a day for 50 (male) and 15 (female) continuous days. At the same time, rats in the control and stress groups received normal saline while the other two groups received the CE extract. After the stress induction, the control and experimental rats were mated to create eight types of coupling combinations as follows: McFc, McFs, MsFc, MsFs, McFc + EX, McFs + EX, MsFc + EX and MsFs + EX (M, male; F, female; C, control; S, stress; EX, extract). Then, the pups were weighed on postnatal days (PND) 1, 15 and 25. They were also evaluated for pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure on PND 25.

RESULTS

The results showed that prolonged parental exposure to stress led to a significant increase in the duration and number of tonic-clonic (TC) seizures, duration of standing on two legs, firmly clinging to the ground, number of head nodding, total score of seizure behaviours and duration of tail rigidity in offspring. Moreover, the onset of the first convulsive behaviour was accelerated. Furthermore, a significantly lower body weight was observed in pre-conceptionally stressed offspring. However, the CE extract significantly improved these symptoms.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that CE administration possibly improves the consequences of pre-pregnancy stress, as well as seizure behaviours and weight loss in pups.

Efficacy of Ma'aljobon Aftimouni (Cuscuta Reflexa and whey) on HbA1c and blood glucose levels in patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A randomized triple-blind clinical trial

Introduction and objective

Type 2 Diabetes is a common and chronic metabolic disease. Complementary and alternative medicine can provide a suitable option for demands for new treatments. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of Persian medicine on the glycemic status of patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

Method

This randomized, controlled, and triple-blind trial study was conducted from November 2021 to August 2022 on 102 diabetic patients referred to the diabetes clinic in Iran. In this regard, patients with inclusion criteria were randomly divided into three groups Ma'aljobon with Aftimoun (n = 34), Ma'aljobon without Aftimoon (n = 34), and the control group (n = 34). The control group received a placebo of medicinal salt, light calcium carbonate, lactose, and carboxymethyl cellulose. In contrast, the treatment groups received 25 g of drug powder (in 250 cc of lukewarm water) on an empty stomach for 8 consecutive weeks. Patients' fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels and HbA1c were measured at the beginning and end of the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23, employing paired t-tests, ANOVA, and chi-square tests for comparison between groups.

Results

Data analysis was conducted on 90 patients with Type 2 Diabetes. The findings revealed a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar levels post-intervention in the Ma'aljobon Aftimouni group (134.27 ± 21.79 vs. 152.3 ± 31.37, mean difference 18.03 ± 5.63, 95 % CI: 6.53 to 29.53, p = 0.003). Additionally, a significant difference in HbA1c values was observed post-intervention in both the Ma'aljobon Aftimouni group (7.88 ± 0.77 vs. 8.09 ± 0.73, mean difference 0.21 ± 0.09, 95 % CI: 0.03 to 0.39, p = 0.031) and the Ma'aljobon without Aftimoun group (7.97 ± 0.84 vs. 8.25 ± 0.78, mean difference 0.28 ± 0.08, 95 % CI: 0.11 to 0.45, p = 0.002).

Conclusion

The findings showed that daily consumption of Ma'aljobon supplements on an empty stomach before breakfast may have a beneficial effect on the glycemic indices of patients. However, further studies seem to be necessary in this regard.

Multi-omics and bioinformatics for the investigation of therapeutic mechanism of roucongrong pill against postmenopausal osteoporosis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The Roucongrong Pill (RCRP), originating from the historical General Medical Collection of Royal Benevolence, is frequently used to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP). Despite its prevalent application, the specific anti-osteoporotic mechanisms of RCRP remain to be elucidated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aims to elucidate the therapeutic mechanism of RCRP in the context of ovariectomy (OVX)-induced PMOP in rats. By employing an integrative approach, the research combines medicinal chemistry, gut microbiota (GM) profiling, metabolomics, MetOrigin traceability, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations to deliver a comprehensive analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats underwent bilateral OVX to establish a PMOP model. The therapeutic efficacy of RCRP was evaluated through bone metrics (BMD, bone strength, BV/TV, Tb.Sp), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) histological assessment, and bone metabolism markers (OPG, BALP, TRACP-5b, β-CTX, RANKL). Fecal metabolomics and 16S rDNA sequencing were employed to assess the influence of RCRP on GM and metabolite profiles. Furthermore, MetOrigin facilitated the traceability analysis of relevant metabolites. Molecular docking identified potential RCRP compounds with anti-PMOP activity, while their stability and protein interactions were assessed through molecular dynamics simulations. Network pharmacology further confirms the targets of action.

RESULTS

RCRP alleviated PMOP in rats, enhancing bone strength, cortical and trabecular BMD, BV/TV, and serum OPG levels, while reducing Tb.Sp, serum BALP, TRACP-5b, β-CTX, and RANKL concentrations. A total of twenty-six distinct metabolites were identified, of which ten-tribufos, sulfoacetic acid, betamethasone dipropionate, 9-oxooctadeca-10,12,15-trienoic acid, menatetrenone, piperlongumine, maltopentaose, enol-phenylpyruvate, catechol, pentaacetate, and (+)-2-methylpropanoic acid-exhibited correlations with six GM species: Turicibacter, Roseburia, Colidextribacter, Helicobacter, Odoribacter, and Lachnoclostridium, as determined by Spearman's correlation analysis. Notably, MetOrigin revealed the microbial metabolism of taurine and hypotaurine, along with host-specific steroid hormone synthesis. Computational docking studies demonstrated robust interactions between five RCRP-derived steroids (hydroxyecdysone, corticosterone, trilostane, 5α-androstan-3,6,17-trione, and cortisol) and key enzymes (estradiol 17α-dehydrogenase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase), suggesting a potential enhancement of therapeutic efficacy against PMOP. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations indicated stable interactions between hydroxyecdysone and two proteins, with binding free energies of -67.427 kJ/mol and -156.948 kJ/mol, respectively. Through network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches, potential targets of these metabolites were identified, including estrogen receptors ESR1 and ESR2, dual specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), prostaglandin E receptor 4 (PTGER4), cannabinoid receptor 2 (CNR2), cathepsin K (CTSK), and androgen receptor (AR).

CONCLUSIONS

RCRP effectively mitigates OVX-induced bone loss in PMOP rats by modulating GM and associated metabolites, along with their potential targets and key metabolic pathways, including taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, as well as steroid hormone biosynthesis. These findings offer new insights into the therapeutic mechanisms by which RCRP may alleviate PMOP.

