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Misaka S, Ono Y, Taudte RV, Hoier E, Ogata H, Ono T, König J, Watanabe H, Fromm MF, Shimomura K. Exposure of fexofenadine, but not pseudoephedrine, is markedly decreased by green tea extract in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 112:627-634. [PMID: 35678032 PMCID: PMC9540489 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Green tea (GT) alters the disposition of a number of drugs such as nadolol and lisinopril. However, it is unknown whether GT affects disposition of hydrophilic anti-allergic drugs. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine and pseudoephedrine are affected by catechins, major GT components. A randomized, open, 2-phase crossover study was conducted in 10 healthy Japanese volunteers. After overnight fasting, subjects were simultaneously administered fexofenadine (60 mg) and pseudoephedrine (120 mg) with an aqueous solution of green tea extract (GTE) containing (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) of approximately 300 mg or water (control). In vitro transport assays were performed using human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells stably expressing organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1A2 to evaluate the inhibitory effect of EGCG on OATP1A2-mediated fexofenadine transport. In the GTE phase, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve and the amount excreted unchanged into urine for 24h of fexofenadine were significantly decreased by 70% (P < 0.001) and 67% (P < 0.001), respectively, compared with control. There were no differences in Tmax and the elimination half-life of fexofenadine between phases. Fexofenadine was confirmed to be a substrate of OATP1A2, and EGCG (100 and 1000 μM) and GTE (0.1 and 1 mg/mL) inhibited OATP1A2-mediated uptake of fexofenadine. On the contrary, the concomitant administration of GTE did not influence the pharmacokinetics of pseudoephedrine. These results suggest that intake of GT may result in a markedly reduced exposure of fexofenadine, but not of pseudoephedrine, putatively by inhibiting OATP1A2-mediated intestinal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingen Misaka
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuko Ono
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.,Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - R Verena Taudte
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Hoier
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Ogata
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ono
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Jörg König
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Martin F Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kenju Shimomura
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
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Järvinen E, Deng F, Kiander W, Sinokki A, Kidron H, Sjöstedt N. The Role of Uptake and Efflux Transporters in the Disposition of Glucuronide and Sulfate Conjugates. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:802539. [PMID: 35095509 PMCID: PMC8793843 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.802539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucuronidation and sulfation are the most typical phase II metabolic reactions of drugs. The resulting glucuronide and sulfate conjugates are generally considered inactive and safe. They may, however, be the most prominent drug-related material in the circulation and excreta of humans. The glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of drugs typically have limited cell membrane permeability and subsequently, their distribution and excretion from the human body requires transport proteins. Uptake transporters, such as organic anion transporters (OATs and OATPs), mediate the uptake of conjugates into the liver and kidney, while efflux transporters, such as multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), mediate expulsion of conjugates into bile, urine and the intestinal lumen. Understanding the active transport of conjugated drug metabolites is important for predicting the fate of a drug in the body and its safety and efficacy. The aim of this review is to compile the understanding of transporter-mediated disposition of phase II conjugates. We review the literature on hepatic, intestinal and renal uptake transporters participating in the transport of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of drugs, other xenobiotics and endobiotics. In addition, we provide an update on the involvement of efflux transporters in the disposition of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites. Finally, we discuss the interplay between uptake and efflux transport in the intestine, liver and kidneys as well as the role of transporters in glucuronide and sulfate conjugate toxicity, drug interactions, pharmacogenetics and species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkka Järvinen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Feng Deng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wilma Kiander
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alli Sinokki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Liu Y, Dou Y, Yan L, Yang X, He B, Kong L, Smith W. The role of Rho GTPases' substrates Rac and Cdc42 in osteoclastogenesis and relevant natural medicinal products study. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20200407. [PMID: 32578854 PMCID: PMC7364480 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, Rho GTPases substrates include Rac (Rac1 and Rac2) and Cdc42 that have been reported to exert multiple cellular functions in osteoclasts, the most prominent of which includes regulating the dynamic actin cytoskeleton rearrangements. In addition, natural products and their molecular frameworks have a long tradition as valuable starting points for medicinal chemistry and drug discovery. Although currently, there are reports about the natural product, which could play a therapeutic role in bone loss diseases (osteoporosis and osteolysis) through the regulation of Rac1/2 and Cdc42 during osteoclasts cytoskeletal structuring. There have been several excellent studies for exploring the therapeutic potentials of various natural products for their role in inhibiting cancer cells migration and function via regulating the Rac1/2 and Cdc42. Herein in this review, we try to focus on recent advancement studies for extensively understanding the role of Rho GTPases substrates Rac1, Rac2 and Cdc42 in osteoclastogenesis, as well as therapeutic potentials of natural medicinal products for their properties on the regulation of Rac1, and/or Rac2 and Cdc42, which is in order to inspire drug discovery in regulating osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Yan’an University Medical School, Yan’an, China
