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Yolin Angel PASR, Jeyakumar P, Jasmin Suriya AR, Sheena A, Karuppiah P, Periyasami G, Stalin A, Murugan K. Topical antifungal keratitis therapeutic potential of Clitoria ternatea Linn. flower extract: phytochemical profiling, in silico modelling, and in vitro biological activity assessment. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1343988. [PMID: 38328419 PMCID: PMC10849212 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1343988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fungal keratitis (FK) poses a severe threat to vision, potentially leading to blindness if not promptly addressed. Clitoria ternatea flower extracts have a history of use in Ayurvedic and Indian traditional medicines, particularly for treating eye ailments. This study investigates the antifungal and antibiofilm effects of Clitoria ternatea flower extracts on the FK clinical isolate Coniochaeta hoffmannii. Structural details and key compound identification were analysed through FTIR and GC-MS. Methods The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of Clitoria ternatea flower extracts were determined using broth dilution and well plate techniques. Biofilm inhibitory activity was assessed through microscopic evaluation, while anti-irritant and cytotoxic properties were evaluated using CAE-EI and MTT assays. Through GC-MS and FT-IR analysis the compounds dissolved in the extract and their functional group were studied, and their toxicity screening and pharmacokinetic prediction were conducted in silico. Subsequently, compounds with high corneal permeability were further identified, and molecular docking and simulation studies at 150 ns were used to investigate their interactions with fungal virulence factors and human inflammatory proteins. Results and Discussion At a concentration of 250 µg/mL, the Clitoria ternatea flower extract displayed effective biofilm inhibition. MIC and MFC values were determined as 500 and 1000 µg/mL, respectively. CAE-EI and MTT assays indicated no significant irritant and cytotoxic effects up to a concentration of 3 mg/mL. Compounds like 9,9-dimethoxybicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,4-dione showed high corneal permeability with strong and stable interactions with fungal virulence cellobiose dehydrogenase, endo β 1,4 xylanase, and glucanase, as well as corneal inflammation-associated human TNF-α and Interleukin IL-1b protein targets. The findings indicate that extracts from C. ternatea flowers could be formulated for an effective and safe alternative for developing new topical FK therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Palanisamy Jeyakumar
- Biofilm and Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arul Raj Jasmin Suriya
- Biofilm and Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aliyas Sheena
- Biofilm and Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ponmurugan Karuppiah
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Antony Stalin
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Kasi Murugan
- Biofilm and Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Rajkumar M, Navaneethakrishnan S, Muthukumar S, Thangaraj R, Sivanandam M, Vimala K, Kannan S. Gelatin/polyethylene glycol-loaded magnesium hydroxide nanocomposite to attenuate acetylcholinesterase, neurotoxicity, and activation of GPR55 protein in rat models of Alzheimer's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 133:102337. [PMID: 37708946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease marked by mitochondrial dysfunction, amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation, and neuronal cell loss. G-protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) has been used as a promising target for insulin receptors in diabetes therapy, but GPR55's role in AD is still unidentified. Gelatin (GE) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymeric hydrogels are commonly used in the drug delivery system. Therefore, the aim of the present study was the preparation of magnesium hydroxide nanocomposite using Clitoria ternatea (CT) flower extract, GE, and PEG (GE/PEG/Mg(OH)2NCs) by the green precipitation method. The synthesized GE/PEG/Mg(OH)2NCs were used to determine the effect of GPR55 activation of intracerebroventricular administration on streptozotocin (ICV-STC)-induced cholinergic dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and cognitive deficits. The GE/PEG/Mg(OH)2NCs were administered following bilateral ICV-STC administration (3 mg/kg) in experimental rats. Neurobehavioral assessments were performed using a Morris water maze (MWM) and a passive avoidance test (PA). Cholinergic and antioxidant activity, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial complex activity were estimated in the cortex and hippocampus through biochemical analysis. Inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) were determined using the ELISA method. Our study results demonstrated that the GE/PEG/Mg(OH)2NCs treatment significantly improved spatial and non-spatial memory functions in behavioral studies. Moreover, the