Quercetin Protects Goat Sperm Motility by Inhibiting Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Maintaining Plasma Membrane and Acrosome Integrity

Enhancing or protecting sperm motility has always been a pivotal approach to improving the ewe pregnancy rate. Sperm motility is highly susceptible to the immune status of the reproductive tract. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been demonstrated to capture sperm and impair its motility in human, swine, and goat species. Quercetin is a flavonoid derived from Cuscuta Chinensis Lam., which can protect sperm from oxidative damage. In this study, we investigated whether inflammation decreases sperm motility and tried to clarify the potential protective mechanism of quercetin on goat sperm motility. Sperm-triggered NETs were analyzed by immunofluorescence analysis. Sperm acrosome integrity was detected by using giemsa staining. Quercetin exhibited no cytotoxicity towards sperm and PMNs within the concentration range of 20-80 μM. PMNs impaired both the survival rate and rapid linear motility of sperm, while quercetin significantly enhanced these parameters. PMNs captured sperm through NETs composed of DNA, citrullinated histone 3 (citH3), and neutrophil elastase (NE); however, quercetin effectively inhibited the release of sperm-stimulated NETs. The stimulation of PMNs with sperm resulted in a significant increase in levels of ROS and MDA, which decreased by quercetin. Moreover, PMNs caused integrity violation to both the plasma membrane and acrosome in sperm; this effect was significantly alleviated by quercetin. In conclusion, quercetin effectively ameliorated PMN-reduced sperm motility through the inhibition of NETs and oxidative stress, and preserving sperm plasma membrane and acrosome integrity, thereby providing preliminary insights into the underlying mechanisms and theoretical support for the development of potential sperm protectors.

Exploring natural herbs: their role in treating male infertility, enhancing sexual desire and addressing urological disorders

Infertility affects 8-12% of couples globally, with male factors contributing to around 40% of cases. Common male infertility issues include erectile dysfunction (ED) and low sperm count or quality, which account for over 90% of cases. These problems often result from anatomical, hormonal, or genetic abnormalities. This review focuses on natural aphrodisiac herbs commonly used to address ED, providing detailed information on their botanical characteristics, metabolic pathways, recommended dosages, phytochemical properties, side effects, origins, and traditional uses. It also reviews recent studies on medicinal herbs that boost sexual desire and treat urological conditions. By compiling reliable findings from the past decade, the study aims to serve as a comprehensive resource for individuals dealing with sexual health issues. Through careful evaluation of each herb, it offers insights into their effectiveness and limitations, emphasizing the potential of natural treatments as complementary alternatives to conventional therapies for male infertility and related conditions.

Immunomodulation of Macrophages in Diabetic Wound Individuals by Structurally Diverse Bioactive Phytochemicals

Diabetes-related ulcers and slow-healing wounds pose a significant health risk to individuals due to their uncertain causes. Mortality rates for diabetes foot ulcers (DFUs) range from 10% after 16 months to 24% after five years. The use of bioactive phytochemicals can play a key role in healing wounds in a predictable time. Recent literature has demonstrated that various natural substances, including flavonoids, saponins, phenolic compounds, and polysaccharides, play key roles at different stages of the wound-healing process through diverse mechanisms. These studies have categorized the compounds according to their characteristics, bioactivities, and modes of action. In this study, we evaluated the role of natural compounds derived from plant sources that have been shown to play a crucial role in immunomodulation. Macrophages are closely involved in immunomodulation within the wound microenvironment and are key players in efferocytosis, inflammation resolution, and tissue regeneration, all of which contribute to successful wound healing. Phytochemicals and their derivatives have shown capabilities in immune regulation, including macrophage migration, nitric oxide synthase inhibition, lymphocyte and T-cell stimulation, cytokine activation, natural killer cell enhancement, and the regulation of NF-κβ, TNF-α, and apoptosis. In this review, we have studied the role of phytochemicals in immunomodulation for the resolution of diabetic wound inflammation.

New potential selective estrogen receptor modulators in traditional Chinese medicine for treating menopausal syndrome

Women go through several predictable conditions and symptoms during menopause that are caused by age, changes in sex hormone levels, and other factors. Conventional menopause hormone therapy has raised serious concerns about the increased risks of cancers, blood clots, depression, etc. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) that can be both agonists and antagonists of estrogen receptors in a tissue-specific manner are being developed to reduce the health concerns associated with menopause hormone therapy. Here, we have searched the Chinese national traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) patent database to identify potential SERM-like compounds with reduced health risks. TCM has been widely used for treating complex symptoms associated with menopause syndrome and thus can be a particularly rich source for pharmaceutical alternatives with SERM properties. After extensive literature review and molecular simulation, we conclude that protopanaxatriol, paeoniflorin, astragalin, catalpol, and hyperoside among others may be particularly promising as SERM-like compounds in treating the menopausal syndrome. Compounds in TCM hold promise in yielding comparable outcomes to hormone therapy but with reduced associated risks, thus presenting promising avenues for their clinical applications.

Therapeutic modulation of the kynurenine pathway in severe mental illness and comorbidities: A potential role for serotonergic psychedelics

Mounting evidence points towards a crucial role of the kynurenine pathway (KP) in the altered gut-brain axis (GBA) balance in severe mental illness (SMI, namely depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia) and cardiometabolic comorbidities. Preliminary evidence shows that serotonergic psychedelics and their analogues may hold therapeutic potential in addressing the altered KP in the dysregulated GBA in SMI and comorbidities. In fact, aside from their effects on mood, psychedelics elicit therapeutic improvement in preclinical models of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and vascular inflammation, which are highly comorbid with SMI. Here, we review the literature on the therapeutic modulation of the KP in the dysregulated GBA in SMI and comorbidities, and the potential application of psychedelics to address the altered KP in the brain and systemic dysfunction underlying SMI and comorbidities. Psychedelics might therapeutically modulate the KP in the altered GBA in SMI and comorbidities either directly, via altering the metabolic pathway by influencing the rate-limiting enzymes of the KP and affecting the levels of available tryptophan, or indirectly, by affecting the gut microbiome, gut metabolome, metabolism, and the immune system. Despite promising preliminary evidence, the mechanisms and outcomes of the KP modulation with psychedelics in SMI and systemic comorbidities remain largely unknown and require further investigation. Several concerns are discussed surrounding the potential side effects of this approach in specific cohorts of individuals with SMI and systemic comorbidities.