| | - Yusheng Dou
- Department of Shoulder and Elbow Joint, Honghui Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaobin Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Baorong He
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lingbo Kong
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wanli Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A
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Ali Y, Shams T, Wang K, Cheng Z, Li Y, Shu W, Bao X, Zhu L, Murray M, Zhou F. The involvement of human organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) in drug-herb/food interactions. Chin Med 2020; 15:71. [PMID: 32670395 PMCID: PMC7346646 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are important transporter proteins that are expressed at the plasma membrane of cells, where they mediate the influx of endogenous and exogenous substances including hormones, natural compounds and many clinically important drugs. OATP1A2, OATP2B1, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 are the most important OATP isoforms and influence the pharmacokinetic performance of drugs. These OATPs are highly expressed in the kidney, intestine and liver, where they determine the distribution of drugs to these tissues. Herbal medicines are increasingly popular for their potential health benefits. Humans are also exposed to many natural compounds in fruits, vegetables and other food sources. In consequence, the consumption of herbal medicines or food sources together with a range of important drugs can result in drug-herb/food interactions via competing specific OATPs. Such interactions may lead to adverse clinical outcomes and unexpected toxicities of drug therapies. This review summarises the drug-herb/food interactions of drugs and chemicals that are present in herbal medicines and/or food in relation to human OATPs. This information can contribute to improving clinical outcomes and avoiding unexpected toxicities of drug therapies in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youmna Ali
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Tahiatul Shams
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu China
| | - Zhengqi Cheng
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Yue Li
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Wenying Shu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006 Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 511400 China
| | - Xiaofeng Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226019 China
| | - Ling Zhu
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Sydney, NSW 2000 Australia
| | - Michael Murray
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006 Australia
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Huang S, Xu Q, Liu L, Bian Y, Zhang S, Huang C, Miao L. Effect of Green Tea and (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate on the Pharmacokinetics of Rosuvastatin. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:471-478. [PMID: 32407265 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200514133355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Green tea can inhibit OATPs, so it may interact with the substrate of OATPs, such as rosuvastatin. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effects of green tea on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin and its mechanism. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats received different doses of green tea extract (GTE) and (-)- epigallocatechin-3- gallate (EGCG). Caco-2 cells and OATP1B1-HEK293T cells were used in drug uptake and transport assay. The matrix concentrations of rosuvastatin and catechins were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS GTE and EGCG were both found to increase the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞) of rosuvastatin ((p<0.050). In the Caco-2 cell model, the uptake and transport of rosuvastatin in the GTE groups were 1.94-fold (p<0.001) and 2.11-fold (p<0.050) higher, respectively, than those of the control group. However, in the EGCG group, the uptake and transport of rosuvastatin were decreased by 22.62% and 44.19%, respectively (p<0.050). In the OATP1B1- HEK293T cell model, the OATP1B1-mediated rosuvastatin uptake was decreased by GTE to 35.02% of that in the control (p<0.050) and was decreased by EGCG to 45.61% of that in the control (p<0.050). CONCLUSION GTE increased the systemic rosuvastatin exposure in rats. The mechanism may include an increase in rosuvastatin absorption and a decrease in liver distribution by inhibiting OATP1B1. EGCG may be the main ingredient of green tea that affects the pharmacokinetic parameters of rosuvastatin. Our results showed the importance of conducting green tea-rosuvastatin study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenjia Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Linsheng Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yicong Bian
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shichao Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chenrong Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liyan Miao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Ogura J, Yamaguchi H, Mano N. Stimulatory effect on the transport mediated by organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 15:181-191. [PMID: 32373198 PMCID: PMC7193449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-drug interaction (DDI) is one of causes of adverse drug events and can result in life-threatening consequences. Organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 2B1 is a major uptake transporter in the intestine and contributes to transport various clinically used therapeutic agents. The intestine has a high risk of DDI, because it has a special propensity to be exposed to a high concentration of drugs. Thus, understanding drug interaction mediated by OATP2B1 in the absorption process is important for the prevention of adverse drug events, including decrease in the therapeutic effect of co-administered drugs. Acute drug interaction occurs through the direct inhibitory effect on transporters, including OATP2B1. Moreover, some compounds such as clinically used drugs and food components have an acute stimulatory effect on transport of co-administered drugs by OATP2B1. This review summarizes the acute stimulatory effect on the transport mediated by OATP2B1 and discusses the mechanisms of the acute stimulatory effects of compounds. There are two types of acute stimulatory effects, substrate-independent and -dependent interactions on OATP2B1 function. The facilitating translocation of OATP2B1 to the plasma membrane is one of causes for the substrate-independent acute stimulatory effect. On the contrary, the substrate-dependent effect is based on the direct binding to the substrate-binding site or allosteric progesterone-binding site of OATP2B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Ogura
