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Han L, Wang C, Wang T, Hu Y, Wang H. Total flavonoids of Rhizoma drynariae improves tendon-bone healing for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in mice and promotes the osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells by the ERR1/2-Gga1-TGF-β/MAPK pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:106-119. [PMID: 37665165 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total flavonoids of Rhizoma drynariae (TFRD) is broadly used in the treatment of orthopedic diseases. Nevertheless, the effects and underlying mechanism of TFRD on tendon-bone healing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) remain unclear. METHODS The ACLR mouse model was established. Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining was used for histological analysis of tendon-bone healing. Western blot was utilized to detect the levels of osteogenic related factors (ALP, OCN, RUNX2). The viability and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and ALP assays. The interaction of estrogen related receptor alpha (ESRRA), estrogen related receptor beta (ESRRB), and golgi-localized γ-ear containing ADP ribosylation factor-binding protein 1 (Gga1) was detected by luciferase reporter assays. The levels of important proteins on the TGF-β/MAPK pathway were measured by western blot. RESULTS TFRD improved tendon-bone healing, restored biomechanics of ACLR mice and activated the TGF-β/MAPK pathway. TFRD treatment also enhanced the viability and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro. Then, we demonstrated that TFRD targeted ESRRA and ESRRB to transcriptionally activate Gga1 expression. Knockdown of ESRRA, ESRRB, or Gga1 suppressed the viability and osteogenic differentiation of TFRD-induced BMSCs, which was revealed to be restored by Gga1 overexpression. The overexpression of ESRRA, ESRRB, or Gga1 was demonstrated to promote the BMSC viability and osteogenic differentiation. TGF-β1 treatment can reverse the impact of Gga1 inhibition on osteogenic differentiation in TFRD-induced BMSCs. CONCLUSION TFRD improves tendon-bone healing in ACLR mouse models and facilitates the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs through the ERR1/2-Gga1-TGF-β/MAPK pathway, which might deepen our understanding of the underlying mechanism of TFRD in tendon-bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Han
- Department of Orthopaedics Institute, Xiaoshan Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Canfeng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics Institute, Xiaoshan Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics Institute, Xiaoshan Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yungeng Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics Institute, Xiaoshan Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongshun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics Institute, Xiaoshan Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Yu L, Shen Y, Yang J, Feng X, Zhou C, Lin J. Enhancing cranial defect repair in rats: investigating the effect of combining Total Flavonoids from Rhizoma Drynariae with calcium phosphate/collagen scaffolds. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:903. [PMID: 38017558 PMCID: PMC10683164 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-04398-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of total flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae (TFRD) in conjunction with a calcium phosphate/collagen scaffold for the repair of cranial defects in rats. METHODS The subjects, rats, were segregated into four groups: Control, TFRD, Scaffold, and TFRD + Scaffold. Cranial critical bone defects, 5 mm in diameter, were artificially induced through precise drilling. Post-surgery, at intervals of 2, 4, and 8 weeks, micro-CT scans were conducted to evaluate the progress of skull repair. Hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining techniques were applied to discern morphological disparities, and immunohistochemical staining was utilized to ascertain the expression levels of local osteogenic active factors, such as bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and osteocalcin (OCN). RESULTS Upon examination at the 8-week mark, cranial defects in the Scaffold and TFRD + Scaffold cohorts manifested significant repair, with the latter group displaying only negligible foramina. Micro-CT examination unveiled relative to its counterparts, and the TFRD + Scaffold groups exhibited marked bone regeneration at the 4- and 8-week intervals. Notably, the TFRD + Scaffold group exhibited substantial bone defect repair compared to the TFRD and Scaffold groups throughout the entire observation period, while histomorphological assessment demonstrated a significantly higher collagen fiber content than the other groups after 2 weeks. Immunohistochemical analysis further substantiated that the TFRD + Scaffold had augmented expression of BMP-2 at 2, 4 weeks and OCN at 2 weeks relative to other groups. CONCLUSIONS The synergistic application of TFRD and calcium phosphate/collagen scaffold has been shown to enhance bone mineralization, bone plasticity, and bone histomorphology especially during initial osteogenesis phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiyang Shen
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Cytopathology, Ningbo Diagnostic Pathology Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changlong Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Li D, Zhao D, Zeng Z, Huang F, Jiang Z, Xiong H, Guan T, Fang B, Li Y. Ternary regulation mechanism of Rhizoma drynariae total flavonoids on induced membrane formation and bone remodeling in Masquelet technique. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278688. [PMID: 36473008 PMCID: PMC9725127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Rhizoma drynariae total flavonoids (RDTF) are used to treat fractures. CD31hiEmcnhi vessels induced by PDGF-BB secreted by osteoclast precursors, together with osteoblasts and osteoclasts, constitute the ternary regulatory mechanism of bone tissue reconstruction. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine whether RDTF can promote bone tissue remodeling and induce membrane growth in the rat Masquelet model and to explore its molecular mechanism based on the ternary regulation theory. METHODS Thirty-six SD rats were randomized to three groups: blank, induced membrane, and RDTF treatment (n = 12/group). The gross morphological characteristics of the new bone tissue were observed after 6 weeks. Sixty SD rats were also randomized to five groups: blank, induction membrane, low-dose RDTF, medium-dose RDTF, and high-dose RDTF (n = 12/group). After 4 weeks, immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to detect the expression of membrane tissue-related proteins. The mRNA expression of key factors of ternary regulation was analyzed by qRT-PCR. RESULTS RDTF positively affected angiogenesis and bone tissue reconstruction in the bone defect area. RDTF could upregulate the expression of key factors (PDGF-BB, CD31, and endomucin), VEGF, and HMGB1 mRNA and proteins in the ternary regulation pathway. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Although the expected CD31hiEmcnhi vessels in the induction membrane were not observed, this study confirmed that RDTF could promote the secretion of angiogenic factors in the induced membrane. The specific mechanisms still need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Li