The Role of Traditional Chinese Medicines in the Treatment of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis (OP) represents a substantial public health issue and is associated with increasing rates of morbidity and mortality. It is characterized by reduced bone mineral density, deterioration of bone tissue quality, disruption of the microarchitecture of bones, and compromised bone strength. These changes may be attributed to the following factors: intercellular communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts; imbalanced bone remodeling; imbalances between osteogenesis and adipogenesis; imbalances in hormonal regulation; angiogenesis; chronic inflammation; oxidative stress; and intestinal microbiota imbalances. Treating a single aspect of the disease is insufficient to address its multifaceted nature. In recent decades, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has shown great potential in the treatment of OP, and the therapeutic effects of Chinese patent drugs and Chinese medicinal herbs have been scientifically proven. TCMs, which contain multiple components, can target the diverse pathogeneses of OP through a multitargeted approach. Herbs such as XLGB, JTG, GSB, Yinyanghuo, Gusuibu, Buguzhi, and Nvzhenzi are among the TCMs that can be used to treat OP and have demonstrated promising effects in this context. They exert their therapeutic effects by targeting various pathways involved in bone metabolism. These TCMs balance the activity of osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) and osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells), and they exhibit anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-oxidative, and estrogen-like functions. These multifaceted mechanisms underlie the efficacy of these herbs in the management and treatment of OP. Herein, we examine the efficacy of various Chinese herbs and Chinese patent drugs in treating OP by reviewing previous clinical trials and basic experiments, and we examine the potential mechanism of these therapies to provide evidence regarding the use of TCM for treating OP.

Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Flavonoids (CCLF) alleviate the symptoms of sepsis-associated encephalopathy via PI3K/Nrf2 pathway

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) frequently encounters patients who are in intensive care units and ∼70% of patients with severe systemic infection. However, due to the unclear pathological mechanisms of SAE, the desease-modifying drug is still lack. Here, we aimed to explore whether the flavonoid components extracted from CCL (CCLF) seeds possess protective effects on SAE animals, and systematically evaluate the transcriptomic alteration (in the hippocampus) after CCLF treatment on SAE animals employing RNA sequencing. We observed that CCLF improved the brain's learning and memory abilities and the structural integrity of BBB using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced SAE animal models, evaluated by behavioral test and tissue examination of animals respectively. RNA sequencing results showed that CCLF treatment reverses SAE-induced transcriptomic alteration in the hippocampus. Moreover, CCLF also dramatically relieved inflammatory (such as TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-6) and oxidative (MDA and SOD activity) stresses, and inhibited SAE-induced neuron apoptosis in brain tissues. More importantly, CCLF restored the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and then induced the Nrf2 nuclear translocation to drive HO-1 expression both in vitro and in vivo. LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K, obviously blocked CCLF's functions on anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidation in vivo, demonstrating that CCLF achieves its bioactivities in a PI3K/AKT signaling dependent manner. Altogether, CCLF exhibits remarkable neuro-protective function and may be a promising candidate for further clinical trials for SAE treatment.

Exploring the Wound Healing Potential of a Cuscuta chinensis Extract-Loaded Nanoemulsion-Based Gel

Cuscuta chinensis (C. chinensis) presents many pharmacological activities, including antidiabetic effects, and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. However, the wound care properties of this plant have not yet been reported. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities of ethanol and ethyl acetate C. chinensis extracts. The phytochemical markers in the extracts were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Then, the selected C. chinensis extract was developed into a nanoemulsion-based gel for wound care testing in rats. The results showed that both of the C. chinensis extracts exhibited antioxidant activity when tested using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. They reduced the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The ethyl acetate extract also had antibacterial properties. Kaempferol was found in both extracts, whereas hyperoside was found only in the ethanol extract. These compounds were found to be related to the biological activities of the extracts, confirmed via molecular docking. The C. chinensis extract-loaded nanoemulsions had a small particle size, a narrow polydispersity index (PDI), and good stability. Furthermore, the C. chinensis extract-loaded nanoemulsion-based gel had a positive effect on wound healing, presenting a better percentage wound contraction Fucidin cream. In conclusion, this formulation has the potential for use as an alternative wound treatment and warrants further study in clinical trials.

An Updated Comprehensive Review of Plants and Herbal Compounds with Antiasthmatic Effect

Background

Asthma is a common disease with rising prevalence worldwide, especially in industrialized countries. Current asthma therapy with traditional medicines lacks satisfactory success, hence the patients' search for alternative and complementary treatments for their diseases. Researchers have conducted many studies on plants with antiallergic and antiasthmatic effects in recent decades. Many of these plants are now used in clinics, and searching for their mechanism of action may result in creating new ideas for producing more effective drugs.

Purpose

The goal of this review was to provide a compilation of the findings on plants and their active agents with experimentally confirmed antiasthmatic effects. Study Design and Method. A literature search was conducted from 1986 to November 2023 in Scopus, Springer Link, EMBASE, Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to identify and report the accumulated knowledge on herbs and their compounds that may be effective in asthma treatment.

Results

The results revealed that 58 plants and 32 herbal extracted compounds had antiasthmatic activity. Also, 32 plants were shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects or may act as bronchodilators and potentially have antiasthmatic effects, which must be investigated in future studies.

Conclusion

The ability of herbal medicine to improve asthma symptoms has been confirmed by clinical and preclinical studies, and such compounds may be used as a source for developing new antiasthmatic drugs. Moreover, this review suggests that many bioactive compounds have therapeutic potential against asthma.

Hyperoside ameliorates cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by regulating the expression and function of Oat1

Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent to treat solid tumours in clinics. However, cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) limits its clinical application. This study investigated the effect of hyperoside (a flavonol glycoside compound) on regulating AKI.The model of cisplatin-induced AKI was established, and hyperoside was preadministered to investigate its effect on improving kidney injury.Hyperoside ameliorated renal pathological damage, reduced the accumulation of SCr, BUN, Kim-1 and indoxyl sulphate in vivo, increased the excretion of indoxyl sulphate into the urine, and upregulated the expression of renal organic anion transporter 1 (Oat1). Moreover, evaluation of rat kidney slices demonstrated that hyperoside promoted the uptake of PAH (p-aminohippurate, the Oat1 substrate), which was confirmed by transient over-expression of OAT1 in HEK-293T cells. Additionally, hyperoside upregulated the mRNA expression of Oat1 upstream regulators hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α (HNF-1α) and pregnane X receptor (PXR).These findings indicated hyperoside could protect against cisplatin-induced AKI by promoting indoxyl sulphate excretion through regulating the expression and function of Oat1, suggesting hyperoside may offer a potential tactic for cisplatin-induced AKI treatment.

Traditional Chinese medicine alleviating neuropathic pain targeting purinergic receptor P2 in purinergic signaling: A review

Past studies have suggested that Chinese herbal may alleviate neuropathic pain, and the mechanism might target the inhibition of purinergic receptor P2. This review discusses whether traditional Chinese medicine target P2 receptors in neuropathic pain and its mechanism in order to provide references for future clinical drug development. The related literatures were searched from Pubmed, Embase, Sinomed, and CNKI databases before June 2023. The search terms included"neuropathic pain", "purinergic receptor P2", "P2", "traditional Chinese medicine", "Chinese herbal medicine", and "herb". We described the traditional Chinese medicine alleviating neuropathic pain via purinergic receptor P2 signaling pathway including P2X2/3 R, P2X3R, P2X4R, P2X7R, P2Y1R. Inhibition of activating glial cells, changing synaptic transmission, increasing painful postsynaptic potential, and activating inflammatory signaling pathways maybe the mechanism. Purine receptor P2 can mediate the occurrence of neuropathic pain. And many of traditional Chinese medicines can target P2 receptors to relieve neuropathic pain, which provides reasonable evidences for the future development of drugs. Also, the safety and efficacy and mechanism need more in-depth experimental research.