- Corresponding author. Tohoku University Hospital, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan. Tel.: +81 22 7177541
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Helal NA, Eassa HA, Amer AM, Eltokhy MA, Edafiogho I, Nounou MI. Nutraceuticals' Novel Formulations: The Good, the Bad, the Unknown and Patents Involved. RECENT PATENTS ON DRUG DELIVERY & FORMULATION 2019; 13:105-156. [PMID: 31577201 PMCID: PMC6806606 DOI: 10.2174/1872211313666190503112040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals hold pragmatic nature with respect to their definitions, claims, purposes and marketing strategies. Their definitions are not well established worldwide. They also have different regulatory definitions and registration regulatory processes in different parts of the world. Global prevalence of nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals is noticeably high with large market share with minimal regulation compared to traditional drugs. The global market is flooded with nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals claiming to be of natural origin and sold with a therapeutic claim by major online retail stores such as Amazon and eBay. Apart from the traditional formulations, many manufacturers and researchers use novel formulation technologies in nutraceutical and cosmeceutical formulations for different reasons and objectives. Manufacturers tend to differentiate their products with novel formulations to increase market appeal and sales. On the other hand, researchers use novel strategies to enhance nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals activity and safety. The objective of this review is to assess the current patents and research adopting novel formulation strategies in nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals. Patents and research papers investigating nutraceutical and cosmeceutical novel formulations were surveyed for the past 15 years. Various nanosystems and advanced biotechnology systems have been introduced to improve the therapeutic efficacy, safety and market appeal of nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals, including liposomes, polymeric micelles, quantum dots, nanoparticles, and dendrimers. This review provides an overview of nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals current technologies, highlighting their pros, cons, misconceptions, regulatory definitions and market. This review also aims in separating the science from fiction in the nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals development, research and marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A. Helal
- Both authors contributed equality to this manuscript
| | - Heba A. Eassa
- Both authors contributed equality to this manuscript
| | | | | | | | - Mohamed I. Nounou
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DPS), School of Pharmacy and Physician Assistant Studies (SOPPAS), University of Saint Joseph (USJ), Hartford, CT, 06103, USA;
E-mail:
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Matsumoto T, Kaifuchi N, Mizuhara Y, Warabi E, Watanabe J. Use of a Caco-2 permeability assay to evaluate the effects of several Kampo medicines on the drug transporter P-glycoprotein. J Nat Med 2018; 72:897-904. [PMID: 29797179 PMCID: PMC6107777 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-018-1222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In modern medical care in which Kampo and Western drugs are often combined, it is extremely important to clarify drug–drug interaction (DDI) to ensure safety and efficacy. However, there is little evidence of DDI in Kampo medicines. Therefore, as part of our studies to clarify the DDI risk for Kampo medicines, we evaluated the effects of five Kampo medicines [yokukansan (YKS), rikkunshito (RKT), shakuyakukanzoto (SKT), hangeshashinto (HST), and goshajinkigan (GJG)] that are widely used in Japan, on drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) using a Caco-2 permeability assay. These Kampo medicines inhibited the P-gp transport of digoxin through a Caco-2 cell monolayer. The IC50 values were 1.94–10.80 mg/ml. Of the five Kampo medicines, YKS showed the strongest inhibition (IC50 = 1.94 mg/ml), which was attributed to Uncariae Uncis Cum Ramulus. Unfortunately, we could not find the active ingredients responsible for its action. Finally, the Igut/IC50 values for the five Kampo medicines were calculated, and the DDI risk was objectively evaluated according to the criteria in the DDI guidance issued by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare and the US Food and Drug Administration. The Igut/IC50 values for the five Kampo medicines were ≤3.4. As these values were <10, they were evaluated as having a weak P-gp inhibitory effect that does not require further verification in humans, suggesting that the DDI risk due to P-gp inhibition for these Kampo medicines is low. The results should provide useful clinical information on the safety and efficacy of the combined use of Kampo and Western medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsumoto
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research and Development Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Noriko Kaifuchi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research and Development Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Mizuhara
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research and Development Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan
| | - Eiji Warabi
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, 305-8575, Ibraki, Japan
| | - Junko Watanabe
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research and Development Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan
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