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dun Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhikui Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziwei Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianan Guan
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Fang
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Peng CH, Lin WY, Li CY, Dharini KK, Chang CY, Hong JT, Lin MD. Gu Sui Bu (Drynaria fortunei J. Sm.) antagonizes glucocorticoid-induced mineralization reduction in zebrafish larvae by modulating the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 297:115565. [PMID: 35863613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gu Sui Bu (GSB), the dried rhizome of Drynaria fortunei J. Sm., is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating fractures and osteoporosis. Although glucocorticoids are widely prescribed in modern medicine, the efficacy of GSB in treating glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY GIOP is one of the most prevalent forms of osteoporosis and increases the risk of fracture, which can cause severe complications in elderly people. Safe, efficacious, and cost-effective treatment options for GIOP are thus warranted. The present study investigated the efficacy and mechanism of GSB for treating GIOP. MATERIALS AND METHODS We established an efficient and robust in vivo GIOP model by optimizing zebrafish larvae rearing conditions and the dose and duration of dexamethasone treatment. Bone calcification was evaluated through calcein staining. To quantify the degree of vertebral mineralization in the larvae, we developed a scoring system based on the rate of vertebral calcification; this system reduced quantification errors among individual zebrafish caused by inconsistencies in staining or imaging parameters. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to access the expression levels of genes essential to the differentiation and function of bone cells. High-performance liquid chromatography was employed to identify naringin in the GSB extract. RESULTS GSB significantly reversed the dexamethasone-induced calcification delay in zebrafish larvae. GSB enhanced osteoblast activity by increasing the expression of collagen I, osteopontin, and osteonectin and repressed bone resorption by decreasing the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (mmps), including mmp9 and mmp13a. We also identified naringin as one of the constituents of GSB responsible for the herbal extract's anti-GIOP activity. CONCLUSIONS Using the in vivo zebrafish GIOP model that we established, the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicines in treating GIOP could be systematically investigated. GSB has an osteogenic effect and may thus be an efficacious and cost-effective treatment option for GIOP. Notably, bone resorption activity was found to be retained after GSB treatment, which would be beneficial for maintaining normal bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Huan Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, 97002, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, 97002, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung, 90003, Taiwan
| | | | - Chih-Yu Chang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Ting Hong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Lin
- Institute of Medical Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan; Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan; Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, 97002, Taiwan.
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Wu GJ, Chen KY, Yang JD, Liu SH, Chen RM. Naringin Improves Osteoblast Mineralization and Bone Healing and Strength through Regulating Estrogen Receptor Alpha-Dependent Alkaline Phosphatase Gene Expression. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13020-13033. [PMID: 34723490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are strongly recommended for treating osteoporosis. Our previous study showed that naringin, a citrus flavonoid, can enhance the bone mass in ovariectomized rats. In this study, we further elucidated the mechanisms of naringin-induced osteoblast maturation and bone healing. Treatment of human osteoblasts with naringin increased cell viability and proliferation. In parallel, exposure to naringin enhanced translocation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) to nuclei and its transactivation activity. Sequentially, naringin induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) mRNA and protein expression and its enzyme activity. Pretreatment with methylpiperidinopyrazole (MPP), a specific inhibitor of ERα, attenuated naringin-induced augmentations in ERα transactivation activity, ALP gene expression, and cell mineralization. The beneficial effects of naringin were also confirmed in mouse MC3T3-E1 cells. Moreover, administration of mice with a bone defect with naringin increased levels of ERα and ALP in damaged sites and simultaneously enhanced the healing rate and bone strength. Nevertheless, treatment with MPP weakened naringin-triggered expression of ERα and ALP and improved bone healing and mass. Therefore, naringin could improve osteoblast mineralization and bone healing via regulating ERα-dependent ALP gene expression. Naringin can be clinically applied for treatment of osteoporosis-related bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong-Jhe Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Yen Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Di Yang