Astragalin: a food-origin flavonoid with therapeutic effect for multiple diseases

Naturally occurring flavonoids have long been utilized as essential templates for the development of novel drugs and as critical ingredients for functional foods. Astragalin (AG) is a natural flavonoid that can be isolated from a variety of familiar edible plants, such as the seeds of green tea, Morus alba L., and Cuscuta chinensis. It is noteworthy that AG has a wide range of pharmacological activities and possesses therapeutic effects against a variety of diseases, covering cancers, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, ulcerative colitis, mastitis, obesity, diabetes mellitus, diabetic complications, ischemia/reperfusion injury, neuropathy, respiratory diseases, and reproductive system diseases. This article reviewed the natural source and pharmacokinetics of AG and systematically summarized the pharmacological activities and potential mechanisms of AG in treating diverse diseases in order to promote the development of AG as a functional food, in doing so providing references for its clinical application in disease therapy.

Studying the effect of hyperoside on recovery from cyclophosphamide induced oligoasthenozoospermia

Oligoasthenozoospermia is becoming a serious problem, but effective prevention or treatment is lacking. Hyperoside, one of the main active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine, may be effective in the treatment of oligoasthenozoospermia. In this study, we used cyclophosphamide (CTX: 50 mg/kg) to establish a mouse model of Oligoasthenozoospermia to investigate the therapeutic effect of hyperoside (30 mg/kg) on CTX-induced oligoasthenozoospermia. All mice were divided into four groups: blank control group (Control), treatment control group (Hyp), disease group (CTX) and treatment group (CTX + H). Mice body weight, testicular weight, sperm parameters and testicular histology were used to assess the reproductive capacity of mice and to explore the underlying mechanism of hyperoside in the treatment of oligoasthenozoospermia by assessing hormone levels, protein levels of molecules related to hormone synthesis and transcript levels of important genes related to spermatogenesis. Treatment with hyperoside significantly improved sperm density, sperm viability and testicular function compared to untreated oligoasthenozoospermia mice. In mechanism, treatment with hyperoside resulted in significant improvement in pathological changes in spermatogenic tubules, with an increase in testosterone production, and upregulations of Protein Kinase CAMP-Activated Catalytic Subunit Beta (PRKACB), Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (STAR), and Cytochrome P450 Family 17 Subfamily A Member 1 (CYP17A1) for testosterone production. Hyperoside also promoted the cell cycle of germ cells and up-regulated meiosis and spermatogenesis-related genes, including DNA Meiotic Recombinase 1 (Dmc1), Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (Atm) and RAD21 Cohesin Complex Component (Rad21). In conclusion, hyperoside exerted protective effects on oligoasthenozoospermia mice by regulating testosterone production, meiosis and sperm maturation of germ cells.

Deciphering chemical and metabolite profiling of Chang-Kang-Fang by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and its potential active components identification

Chang-Kang-Fang (CKF) formula, a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) prescription, has been widely used for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, its potential material basis and underlying mechanism remain elusive. Therefore, this study employed an integrated approach that combined ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) with network pharmacology to systematically characterize the phytochemical components and metabolites of CKF, as well as elucidating its underlying mechanism. Through this comprehensive analysis, a total of 150 components were identified or tentatively characterized within the CKF formula. Notably, six N-acetyldopamine oligomers from CicadaePeriostracum and eight resin glycosides from Cuscutae Semen were characterized in this formula for the first time. Meanwhile, 149 xenobiotics (58 prototypes and 91 metabolites) were detected in plasma, urine, feces, brain, and intestinal contents, and the in vivo metabolic pathways of resin glycosides were elaborated for the first time. Furthermore, network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses revealed that alkaloids, flavonoids, chromones, monoterpenes, N-acetyldopamine dimers, p-hydroxycinnamic acid, and Cus-3/isomer might be responsible for the beneficial effects of CKF in treating IBS, and CASP8, MARK14, PIK3C, PIK3R1, TLR4, and TNF may be its potential targets. These discoveries offer a comprehensive understanding of the potential material basis and clarify the underlying mechanism of the CKF formula in treating IBS, facilitating the broader application of CKF in the field of medicine.

Identification and Quantification of Polyphenols in Croatian Traditional Apple Varieties

Apples and apple-based products are particularly interesting due to being a good source of polyphenols in an everyday diet. Recently there has been increased interest in the preservation of traditional apple varieties due to studies that suggest that traditional apple varieties have a higher content of polyphenols and antioxidant activity compared to commercial varieties. This study shows that traditional apple varieties contain higher concentration of polyphenolic compounds than conventional ones, such as chlorogenic acid (1.29-456 mg/kg dw), catechin (0.70-312 mg/kg dw), epicatechin (1.75-244 mg/kg dw), procyanidin B1 + B2 (4.08-358 mg/kg dw) and quercetin-3-glucoside (0.96-231 mg/kg dw). This research underlies the great potential of traditional apple varieties as a source of natural antioxidants and polyphenolics.

An RNA-seq transcriptome analysis for investigating the anti-lung cancer activity of medicinal Cuscuta chinensis Lam plant

Cuscuta chinensis Lam. is a traditional medicinal herb used to treat female sterility and male reproductive system disorders. However, the anti-lung cancer properties of Cuscuta chinensis Lam. and possible molecular mechanisms have yet to be explored. Thus, the study’s main purpose was to evaluate in vitro and in vivo anti-lung cancer properties of C. chinensis water extract (CLW) in human lung adenocarcinomas and the underlying molecular mechanism involved. Our results demonstrated that CLW caused a significant inhibition of cell viability and induced G1 cycle arrest in lung cancer cells. Furthermore, RNA-seq transcriptome analysis revealed 602 common genes with a significant expression in A549 and H1650 cells under CLW treatment. Functional enrichment analysis suggested that these common genes regulated by CLW mainly involve lung cancer cell proliferation, metastases and apoptosis processes. In addition, forty-six common genes (> 2-fold change) regulated by CLW in A549 and H1650 cells were selected for further validation. In vitro quantitative real-time PCR results confirmed that twelve genes were up-regulated, and four genes were down-regulated in A549 and H1650 cells. The in vivo experiment demonstrated CLW could significantly decrease tumour volume and tumour weight of mice compared with the control group. Moreover, in vivo quantitative real-time PCR results revealed that C11orf96, FGFBP1, FOSB and NPTX1 genes were up-regulated and EGR1, GBP4 and MAP2K6 genes were down-regulated in tumour tissues compared with the control group. These data strongly suggest that CLW could be developed as an efficacious drug for lung cancer treatment.