treatment with GE/PEG/Mg(OH)2NCs group significantly attenuated cholinergic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers, and also highly improved anti-oxidant activity (GSH, SOD, CAT, and GPx) in the cortex and hippocampus regions. The western blot results suggest the activation of the GPR55 protein expression through GE/PEG/Mg(OH)2NCs. The histopathological studies showed clear cytoplasm and healthy neurons, effectively promoting neuronal activity. Furthermore, the molecular docking results demonstrated the binding affinity and potential interactions of the compounds with the AChE enzyme. In conclusion, the GE/PEG/Mg(OH)2NCs treated groups showed reduced neurotoxicity and have the potential as a therapeutic agent to effectively target AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Rajkumar
- Cancer Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundarraj Navaneethakrishnan
- Cancer Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundarapandian Muthukumar
- Cancer Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Magudeeswaran Sivanandam
- Department of Physics, Center for Research and Development, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, 641 407, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karuppaiya Vimala
- Cancer Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Soundarapandian Kannan
- Cancer Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Lis K, Bartuzi Z. Plant Food Dyes with Antioxidant Properties and Allergies-Friend or Enemy? Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1357. [PMID: 37507897 PMCID: PMC10376437 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Color is an important food attribute which increases its attractiveness, thus influencing consumer preferences and acceptance of food products. The characteristic color of fresh, raw food is due to natural dyes present in natural food sources. Food loses its natural color during processing or storage. Loss of natural color (e.g., graying) often reduces the appeal of a product to consumers. To increase the aesthetic value of food, natural or synthetic dyes are added to it. Interestingly, the use of food coloring to enhance food attractiveness and appetizing appearance has been practiced since antiquity. Food coloring can also cause certain health effects, both negative and positive. Dyes added to food, both natural and synthetic, are primarily chemical substances that may not be neutral to the body. Some of these substances have strong antioxidant properties. Thanks to this activity, they can also perform important pro-health functions, including antiallergic ones. On the other hand, as foreign substances, they can also cause various adverse food reactions, including allergic reactions of varying severity and anaphylactic shock. This article discusses food dyes of plant origins with antioxidant properties (anthocyanins, betanins, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and curcumin) and their relationship with allergy, both as sensitizing agents and immunomodulatory agents with potential antiallergic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Lis
- Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Ujejskiego 75, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Bartuzi
- Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Ujejskiego 75, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Wang Y, Liu T, Xie Y, Li N, Liu Y, Wen J, Zhang M, Feng W, Huang J, Guo Y, Kabbas Junior T, Wang D, Granato D. Clitoria ternatea blue petal extract protects against obesity, oxidative stress, and inflammation induced by a high-fat, high-fructose diet in C57BL/6 mice. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Antiproliferative Effect of Clitoria ternatea Ethanolic Extract against Colorectal, Breast, and Medullary Thyroid Cancer Cell Lines. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9110331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clitoria ternatea is a native plant with medicinal and nutritive significance in Asia. The goal of this work was to examine the antiproliferative role of Clitoria ternatea against colorectal (HCT116), breast (MCF-7), and thyroid (TT) cancer cell lines at cellular and molecular levels. A phytochemical analysis, the cytotoxic effect, an apoptotic induction cell cycle analysis, and the expression level of GAX, DIABLO, and NAIP1 genes were assessed. The plant extract exhibited a clear cytotoxic action against the utilized cancer cell lines via a low IC50, foremost by means of cell cycle arrest at the pre-G0, G1, and S phases associated with an apoptotic induction. An apparent raise in the mRNA levels of GAX and DIABLO and a concomitant decrease in the NAIP1 mRNA level were observed in the used cancer cells treated with the IC50 of the plant extract. This study concluded that an ethanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea induced apoptotic cell death, suggesting that it could possibly be utilized as a new source of an apoptosis-inducing anticancer agent for colon, breast, and medullary thyroid cancer cell line treatments with further detailed studies.