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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Sun W, Li M, Xie L, Mai Z, Zhang Y, Luo L, Yan Z, Li Z, Dong H, Huang F, Shen Z, Jiang Z. Exploring the Mechanism of Total Flavonoids of Drynariae Rhizoma to Improve Large Bone Defects by Network Pharmacology and Experimental Assessment. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:603734. [PMID: 34149403 PMCID: PMC8210422 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.603734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drynariae Rhizoma (DR) has been demonstrated to be effective in promoting fracture healing in clinical use. In the study, we tried to predicate potential signaling pathways and active ingredients of DR via network pharmacology, uncover its regulation mechanism to improve large bone defects by in vivo and in vitro experiment. We total discovered 18 potential active ingredients such as flavonoids and 81 corresponding targets, in which mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway has the highest correlation with bone defects in pathway and functional enrichment analysis. Therefore, we hypothesized that flavonoids in DR improve large bone defects by activating MAPK signaling pathway. Animal experiments were carried out and all rats randomly divided into TFDR low, medium, and high dosage group, model group and control group. 12 weeks after treatment, according to X-ray and Micro-CT, TFDR medium dosage group significantly promote new bone mineralization compared with other groups. The results of HE and Masson staining and in vitro ALP level of BMSC also demonstrated the formation of bone matrix and mineralization in the TFDR groups. Also, angiographic imaging suggested that flavonoids in DR promoting angiogenesis in the defect area. Consistently, TFDR significantly enhanced the expression of BMP-2, RUNX-2, VEGF, HIF-1 in large bone defect rats based on ELISA and Real-Time PCR. Overall, we not only discover the active ingredients of DR in this study, but also explained how flavonoids in DR regulating MAPK signaling pathway to improve large bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Sun
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Minying Li
- Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhexing Mai
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lieliang Luo
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zijian Yan
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zige Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hang Dong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kunming Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ziwei Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Sun W, Li M, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Zhan Q, Ren Y, Dong H, Chen J, Li Z, Fan C, Huang F, Shen Z, Jiang Z. Total flavonoids of rhizoma drynariae ameliorates bone formation and mineralization in BMP-Smad signaling pathway induced large tibial defect rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111480. [PMID: 33774316 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis and angiogenesis acts as an essential role in repairing large tibial defects (LTDs). Total flavonoids of rhizoma drynariae (TFRD), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, is reported to show anabolic effects on fracture healing. However, whether TFRD could improve the bone formation and angiogenesis in LTDs remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of TFRD on bone formation and angiogenesis in LTDs in distraction osteogenesis (DO). Using a previously established fracture model, LTD rats was established with circular external fixator (CEF). All rats then randomly divided into TFRD low dosage group (with DO), TFRD medium dosage group (with DO), TFRD high dosage group (with DO), model group (with DO) and blank group (without DO). Twelve weeks after treatment, according to X-ray and Micro-CT, TFRD groups (especially in medium dosage group) can significantly promote the formation of a large number of epiphyses and improve new bone mineralization compared with model group, and the results of HE and Masson staining and in vitro ALP level of BMSC also demonstrated the formation of bone matrix and mineralization in the TFRD groups. Also, angiographic imaging suggested that total flavonoids of TFRD was able to promote angiogenesis in the defect area. Consistently, TFRD significantly increased the levels of BMP-2, SMAD1, SMAD4, RUNX-2, OSX and VEGF in LTD rats based on ELISA and Real-Time PCR. In addition, we found that ALP activity of TFRD medium dosage group reached a peak after 10 days of induction through BMSC cell culture in vitro experiment. TFRD promoted bone formation in LTD through activation of BMP-Smad signaling pathway, which provides a promising new strategy for repairing bone defects in DO surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Sun
- First Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Minying Li
- Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- First Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yingjie Huang
- First Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qunzhang Zhan
- First Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yueyi Ren
- First Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hang Dong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiena Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zige Li
- First Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chun Fan
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kunming Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming Municipal, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Ziwei Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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Zhao K, Chen M, Liu T, Zhang P, Wang S, Liu X, Wang Q, Sheng J. Rhizoma drynariae total flavonoids inhibit the inflammatory response and matrix degeneration via MAPK pathway in a rat degenerative cervical intervertebral disc model. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111466. [PMID: 33740525 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoma drynariae total flavonoids (RDTF) are extracted from Drynaria fortunei J. Sm (D. fortunei), which was a Chinese herb commonly used to treat fractures and bruises. Modern pharmacological studies indicate flavonoids have anti-inflammatory effect in clinical practice. However, its active ingredients and the mechanisms of action are far from clear. The present study aims to determine whether RDTF can protect against intervertebral disc degeneration in a rat cervical intervertebral disc model and investigate the associated molecular mechanisms. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomized into five groups: control group (CG, n = 8), intervertebral disc degeneration group (NG, n = 8), low-dose RDTF-treated group (LG, n = 8), medium-dose RDTF-treated group (MG, n = 8), and high-dose RDTF-treated group (HG, n = 8). Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence, ELISA, Western blot and quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays were used to investigate inflammatory, catabolic factors and the latent regulatory mechanism of the effects of RDTF on intervertebral disc cells. HE staining showed disc degeneration in all groups except CG, and the function was restored after RDTF treatment. IHC, Western blot, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence and ELISA results showed that RDTF prevented intervertebral disc degeneration by suppressing mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which reduced expression of intracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), such MMP3, MMP13, and inflammatory factors including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Notably RDTF inhibited extracellular matrix (ECM) degeneration by increasing expression of aggrecan and collagen type II and preventing the upregulation of collagen type I and III. It suggests that RDTF has a potential therapeutic effect on cervical spondylosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Rehabilitation Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Min Chen