Identification of a Hydroxygallic Acid Derivative, Zingibroside R1 and a Sterol Lipid as Potential Active Ingredients of Cuscuta chinensis Extract That Has Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Effects in Aged Caenorhabditis elegans

We examined the effects of the extracts from two traditional Chinese medicine plants, Cuscuta chinensis and Eucommia ulmoides, on the healthspan of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. C. chinensis increased the short-term memory and the mechanosensory response of aged C. elegans. Furthermore, both extracts improved the resistance towards oxidative stress, and decreased the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species. Chemical analyses of the extracts revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds such as chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, and quercetin. A fraction from the C. chinensis extract enriched in zingibroside R1 improved the lifespan, the survival after heat stress, and the locomotion in a manner similar to the full C. chinensis extract. Thus, zingibroside R1 could be (partly) responsible for the observed health benefits of C. chinensis. Furthermore, a hydroxygallic acid derivative and the sterol lipid 4-alpha-formyl-stigmasta-7,24(241)-dien-3-beta-ol are abundantly present in the C. chinensis extract and its most bioactive fraction, but hardly in E. ulmoides, making them good candidates to explain the overall healthspan benefits of C. chinensis compared to the specific positive effects on stress resistance by E. ulmoides. Our findings highlight the overall anti-aging effects of C. chinensis in C. elegans and provide first hints about the components responsible for these effects.

The role and mechanism of tryptophan - kynurenine metabolic pathway in depression

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mental illness characterized by persistent low mood and anhedonia, normally accompanied with cognitive impairment. Due to its rising incidence and high rate of recurrence and disability, MDD poses a substantial threat to patients' physical and mental health, as well as a significant economic cost to society. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of MDD are still unclear. Chronic inflammation may cause indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) to become overactive throughout the body and brain, resulting in excess quinolinic acid (QUIN) and less kynuric acid (KYNA) in the brain. QUIN's neurotoxicity damages glial cells and neurons, accelerates neuronal apoptosis, hinders neuroplasticity, and causes depression due to inflammation. Therefore, abnormal TRP-KYN metabolic pathway and its metabolites have been closely related to MDD, suggesting changes in the TRP-KYN metabolic pathway might contribute to MDD. In addition, targeting TRP-KYN with traditional Chinese medicine showed promising treatment effects for MDD. This review summarizes the recent studies on the TRP-KYN metabolic pathway and its metabolites in depression, which would provide a theoretical basis for exploring the etiology and pathogenesis of depression.

Quality Evaluation of Crude and Salt-Processed Cuscutae Semen through Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Multiple Components Using HPLC Combined with Chemometrics

Cuscutae Semen (CS; Chinese common name “Tusizi”) is one of the most common traditional herbal medicines used to treat liver and kidney diseases in China. Although it is most commonly used as a processed product, little progress has been made on the quality control of CS and salt-processed Cuscutae Semen (PCS). The purpose of this study was to establish a comprehensive strategy integrating chromatographic analysis and chemometric methods for quality evaluation and discrimination of CS and PCS. An accurate and reliable HPLC method was established for the simultaneous quantification of 12 analyte compounds in CS and PCS. The results showed that this method exhibited desirable sensitivity, precision, stability, and repeatability. Multivariate chemometric methods were applied to analyze the obtained HPLC fingerprints, including hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principle component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The results indicated that CS and PCS samples showed a clear classification of the two groups, and three chemical markers with great contributions to the differentiation were screened out. Collectively, the chemometrics combined with the quantitative analysis based on HPLC fingerprint results indicated that salt processing may change the contents and types of components in Cuscutae Semen.

He's Yangchao Recipe Ameliorates Ovarian Oxidative Stress of Aging Mice under Consecutive Superovulation Involving JNK- And P53-Related Mechanism

Objective

To evaluate the effects of He's Yangchao Recipe (HSYC) on ameliorating ovarian oxidative stress of aging mice under consecutive superovulation.

Methods

An 8-month-old C57BL/6 female mouse was chosen to establish an aging model under ovarian hyperstimulation. Mice were randomly separated into four groups: R1 as the control group, R4 as the model group, NR4 with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) administration, and TR4 with HSYC administration. Oocyte collection, in vitro fertilization, and embryo culture were performed. The serum hormone levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA); the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level of oocytes, the number of growing follicles, corpus luteum, ovulated oocytes, and developing embryos at each stage, along with the proportions of fragmented oocytes and abnormal mitochondria in granulosa cells (GCs) and the apoptosis rate of GCs were calculated; the mRNA and protein levels of JNK, P53, BAX were detected by real-time PCR and the Simple Western System.

Results

HSYC enhanced estradiol, progesterone, and inhibin-B levels and increased growing follicle and corpus luteum and ovulated egg counts compared to the R4 group (P < 0.05), whereas it decreased the proportions of fragmented oocytes (P < 0.01); Meanwhile, embryos from mice subjected to four superovulation cycles with HSYC treated had a higher hatching potential. The ROS level of oocytes is downregulated by HSYC (P < 0.01) and the percentage of abnormal mitochondrial in ovaries of the TR4 group was also significantly declined compared to the R4 group (P < 0.05); the most TUNEL-positive cells proportion was detected in the R4 group; nevertheless, HSYC effectively attenuated this detrimental effect (P < 0.05). The mRNA and protein expressions of JNK and P53 in ovary tissues were reduced in the TR4 group while these genes were upregulated by repeated superovulation (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

HSYC exerted promising effects on promoting the diminished ovarian reserve and decreased oocyte quality induced by both aging and consecutive ovarian superovulation, potentially via the ROS/JNK/p53 pathway.

Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Protects Against Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration: Therapeutic Implications for Photoreceptor Degenerative Disorders

Cuscuta chinensis Lam. (CCL) is a medicinal herb widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases, including age-dependent vision-threatening retinal degenerative disorders that involve irreversible loss of the first-order retinal neurons, photoreceptors. However, evidence is lacking if CCL is pharmacologically active at protecting against loss of photoreceptors and photoreceptor degeneration-associated retinal structural and functional impairment. The current study thus evaluates the potential photoreceptor protective effects of CCL to better support its clinical applications in the prevention and treatment of photoreceptor degenerative diseases. Non-invasive full-retinal optical coherence tomography, electroretinography, histological examination, immunohistochemistry and real-time qPCR analysis were performed to assess the retinal protective effects of CCL in light-exposed BALB/c mice characterized by photooxidative stress-mediated photoreceptor loss and associated retinal morphological and functional impairment. The results showed that CCL treatment protected against light-induced degeneration of the photoreceptor structure and deterioration of the retinal function. Furthermore, CCL treatment increased the retinal expression of rhodopsin, S-opsin and M-opsin, supporting the protective effects of CCL in both rod and cone photoreceptors. CCL treatment suppressed photoreceptor cell death in the light-exposed retinas. The morphological integrity of the second-order retinal neurons was also preserved as a result of CCL treatment. In addition, CCL treatment attenuated light-induced reactive müller gliosis, microglial activation and inflammation in the retina. In conclusion, the current work demonstrates for the first time that CCL protects against photooxidative stress-mediated degeneration of photoreceptors and associated disturbance of structural, functional and immune homeostasis of the retina. The findings here thus provide novel experimental evidence supporting the clinical application of CCL in the prevention and treatment photoreceptor degenerative diseases.

Oxidative Stress-Mediated Antibacterial Activity of the Total Flavonoid Extracted from the Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA)

(1) Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes endocarditis, pneumonia, and skin diseases in humans and livestock. (2) Methods: The antibacterial effect of the total flavonoid against MRSA (ATCC43300) extracted from the Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. (A. pilosa Ledeb) was evaluated by the microdilution method. The oxidative stresses in MRSA were evaluated by the levels of intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and oxidative stress-related genes. The DNA oxidative damage was tested by the 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and DNA gel electrophoresis. The differentially expressed proteins were determined by the method of SDS-PAGE and NanoLC-ESI-MS/MS, while the mRNAs of differential proteins were determined by Real-Time PCR. The changes of ultra-structures in MRSA were observed by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). (3) Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the total flavonoid against MRSA was recorded as 62.5 μg/mL. After treatment with the total flavonoid, the levels of intracellular H₂O₂ and ROS were increased and the gene expressions against oxidative stress (SodA, katA, TrxB) were decreased (p < 0.01), while the gene expression for oxidative stress (PerR) was increased (p < 0.01). The level of intracellular 8-OHdG in MRSA was increased (p < 0.01) and the DNA was damaged. The results of TEM also showed that the total flavonoid could destroy the ultra-structures in the bacteria. (4) Conclusions: The total flavonoid extracted from the A. pilosa Ledeb can induce the oxidative stress that disturbed the energy metabolism and protein synthesis in MRSA.

Metabolomics analysis of Semen Cuscutae protection of kidney deficient model rats using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

The traditional Chinese medicine syndrome "Kidney yang deficiency" is a kind of chronic kidney disease. With the development of society, the incidence of chronic kidney disease is increasing year by year, which also brings great economic pressure to people. Semen Cuscutae is an important traditional Chinese medicine to tonify liver and kidney, mainly used to tonify deficiency of liver and kidney, spleen and kidney deficiency and diarrhea. Although there are a lot of research at the molecular and cellular level to study the Semen Cuscutae on the treatment of Kidney yang deficiency syndrome, but there's no comprehensive research complete with metabolomics method from plasma, feces and urine metabolites aspects. The purpose of this study is to find the potential differential biomarkers of the Kidney yang deficiency model and blank group rats in plasma, urine and feces, and to investigate the mechanism of Semen Cuscutae in the treatment of Kidney yang deficiency syndrome. In this study, ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) was used to identify potential biomarkers. Through the analysis of metabolic profiles of plasma, urine, and feces, as well as multivariate statistical analysis and pathway analysis, the therapeutic mechanism of Semen Cuscutae for Kidney yang deficiency syndrome was described. The results showed that there were 69 differential metabolites in plasma, 93 differential metabolites in feces and 62 differential metabolites in urine, and the changes of the levels of these biomarkers showed that Semen Cuscutae had a good therapeutic effect on Kidney yang deficiency syndrome. Through the analysis of the channel, the metabolite changes mainly affected the steroid hormone biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis, sheath lipid metabolism and biosynthesis of tyrosine, phenylalanine metabolism, retinol metabolism,taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, lysine degradation and vitamin B6 metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism. Therefore, the results suggested that Semen Cuscutae could exert a good therapeutic effect by reversing the levels of some biomarkers.

Trophic Transfer without Biomagnification of Cadmium in a Soybean-Dodder Parasitic System

Cadmium (Cd) is among the most available and most toxic heavy metals taken up by plants from soil. Compared to the classic plant-animal food chains, the host-parasitic plant food chains have, thus far, been largely overlooked in the studies of Cd trophic transfer. To investigate the pattern of Cd transfer during the infection of parasitic plants on Cd-contaminated hosts, we conducted a controlled experiment that grew soybeans parasitized by Chinese dodders (Cuscuta chinensis) in soil with different levels of Cd treatment, and examined the concentration, accumulation, allocation and transfer coefficients of Cd within this parasitic system. Results showed that among all components, dodders accounted for more than 40% biomass of the whole system but had the lowest Cd concentration and accumulated the least amount of Cd. The transfer coefficient of Cd between soybean stems and dodders was much lower than 1, and was also significantly lower than that between soybean stems and soybean leaves. All these features were continuously strengthened with the increase of Cd treatment levels. The results suggested no evidence of Cd biomagnification in dodders parasitizing Cd-contaminated hosts, and implied that the Cd transfer from hosts to dodders may be a selective process.

Improvement of Astragalin on Spermatogenesis in Oligoasthenozoospermia Mouse Induced by Cyclophosphamide

More than 40% of infertile men are diagnosed with oligoasthenozoospermia and the incidence is still rising, but the effective treatments are not been found until now. Astragalin, one of the main active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine, may be effective in the treatment of oligoasthenozoospermia. This study investigated the pharmacological effects of astragalin for treatment of oligoasthenozoospermia in male mice, induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX). Male mice were intraperitoneally injected by CTX (50 mg/kg), and astragalin (30 mg/kg) was given via oral gavage once daily. RNA-seq analysis highlighted astragalin upregulated gene expression of anti-apoptosis (AKT1and BCL2-XL), cell proliferation (ETV1, MAPKAPK2, and RPS6KA5) and synthesis of testosterone (STAR, CYP11A1, and PRKACB), but downregulated gene expression of cell apoptosis (BAD, BCL-2, CASPASE9, and CASPASE3) in mouse testis. Astragalin also significantly reversed the reduction in body weight, reproductive organs index, and sperm parameters (sperm concentration, viability, and motility) induced by CTX, and restored testicular abnormal histopathologic morphology induced by CTX. Furthermore, astragalin dramatically rescued the gene expression related to spermatogenesis (AKT1, BCL-2, CASPASE9, CASPASE3, MAPKAPK2, RPS6KA5, STAR, and PRKACB), and increased the level of testosterone by improving related proteins (STAR, CYP11A1, PRKACB) for oligoasthenozoospermia induced by CTX. In conclusion, astragalin may be a potential beneficial agent for oligoasthenozoospermia by increasing the testosterone levels in testis.