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Singh R, Yu CC, Chen GW, Chen CH, Sinaki NY, Lin J, Koksel F. Butterfly Pea Flower as a Novel Ingredient to Produce Antioxidant-Enriched Yellow Pea-Based Breakfast Cereals. Foods 2022; 11:3447. [PMID: 36360061 PMCID: PMC9657694 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Butterfly pea flower (BP) is a rich source of bioactive components and can potentially be utilized to produce appealing, wholesome foods. Antioxidant and dietary fiber-enriched breakfast cereals were produced by extrusion cooking using blends of BP and yellow pea flour (YP). BP was added to YP at 0%, 5% and 10% levels (w/w), respectively, and extruded at two temperature profiles with die temperatures of 130 and 150 °C. Incorporation of BP significantly (p < 0.05) improved the total phenolics content, antioxidant properties, and insoluble and total dietary fiber content of the extrudates, with 10% BP extrudates showing the highest values. At a die temperature of 150 °C, the extrudates had a higher expansion ratio, a lower dry hardness, and a higher dry crispiness as compared to those at 130 °C. The color of BP-incorporated extrudates was darker and bluer as compared to the no-BP extrudates. The 10% BP extrudates retained relatively more of their hardness, crispiness, and crunchiness after soaking, indicating a better bowl-life and, therefore, better suitability of this blend formula for breakfast cereal production. Overall, this research shows that healthier breakfast cereals with appealing color and relatively longer bowl-life can be produced using BP, making BP a potential novel ingredient for extrusion formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Singh
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County 912301, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Wei Chen
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County 912301, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsueh Chen
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County 912301, Taiwan
| | - Nasibeh Y. Sinaki
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jenshinn Lin
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County 912301, Taiwan
| | - Filiz Koksel
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Ali M, Salma U, Khan IA, Ahmad T, Bashir K, Khan T, Mahnashi MH, Alhasaniah AH, Al Awadh AA, Almazni IA, Alshahrani MM, Shah AJ. Evaluation of the Antiasthmatic Activity of Carissa opaca in Animal Models. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7011789. [PMID: 38533238 PMCID: PMC10965278 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7011789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Carissa opaca Stapf ex Haines (C. opaca) fruit is used traditionally in the treatment of respiratory illnesses including asthma. However, there is no scientific evidence supporting its antiasthmatic activity. The current study was conducted to evaluate its antiasthmatic effects using in vivo and in vitro approaches. The methanolic crude extract of C. opaca fruit (Co.Cr.) was used and in vivo antiasthmatic activity was carried out using ovalbumin- (OVA-) sensitized and OVA-challenged BALB/c mice. In in vitro bronchorelaxant activity of crude extract, aqueous and n-hexane fractions of C. opaca were carried out on isolated rat tracheal strips. Co.Cr. (200 and 400 mg/kg) attenuated ovalbumin-induced changes in lung histochemistry with % decrease in peribronchial inflammation of 14.1 ± 0.21 and 65.8 ± 0.22 and % decrease in total inflammatory cell count of 35.7 ± 2.80 and 53.3 ± 2.30 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Co.Cr., aqueous, and n-hexane fraction of C. opaca attenuated the precontractions induced by high K+ (80 mM) and carbachol (1 μM), respectively. In conclusion, the results showed that C. opaca possesses antiasthmatic activity via relaxant effect on bronchial smooth muscle which is mediated through calcium channel blockade and antimuscarinic activity. This study provides scientific evidence of the traditional use of C. opaca in the management of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muddassar Ali
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060 KPK, Pakistan
| | - Umme Salma
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060 KPK, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Amir Khan
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060 KPK, Pakistan
| | - Taseer Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, University Road, Sargodha, Punjab 40100, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Bashir
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060 KPK, Pakistan
| | - Taous Khan
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060 KPK, Pakistan
| | - Mater H. Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz H. Alhasaniah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 1988, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Al Awadh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 1988, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A. Almazni
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 1988, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 1988, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Jabbar Shah
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060 KPK, Pakistan