- Rehabilitation Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Rehabilitation Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Rehabilitation Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- The Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xiangguo Liu
- Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Qunan Wang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Sheng
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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Wu GJ, Chen JT, Cherng YG, Chang CC, Liu SH, Chen RM. Genistein Improves Bone Healing via Triggering Estrogen Receptor Alpha-Mediated Expressions of Osteogenesis-Associated Genes and Consequent Maturation of Osteoblasts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10639-10650. [PMID: 32897066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis-associated fractures may cause higher morbidity and mortality. Our previous study showed the effects of genistein, a phytoestrogen, on the induction of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) gene expression and stimulation of osteoblast mineralization. In this study, rat calvarial osteoblasts and an animal bone defect model were used to investigate the effects of genistein on bone healing. Treatment with genistein caused a time-dependent increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in rat osteoblasts. Levels of cytosolic and nuclear ERα significantly augmented following exposure to genistein. Subsequently, genistein elevated levels of ALP mRNA and protein in rat osteoblasts. Moreover, genistein induced other osteogenesis-associated osteocalcin and Runx2 mRNA and protein expressions. Knocking-down ERα using RNA interference concurrently inhibited genistein-induced Runx2, osteocalcin, and ALP mRNA expression. Attractively, administration of ICR mice suffering bone defects with genistein caused significant increases in the callus width, chondrocyte proliferation, and ALP synthesis. Results of microcomputed tomography revealed that administration of genistein increased trabecular bone numbers and improved the bone thickness and volume. This study showed that genistein can improve bone healing via triggering ERα-mediated osteogenesis-associated gene expressions and subsequent osteoblast maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong-Jhe Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Tai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Giun Cherng
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Chau Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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10
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Ye C, Chen J, Qu Y, Liu H, Yan J, Lu Y, Yang Z, Wang F, Li P. Naringin and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells repair articular cartilage defects in rabbit knees through the transforming growth factor-β superfamily signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:59. [PMID: 32952649 PMCID: PMC7485297 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the effect of a combination of naringin and rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on the repair of cartilage defects in rabbit knee joints and to assess possible involvement of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway in this process. After establishing an articular cartilage defect model in rabbit knees, 20 New Zealand rabbits were divided into a sham operation group (Sham), a model group (Mod), a naringin treatment group (Nar), a BMSC group (BMSCs) and a naringin + BMSC group (Nar/BMSCs). At 12 weeks after treatment, the cartilage was evaluated using the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS)'s macroscopic evaluation of cartilage repair scale, the ICRS's visual histological assessment scale, the Modified O'Driscoll grading system, histological staining (hematoxylin and eosin staining, toluidine blue staining and safranin O staining) and immunohistochemical staining (type-II collagen, TGF-β3 and SOX-9 immunostaining). Using the above grading systems to quantify the extent of repair, histological quantification and macro quantification of joint tissue repair showed that the Nar/BMSCs group displayed repair after treatment in comparison to the untreated Mod group. Among the injury model groups (Mod, Nar, BMSCs and Nar/BMSCs), the Nar/BMSCs group displayed the highest degree of morphological repair. The results of histological and immunohistochemical staining of the repaired region of the joint defect indicated that the BMSCs had a satisfactory effect on the repair of the joint structure but had a poor effect on the repair of cartilage quality. The Nar/BMSCs group displayed satisfactory therapeutic effects on both repair of the joint structure and cartilage quality. The expression level of type-II collagen was high in the Nar/BMSCs group. Additionally, staining of TGF-β3 and SOX-9 in the Nar/BMSCs group was the strongest compared with that of any other group in the present study. Naringin and/BMSCs together demonstrated a more efficient repair effect on articular cartilage defects in rabbit knees than the use of either treatment alone in terms of joint structure and cartilage quality. One potential mechanism of naringin action may be through activation and continuous regulation of the TGF-β superfamily signaling pathway, which can promote BMSCs to differentiate into chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ye
- Orthopedics Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Preventative Treatment of Disease Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yi Qu
- Orthopedics Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Hang Liu
- Orthopedics Department, Huguosi Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100035, P.R. China
| | - Junxing Yan
- Orthopedics Department, Tongzhou District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Beijing 101100, P.R. China
| | - Yingdong Lu
- Pathology Department, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Yang
- SATCM Key Laboratory of Renowned Physician and Classical Formula, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Fengxian Wang
- Orthopedics Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Pengyang Li
- Orthopedics Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
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11