A Case Report of Add-On Traditional Korean Medical Treatments in a Patient with Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Conventional Oral Hypoglycemic Agents

This study presents a case of add-on traditional Korean medical treatments in a 77-year-old male patient with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus with conventional oral hypoglycemic agents. Chief complaints were uncontrolled glucose level and weight loss. The patient was treated with electroacupuncture (on ST36, CV4, and CV12), herbal medication, and lifestyle advice. The conventional oral hypoglycemic medications were maintained. After 12 weeks, the glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) decreased from 11.0% to 8.4%. There were significant abnormalities in the liver function and renal function tests, but no adverse event was reported. Further studies are needed to confirm the findings of this case.

Tracing anti-osteoporosis components from raw and salt-processed semen of Cuscuta chinensis by employing a biochemometrics strategy that integrates ultrasonic-assisted extraction, quantitation, efficacy assessment in zebrafish, and grey relationship analysis

Semen of Cuscuta chinensis has been reported to have an anti-osteoporosis effect, however, the components which account for the anti-osteoporosis effect have not been clarified. In this work we propose a biochemometrics strategy that integrates quantitation, anti-osteoporosis evaluation in zebrafish, and grey relationship analysis for the identification of anti-osteoporosis components from the semen of Cuscuta chinensis. In the beginning, a precise and accurate liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was established for simultaneous quantitation of seven major components in crude and salt-processed Cuscuta chinensis. The mode of multiple reaction monitoring was used. Chloramphenicol was selected as the internal standard. The method showed good linearity and repeatability. The recovery rates of each component ranged from 95.4 to 103.9%. The precisions of intra-day and inter-day were all within 5.0%. The method was then applied for quantitation of the seven major components in 11 batches of crude and salt-processed Cuscuta chinensis. Subsequently, the anti-osteoporosis effects of crude and salt-processed Cuscuta chinensis were evaluated in zebrafish. Principle component analysis, grey relationship analysis, and partial least squares regression were applied for deciphering the relationship between the contents of seven major components and the anti-osteoporosis effects. Hyperin, p-hydroxycinnamic acid, and astragalin were found to be the major anti-osteoporosis components.

Investigating the acute and sub-acute toxicity of medicinal Cuscuta chinensis Lam plant

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE

Cuscuta chinensis Lam. (Convolvulaceae) had received growing attention as a traditional medicinal herb widely used for treating female impotence, abortion, male reproductive system disease and cardiovascular diseases, respectively.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study investigated the acute and sub-acute toxicities of C. chinensis water extract (CLW) in the ICR mice model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Various doses of CLW (1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg) were administered consecutively for 14 days to evaluate the acute toxicity level with examine mortality, general behavior, body weight, food and water intake of the mice. At the end of treatmet, macroscopic observation of the skin and major internal organs in the abdominal part and organ coefficients were taken. The same doses were administered daily for 28 days to determine the sub-acute toxicity level with examine mortality, general behavior, body weight, food and water intake of the mice. At the end of treatmet, macroscopical examination of organs, tissues, cavities, organ coefficients, pathology, hematological and biochemical parameters were carried out.

RESULTS

The acute toxicity test results revealed an LD ₅₀ of over 5000 mg/kg for CLW. Similarly, no CLW-related mortality and severe toxicities were experienced in the sub-acute study. However, the treatment of CLW had a reducing effect on body weight of both male and female mice, and feed intake in female mice at the all tested doses (1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg). Moreover, significant effects in organ coefficients of brain, liver, lung, testis and thymus became apparent due to CLW mainly at the 2500 and 5000 mg/kg. The hematological analysis result showed a significant decrease in platelets, lymphocytes, and hematocrit. In contrast, a significant increase in the neutrophils was observed in the CLW treated groups (2500 and 5000 mg/kg). Biochemical test results showed a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase levels while decreasing albumin, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels after treatment of CLW mostly at the doses of 2500 and 5000 mg/kg. Mild liver toxicity in both sexes treated with 5000 mg/kg of CLW was recorded in the histopathological analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, our results suggested that CLW is safe at its dose lower than 1250 mg/kg, although liver toxicity from daily use may be a matter of concern.

Hyperoside ameliorates diabetic nephropathy induced by STZ via targeting the miR-499-5p/APC axis

Diabetic nephropathy is a serious complication of diabetes. Hyperoside has been widely reported to ameliorate diabetes-associated disease. The current study is designed to explore the mechanism of hyperoside in diabetic nephropathy. In the present study, high glucose was used to treat podocytes. Diabetic nephropathy mice models were established by high-fat feeding followed by multiple low dose injections of streptozocin. Western blot analysis was conducted for detection of extracellular matrix accumulation, inflammatory response and cell apoptosis. We found out that hyperoside improved high glucose-induced cell injury. Additionally, hyperoside prevented mice with diabetic nephropathy from diabetic symptoms and renal dysfunction. Mechanistically, hyperoside inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of APC. MiR-499-5p was found to be an upstream negative mediator of APC, and hyperoside induced the upregulation of miR-499-5p. MiR-499-5p bound with the 3' untranslated region of APC to inhibit its expression. Finally, rescue assays revealed that the suppressive effects of miR-499-5p overexpression on renal dysfunction were rescued by upregulation of APC in mice with diabetic nephropathy. In conclusion, these findings indicated that hyperoside ameliorates diabetic nephropathy via targeting the miR-499-5p/APC axis, suggesting that hyperoside may offer a potential tactic for diabetic nephropathy treatment.

Medicinal plants as a potential source of Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors: A review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The prevalence and distress caused by erectile dysfunction (ED) to both male and female partners are increasing at a steady rate. ED has now become the most treated sexual disorder for men among young and old age groups due to varying physical and psychological factors. The treatment with synthetic Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors are cost-effective but due to adverse effects such as priapism, loss of vision, heart attack and syncope, the daily life patterns of these patients are distressed and hence the need for alternative medicaments or sources are of utmost important. Therefore, the exploration of medicinal plants as PDE5 inhibitors will be worthwhile in tackling the problems as many plant extracts and fractions have been long used as aphrodisiacs and sexual stimulants which may be found to be active against PDE5 enzyme.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To provide a review on the different medicinal herbs traditionally used as natural aphrodisiacs, libido or sexual enhancers which are proven for their PDE5 inhibitory effect.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ethnobotanical and scientific information was procured, reviewed and compiled from the literature search of electronic databases and search engines.

RESULTS

A total of 97 medicinal plants exhibiting PDE5 inhibitory effect are reviewed in this paper which is supported by preclinical experimental evidence. Among them, 77 plants have been selected according to their traditional and ethnobotanical uses as aphrodisiacs and the rest are screened according to their effectiveness against predisposing factors responsible for ED and sexual dysfunction such as diabetes and hypertension or due to the presence of phytochemicals having structural similarity towards the identified natural PDE5 inhibitors. In addition, sixteen alkaloids, sixty-one phenolics and eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been isolated or identified from active extracts or fractions that are exhibiting PDE5 inhibitory activity. Among them, isoflavones and biflavones are the major active constituents responsible for action, where the presence of prenyl group for isoflavones; and the methoxy group at C-5 position of flavones are considered essential for the inhibitory effect. However, the prenylated flavonol glycoside, Icariin and Icariside II isolated from Epimedium brevicornum Maxim (hory goat weed) are the most effective inhibitor, till date from natural sources. Traditional medicines or formulations containing extracts of Ginkgo biloba L., Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker, Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp., Eurycoma longifolia Jack and Vitis vinifera L. are also found to be inhibitors of PDE5 enzyme.

CONCLUSION

The review suggests and supports the rational use of traditional medicines that can be further studied for the development of potential PDE5 inhibitors. Many traditional medicines are still used in various regions of Africa, Asia and South America that are poorly characterized and experimented. Despite the availability of a vast majority of traditional formulations as aphrodisiacs or sexual stimulants, there exists a need for systemic evaluation on the efficacy as well as the mechanism of action of the herbal constituents for the identification of novel chemical moieties that can be further developed for maximum efficacy.

Enhanced Healthspan in Caenorhabditis elegans Treated With Extracts From the Traditional Chinese Medicine Plants Cuscuta chinensis Lam. and Eucommia ulmoides Oliv

To uncover potential anti-aging capacities of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was used to investigate the effects of Eucommia ulmoides and Cuscuta chinensis extracts, selected by screening seven TCM extracts, on different healthspan parameters. Nematodes exposed to E. ulmoides and C. chinensis extracts, starting at the young adult stage, exhibited prolonged lifespan and increased survival after heat stress as well as upon exposure to the pathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens, whereby the survival benefits were monitored after stress initiation at different adult stages. However, only C. chinensis had the ability to enhance physical fitness: the swimming behavior and the pharyngeal pumping rate of C. elegans were improved at day 7 and especially at day 12 of adulthood. Finally, monitoring the red fluorescence of aged worms revealed that only C. chinensis extracts caused suppression of intestinal autofluorescence, a known marker of aging. The results underline the different modes of action of the tested plants extracts. E. ulmoides improved specifically the physiological fitness by increasing the survival probability of C. elegans after stress, while C. chinensis seems to be an overall healthspan enhancer, reflected in the suppressed autofluorescence, with beneficial effects on physical as well as physiological fitness. The C. chinensis effects may be hormetic: this is supported by increased gene expression of hsp-16.1 and by trend, also of hsp-12.6.

Disentangling parasitic vines in the tropics: taxonomic notes for an accurate identification of Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae) and Cassytha (Lauraceae)

Abstract Parasitic plants are often associated with agricultural, forestry and grassland economic losses, but they are also keystone species in their natural ecosystems. Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae) and Cassytha (Lauraceae) are parasitic plants which have evolved similar stem habit and morphology, rendering them remarkably similar during the vegetative stage. Since both genera are common in the tropics, misidentifications are frequent, which is detrimental for understanding their geographical distribution, biology and ecology, as well as to the development of adequate control or conservation practices. We here present a practical identification guide for a clear and accurate distinction between Cuscuta and Cassytha, using stems and reproductive structures of both fresh plants and herbarium specimens, aimed at taxonomists and agricultural experts. An identification key, a comparative table, detailed descriptions and illustrations are included to facilitate genus recognition. The current practice of macroscopic observation of the filiform stems, on which many professionals rely, may not be enough to distinguish the two genera. The analysis of stem micromorphology, and/or of the flower or fruit morphology, are necessary for a conclusive identification.

Research on serum metabolomics of ovariectomized rats and intervention effect of Cuscuta chinensis on metabolic pattern

As a traditional Chinese medicine of invigorating the kidney, Cuscuta chinensis (CC) can be applied in improving the deficiency of kidney qi in menopausal women and regulating the level of estrogen. Previously, it was found that the ethanol extract of CC had an estrogen-like effect. In this study, the metabolic profile and metabolic pathways of rats in sham, ovariectomized model and CC groups were analyzed using UPLC-TOFMS-based metabolomics and the pattern recognition technology. The serum endogenouse metabolites could be well differentiated in different group, indicating significant differences of metabolic profiles. CC had an reverse adjustment effect on 14 differential metabolites of ovariectomized rats, including sinapyl alcohol, deoxycholic acid, prostaglandin B₂, prostaglandin I₂, dihydrosphingosine, choline, pentadecanoic acid, arachidonic acid, 1-stearoyl-Sn-Glycerol-3-Phosphocholine, palmitoleic acid, palmitic acid, vaccenic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid. Furthermore, these differential metabolites were categorized into several major pathways, such as biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, lycerophospholipid metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism. Therefore, it could be concluded that the estrogen-like effect of CC was related to the lipid metabolism to some extent. The research results provide useful help for the in-depth research and development of CC.

Anti-Influenza Virus Activity and Chemical Components from the Parasitic Plant Cuscuta japonica Choisy on Dimocarpus longans Lour

Dodder (Cuscuta spp.) is a parasitic weed damaging many plants and agricultural production. The native obligate parasite Cuscuta japonica Choisy (Japanese dodder) parasitizes Dimocarpus longans Lour., Ficus septica Burm. F., Ficus microcarpa L.f., Mikania micrantha H.B.K. and Melia azedarach Linn, respectively. Five Japanese dodders growing on different plants exhibit slightly different metabolites and amounts which present different pharmacological effects. Among these plants, a significant antiviral activity against influenza A virus (IAV) was found in Japanese dodder parasitizing on D. longans Lour. (CL). To further explore methanol extract components in Japanese dodder (CL), four undescribed aromatic glycosides, cuscutasides A–D (compounds 1–4) were isolated, together with twenty-six known compounds 5–30. The chemical structures of 1–4 were elucidated using a combination of spectroscopic techniques. The eighteen isolated compounds were evaluated for antiviral activity against IAV activity. Among them, 1-monopalmitin (29) displayed potent activity against influenza A virus (A/WSN/1933(H1N1)) with EC₅₀ 2.28 ± 0.04 μM and without noteworthy cytotoxicity in MDCK cells. The interrupt step of 29 on the IAV life cycle was determined. These data provide invaluable information for new applications for this otherwise harmful weed.