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Wu GJ, Chen JT, Lin PI, Cherng YG, Yang ST, Chen RM. Inhibition of the estrogen receptor alpha signaling delays bone regeneration and alters osteoblast maturation, energy metabolism, and angiogenesis. Life Sci 2020; 258:118195. [PMID: 32781073 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The estrogen-ERα axis participates in osteoblast maturation. This study was designed to further evaluated the roles of the estrogen-ERα axis in bone healing and the possible mechanisms. MAIN METHODS Female ICR mice were created a metaphyseal bone defect in the left femurs and administered with methylpiperidinopyrazole (MPP), an inhibitor of ERα. Bone healing was evaluated using micro-computed tomography. Colocalization of ERα with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and ERα translocation to mitochondria were determined. Levels of ERα, ERβ, PECAM-1, VEGF, and β-actin were immunodetected. Expression of chromosomal Runx2, ALP, and osteocalcin mRNAs and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX) I and COXII mRNAs were quantified. Angiogenesis was measured with immunohistochemistry. KEY FINDINGS Following surgery, the bone mass was time-dependently augmented in the bone-defect area. Simultaneously, levels of ERα were specifically upregulated and positively correlated with bone healing. Administration of MPP to mice consistently decreased levels of ERα and bone healing. As to the mechanisms, osteogenesis was enhanced in bone healing, but MPP attenuated osteoblast maturation. In parallel, expressions of osteogenesis-related ALP, Runx2, and osteocalcin mRNAs were induced in the injured zone. Treatment with MPP led to significant inhibition of the alp, runx2, and osteocalcin gene expressions. Remarkably, administration of MPP lessened translocation of ERα to mitochondria and expressions of mitochondrial energy production-related coxI and coxII genes. Furthermore, exposure to MPP decreased levels of PECAM-1 and VEGF in the bone-defect area. SIGNIFICANCE The present study showed the contributions of the estrogen-ERα axis to bone healing through stimulation of energy production, osteoblast maturation, and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong-Jhe Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Tai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-I Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Giun Cherng
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Tai Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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12
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Jang SA, Hwang YH, Kim T, Lee A, Ha H. Anti-Osteoporotic and Anti-Adipogenic Effects of the Water Extract of Drynaria roosii Nakaike in Ovariectomized Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Molecules 2019; 24:E3051. [PMID: 31443447 PMCID: PMC6749363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In traditional oriental medicine, Drynaria roosii Nakaike is widely used in treating bone diseases. Postmenopausal women are strongly associated with osteoporosis and obesity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the water extract of D. roosii (WDR) on bone loss and obesity in ovariectomized (OVX) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Body weight, gonadal fat weight, histological findings, and morphometric parameters in trabecular bone were evaluated after OVX mice were treated with WDR and HFD for four weeks. The receptor activator of nuclear κ-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) was examined. Phytochemical identification of WDR using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was performed. WDR reversed the changes in body weight gain, gonadal fat mass, and trabecular bone parameters by ovariectomy. However, ovariectomy-induced uterine atrophy was not affected by WDR. WDR decreased adipocyte size and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6) in gonadal fats and lipid accumulation in the bone marrow, which were induced by ovariectomy. WDR significantly decreased RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in BMMs. Fifteen phytochemicals were identified in WDR: Seven and nine with anti-osteoporotic and anti-adipogenic activities, respectively. Our findings suggest that WDR may have beneficial effects on postmenopausal osteoporosis and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-A Jang
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Youn-Hwan Hwang
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Taesoo Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Ami Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Hyunil Ha
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
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13
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Yeh PS, Lee YW, Chang WH, Wang W, Wang JL, Liu SH, Chen RM. Biomechanical and tomographic differences in the microarchitecture and strength of trabecular and cortical bone in the early stage of male osteoporosis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219718. [PMID: 31393911 PMCID: PMC6687113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a continuous process of loss of bone tissue. Compared to women, osteoporosis in men is associated with greater morbidity and mortality. In this study, we conducted tomographic and biomechanical evaluations of trabecular and cortical bone in the early stage of male osteoporosis. Male Wistar rats were subjected to orchiectomy and sham operation. Four weeks after being castrated, decreased levels of testosterone in plasma were found and resulted in concurrent bone loss. Separately, the orchiectomy led to significant tomographic alterations in the trabecular bone number, trabecular separation, and trabecular pattern factor. Data of a mechanistic compression test further showed that the orchiectomy diminished the maximum loading force, displacement at maximum load, energy at maximum load, and ultimate stress. Interestingly, orchiectomy-triggered changes in the maximum loading force and tomographic parameters were highly correlated. In contrast, tomographic and biomechanical analyses showed that 4 weeks after rats were orchiectomized, the thickness, area, maximum loading force, bone stiffness, energy at maximum load, and ultimate stress of the cortical bone were not changed. Taken together, this study showed specific differences in the microarchitecture and strength of trabecular bone in the early stage of male osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poh-Shiow Yeh
- Department of Neurology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Wen Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hui Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Weu Wang
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Lin Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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14
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Huang ST, Chang CC, Pang JHS, Huang HS, Chou SC, Kao MC, You HL. Drynaria fortunei Promoted Angiogenesis Associated With Modified MMP-2/TIMP-2 Balance and Activation of VEGF Ligand/Receptors Expression. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:979. [PMID: 30298000 PMCID: PMC6160574 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose:Drynaria fortunei J. Sm (D. fortunei), known as Gu-Sui-Bu, is used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat common injuries, including bone fractures and bruising. The specific functional mechanisms of the angiogenic and endothelial cell migration properties of D. fortunei are currently unclear. Thus, the purpose of this study is to validate the potential angiogenic and cellular migration properties and related mechanisms by D. fortunei both in vivo and in vitro. Experimental Approach: The present study investigates, both in vivo and in vitro, the wound healing effects of D. fortunei as associated with angiogenesis, specifically by the modulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ligand/receptors. In order to determine the potential angiogenic effects of D. fortunei, in vivo neovascularization of chick chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) assay, and directed in vivo angiogenesis assay (DIVVA) were performed, while in vitro scratch wound healing, migration, and matrix-induced tube formation assays were performed by using human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, we used qPCR to analyze the gene expressions and Western blot to observe protein expressions of MMP-2, MMP-14, TIMP-2, RECK, and VEGF/VEGFRs. Results: This study identified five major compounds from the water extract of D. fortunei: protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 5,7-dihydroxychromone-7-O-rutinoside, neoeriocitrin, and naringin. D. fortunei was confirmed to activate in vivo angiogenesis by CAM and DIVVA assays. D. fortunei further exhibited in vitro angiogenic effects associated with cell migration, as demonstrated by the tube formation assay, transwell migration assay, and scratch wound healing assay. The extracellular MMP-2 activity was found to be dose-dependently augmented both in vitro and in vivo by D. fortunei. The mRNA and protein expressions of MMP-2, and MMP-14 were increased; while the tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), and reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs (RECK) were both decreased. Furthermore, D. fortunei activated the gene and protein expressions of VEGF-A, -B, and VEGFR-2, -3. Conclusion:D. fortunei increased MMP-2 activity, thereby stimulating angiogenesis and cell migration, both in vivo and in vitro, as a result of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 balance modulation and the activation of VEGF/VEGFRs expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Teng Huang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chieh Chang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Hwei S Pang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Sen Huang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Chieh Chou
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ching Kao
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Ling You
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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15
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Liao MH, Lin PI, Ho WP, Chan WP, Chen TL, Chen RM. Participation of GATA-3 in regulation of bone healing through transcriptional upregulation of bcl-x L expression. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e398. [PMID: 29170477 PMCID: PMC5704189 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated the expression of GATA-DNA-binding protein (GATA)-3, a transcription factor, in osteoblasts and have verified its function in transducing cell survival signaling. This translational study was further designed to evaluate the roles of GATA-3 in regulating bone healing and to explore its possible mechanisms. A metaphyseal bone defect was created in the left femurs of male ICR mice. Analysis by micro-computed topography showed that the bone volume, trabecular bone number and trabecular thickness were augmented and that the trabecular pattern factor decreased. Interestingly, immunohistological analyses showed specific expression of GATA-3 in the defect area. In addition, colocalized expression of GATA-3 and alkaline phosphatase was observed at the wound site. As the fracture healed, the amounts of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated GATA-3 concurrently increased. Separately, GATA-3 mRNA was induced during bone healing, and, levels of Runx2 mRNA and protein were also increased. The results of confocal microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation showed an association between nuclear GATA-3 and Runx2 in the area of insult. In parallel with fracture healing, Bcl-XL mRNA was significantly triggered. A bioinformatic search revealed the existence of a GATA-3-specific DNA-binding element in the promoter region of the bcl-xL gene. Analysis by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays further demonstrated transactivation activity by which GATA-3 regulated bcl-xL gene expression. Therefore, this study shows that GATA-3 participates in the healing of bone fractures via regulating bcl-xL gene expression, owing to its association with Runx2. In the clinic, GATA-3 may be used as a biomarker for diagnoses/prognoses or as a therapeutic target for bone diseases, such as bone fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hsiu Liao
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-I Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Pin Ho
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wing P Chan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Liang Chen
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Abstract
Drynariae Rhizoma is a kidney-tonifying herb that has a long history in clinical practice for the treatment of bone fractures and joint diseases in China. Flavonoids are considered to be its major active ingredients and are reported to ease bone loss in ovariectomized rats. However, the beneficial effects of the total flavonoids of Drynariae Rhizoma on osteoporosis caused by microgravity or mechanical inactivity remain unknown. This study assessed the effects of total Drynariae Rhizoma flavonoids (DRTF, Qihuang, Beijing, China, national medicine permit No. Z20030007, number of production: 04080081, content of DRTF ≥80%) against bone loss induced by simulated microgravity. A hindlimb unloading tail-suspended rat model was established to determine the effect of DRTF on bone mineral density (BMD), biomechanical strength and trabecular bone microarchitecture. Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: the baseline, control, hindlimb unloading with vehicle (HLU), and hindlimb unloading treated with DRTF (HLU-DRTF, 75 mg/kg/day) groups. Oral DRTF was administered for 4 weeks. The underlying mechanisms of the DRTF actions on disuse-induced osteoporosis are discussed. The results showed that DRTF treatment significantly increased the BMD and mechanical strength of tail-suspended rats. Enhanced bone turnover markers with HLU treatment were attenuated by DRTF administration. Deterioration of trabecular bone induced by HLU was prevented through elevated bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb. N), trabecular thickness (Tb. Th) and decreased trabecular separation (Tb. Sp). The present study provides the first evidence that DRTF prevents bone loss induced by HLU treatment, indicating its potential application in the treatment of disuse-induced osteoporosis.
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17
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Yang Z, Kuboyama T, Tohda C. A Systematic Strategy for Discovering a Therapeutic Drug for Alzheimer's Disease and Its Target Molecule. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:340. [PMID: 28674493 PMCID: PMC5474478 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural medicines are attractive sources of leading compounds that can be used as interventions for neurodegenerative disorders. The complexity of their chemical components and undetermined bio-metabolism have greatly hindered both the use of natural medicines and the identification of their active constituents. Here, we report a systematic strategy for evaluating the bioactive candidates in natural medicines used for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We found that Drynaria Rhizome could enhance memory function and ameliorate AD pathologies in 5XFAD mice. Biochemical analysis led to the identification of the bio-effective metabolites that are transferred to the brain, namely, naringenin and its glucuronides. To explore the mechanism of action, we combined the drug affinity responsive target stability with immunoprecipitation-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis, identifying the collapsin response mediator protein 2 protein as a target of naringenin. Our study indicates that biochemical analysis coupled with pharmacological methods can be used in the search for new targets for AD intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Yang
- Division of Neuromedical Science, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Kuboyama
- Division of Neuromedical Science, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tohda
- Division of Neuromedical Science, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
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18
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Effects of Hot Water Extracts from Polygonum multiflorum on Ovariectomy Induced Osteopenia in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:8970585. [PMID: 27746822 PMCID: PMC5056283 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8970585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polygonum multiflorum (PM), a traditional Chinese medicine, is used to treat various diseases including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hyperlipidemia. However, the influence of PM on osteoporosis in animals is unclear. The present study investigated the antiosteoporotic effect of PM on bone mass in ovariectomized (OVX) mice and its possible mechanism of action. Twenty-five female C3H/HeN mice were divided into five groups of five mice as follows. Sham-operated control mice received daily oral gavage of an equal volume of water, and OVX mice received daily oral gavage of water or an injection of β-estradiol or PM for 6 weeks. Administration of PM significantly suppressed body weight and organs weight and increased weight and length of bone compared with the OVX group. Treatment with PM reversed osteopenia in OVX mice, thereby improving the bone morphometric parameters. Moreover, histological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that PM inhibited OVX-induced bone loss. Serum estradiol and bone alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly decreased in the OVX group, with the levels increasing with PM treatment. In addition, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity was inhibited by PM in OVX mice. These results suggest that PM is effective in preventing bone loss in OVX mice.
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19
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From "Kidneys Govern Bones" to Chronic Kidney Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, and Metabolic Bone Disorder: A Crosstalk between Traditional Chinese Medicine and Modern Science. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:4370263. [PMID: 27668003 PMCID: PMC5030442 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4370263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western medicine have evolved on distinct philosophical foundations and reasoning methods, an increasing body of scientific data has begun to reveal commonalities. Emerging scientific evidence has confirmed the validity and identified the molecular mechanisms of many ancient TCM theories. One example is the concept of "Kidneys Govern Bones." Here we discuss the molecular mechanisms supporting this theory and its potential significance in treating complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes mellitus. Two signaling pathways essential for calcium-phosphate metabolism can mediate the effect of kidneys in bone homeostasis, one requiring renal production of bioactive vitamin D and the other involving an endocrine axis based on kidney-expressed Klotho and bone-secreted fibroblast growth factor 23. Disruption of either pathway can lead to calcium-phosphate imbalance and vascular calcification, accelerating metabolic bone disorder. Chinese herbal medicine is an adjunct therapy widely used for treating CKD and diabetes. Our results demonstrate the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of a Chinese herbal formulation, Shen-An extracts, in diabetic nephropathy and renal osteodystrophy. We believe that the smart combination of Eastern and Western concepts holds great promise for inspiring new ideas and therapies for preventing and treating complications of CKD and diabetes.
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20
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Che CT, Wong MS, Lam CWK. Natural Products from Chinese Medicines with Potential Benefits to Bone Health. Molecules 2016; 21:239. [PMID: 26927052 PMCID: PMC6274145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a progressive, systemic bone disorder characterized by loss of bone mass and microstructure, leading to reduced bone strength and increased risk of fracture. It is often associated with reduced quality of life and other medical complications. The disease is common in the aging population, particularly among postmenopausal women and patients who receive long-term steroidal therapy. Given the rapid growth of the aging population, increasing life expectancy, the prevalence of bone loss, and financial burden to the healthcare system and individuals, demand for new therapeutic agents and nutritional supplements for the management and promotion of bone health is pressing. With the advent of global interest in complementary and alternative medicine and natural products, Chinese medicine serves as a viable source to offer benefits for the improvement and maintenance of bone health. This review summarizes the scientific information obtained from recent literatures on the chemical ingredients of Chinese medicinal plants that have been reported to possess osteoprotective and related properties in cell-based and/or animal models. Some of these natural products (or their derivatives) may become promising leads for development into dietary supplements or therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Tao Che
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Man Sau Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Christopher Wai Kei Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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Wang P, Wang Q, Yang B, Zhao S, Kuang H. The Progress of Metabolomics Study in Traditional Chinese Medicine Research. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2015; 43:1281-310. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has played important roles in health protection and disease treatment for thousands of years in China and has gained the gradual acceptance of the international community. However, many intricate issues, which cannot be explained by traditional methods, still remain, thus, new ideas and technologies are needed. As an emerging system biology technology, the holistic view adopted by metabolomics is similar to that of TCM, which allows us to investigate TCM with complicated conditions and multiple factors in depth. In this paper, we tried to give a timely and comprehensive update about the methodology progression of metabolomics, as well as its applications, in different fields of TCM studies including quality control, processing, safety and efficacy evaluation. The herbs investigated by metabolomics were selected for detailed examination, including Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, Atractylodes macrocephala Kidd, Pinellia ternate, etc.; furthermore, some valuable results have been obtained and summarized. In conclusion, although the study of metabolomics is at the early phase and requires further scrutiny and validation, it still provides bright prospects to dissect the synergistic action of multiple components from TCM. Overall, with the further development of analytical techniques, especially multi-analysis techniques, we expect that metabolomics will greatly promote TCM research and the establishment of international standards, which is beneficial to TCM modernization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Bingyou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Haixue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, P.R. China
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Ho MH, Yao CJ, Liao MH, Lin PI, Liu SH, Chen RM. Chitosan nanofiber scaffold improves bone healing via stimulating trabecular bone production due to upregulation of the Runx2/osteocalcin/alkaline phosphatase signaling pathway. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5941-54. [PMID: 26451104 PMCID: PMC4590342 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s90669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts play critical roles in bone formation. Our previous study showed that chitosan nanofibers can stimulate osteoblast proliferation and maturation. This translational study used an animal model of bone defects to evaluate the effects of chitosan nanofiber scaffolds on bone healing and the possible mechanisms. In this study, we produced uniform chitosan nanofibers with fiber diameters of approximately 200 nm. A bone defect was surgically created in the proximal femurs of male C57LB/6 mice, and then the left femur was implanted with chitosan nanofiber scaffolds for 21 days and compared with the right femur, which served as a control. Histological analyses revealed that implantation of chitosan nanofiber scaffolds did not lead to hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity. Instead, imaging analyses by X-ray transmission and microcomputed tomography showed that implantation of chitosan nanofiber scaffolds improved bone healing compared with the control group. In parallel, microcomputed tomography and bone histomorphometric assays further demonstrated augmentation of the production of new trabecular bone in the chitosan nanofiber-treated group. Furthermore, implantation of chitosan nanofiber scaffolds led to a significant increase in the trabecular bone thickness but a reduction in the trabecular parameter factor. As to the mechanisms, analysis by confocal microscopy showed that implantation of chitosan nanofiber scaffolds increased levels of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), a key transcription factor that regulates osteogenesis, in the bone defect sites. Successively, amounts of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, two typical biomarkers that can simulate bone maturation, were augmented following implantation of chitosan nanofiber scaffolds. Taken together, this translational study showed a beneficial effect of chitosan nanofiber scaffolds on bone healing through stimulating trabecular bone production due to upregulation of Runx2-mediated alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin gene expressions. Our results suggest the potential of chitosan nanofiber scaffolds for therapy of bone diseases, including bone defects and bone fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan ; Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jung Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsiu Liao
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-I Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan ; Anesthetics and Toxicology Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Liao HH, Yeh CC, Lin CC, Chen BC, Yeh MH, Chang KM, Sun MF, Yen HR. Prescription patterns of Chinese herbal products for patients with fractures in Taiwan: A nationwide population-based study. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 173:11-19. [PMID: 26187277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used in the treatment of fracture for thousands of years. However, large-scale surveys examing the utilization of Chinese herbal products (CHPs) for treating fractures and their related symptoms are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the prescription patterns of CHPs among patients with fractures in Taiwan. MATERIALS AND METHODS The TCM usage in patients with fractures was analyzed using a sample of one million individuals randomly selected from the National Health Insurance Research Database who were newly diagnosis with fractures in 2001-2008, with a followed-up period through 2010. RESULTS We identified 115,327 patients who were newly diagnosed with fractures in the study population. Among them, 4.97% (n=5731) adjunctively utilized TCM for fracture treatment. TCM users were mostly young or middle-aged, female, and resided in highly urbanized areas. With regard to the comorbidities of fractures, TCM users had a lower prevalence of coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive lung disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and stroke than non-TCM users, except for osteoporosis. Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang was the most frequently prescribed Chinese herbal formula, while Rhizoma Drynariae (Gu-sui-bu) was the most common single herb for patients with fractures. The CHPs were found to cover not only bone healing but also fracture-related symptoms. TCM users had lower medical expenditure for hospitalization for the first six months after incident fractures than non-TCM users (1749±2650 versus 2274±3159 US dollars, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our study identified the TCM utilization for patients with fractures in Taiwan. Integration of TCM treatment reduced the medical costs for hospitalization. Further basic research and clinical studies to investigate the mechanism and clinical efficacies of CHPs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Hsun Liao
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Chinese Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chou Yeh
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Chinese Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Che-Chen Lin
- Health Data Management Office, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Chyuan Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Yeh
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Chinese Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ming Chang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Feng Sun
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Rong Yen
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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