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Chen HW, Chang YW, Fang WP. A New Approach for the Microencapsulation of Clitoria Ternatea Petal Extracts by a High-Pressure Processing Method. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:pharmaceutics13010023. [PMID: 33374428 PMCID: PMC7824060 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic organic solvent residues and the active substances of thermal degradation (such as anthocyanin and polyphenols) are always a concern with the liposomes produced by traditional techniques. The present study focuses on a new approach for the microencapsulation of Clitoria ternatea petal (CTP) extracts, which contain anthocyanins, by high-pressure processing (HPP) at room temperature. Thus, a series of CTP liposomes were prepared and their physicochemical properties were analyzed by laser granulometry and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that the average particle size of the liposomes after HPP treatment increased gradually from 300 MPa to 600 MPa, possibly due to the aggregation of liposomes and damage to the phospholipid bilayers. For the preparation of liposomes by the HPP method at 300 MPa, the mean particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and encapsulation efficiency were 240.7 nm, 0.37, and 77.8%, respectively. The HPP method provided a number of advantages over conventional methods (magnet stirring and ultrasonication) as it could allow liposome preparation with higher encapsulation efficiency, smaller size, and narrower, more reproducible particle size distribution. Conclusively, microencapsulation in the liposomes was successfully achieved with the fast-adiabatic expansion of HPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wei Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-9317498; Fax: +886-3-9357025
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Chen HW, Chang YW. Encapsulation of
Clitoria ternatea
extract in liposomes by synergistic combination of probe‐type ultrasonication and high‐pressure processing. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wei Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering National Ilan University Yilan Taiwan
| | - Yu Wei Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering National Ilan University Yilan Taiwan
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Extraction methods of butterfly pea ( Clitoria ternatea) flower and biological activities of its phytochemicals. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2020; 58:2054-2067. [PMID: 33967304 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04745-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clitoria ternatea or commonly known as 'Butterfly pea' has been used traditionally in Ayurvedic medicine in which various parts of the plants are used to treat health issues such as indigestion, constipation, arthritis, skin diseases, liver and intestinal problems. The flowers of C. ternatea are used worldwide as ornamental flowers and traditionally used as a food colorant. This paper reviews the recent advances in the extraction and biological activities of phytochemicals from C. ternatea flowers. The application of maceration or ultrasound assisted extraction greatly increased the yield (16-247% of increase) of phytochemicals from C. ternatea flowers. Various phytochemicals such as kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin glycosides as well as anthocyanins have been isolated from C. ternatea flowers. Clitoria ternatea flower extracts were found to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antidiabetic activities which are beneficial to human health. Clitoria ternatea flower is a promising candidate for functional food applications owing to its wide range of pharmacotherapeutic properties as well as its safety and effectiveness.
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Oguis GK, Gilding EK, Jackson MA, Craik DJ. Butterfly Pea ( Clitoria ternatea), a Cyclotide-Bearing Plant With Applications in Agriculture and Medicine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:645. [PMID: 31191573 PMCID: PMC6546959 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The perennial leguminous herb Clitoria ternatea (butterfly pea) has attracted significant interest based on its agricultural and medical applications, which range from use as a fodder and nitrogen fixing crop, to applications in food coloring and cosmetics, traditional medicine and as a source of an eco-friendly insecticide. In this article we provide a broad multidisciplinary review that includes descriptions of the physical appearance, distribution, taxonomy, habitat, growth and propagation, phytochemical composition and applications of this plant. Notable amongst its repertoire of chemical components are anthocyanins which give C. ternatea flowers their characteristic blue color, and cyclotides, ultra-stable macrocyclic peptides that are present in all tissues of this plant. The latter are potent insecticidal molecules and are implicated as the bioactive agents in a plant extract used commercially as an insecticide. We include a description of the genetic origin of these peptides, which interestingly involve the co-option of an ancestral albumin gene to produce the cyclotide precursor protein. The biosynthesis step in which the cyclic peptide backbone is formed involves an asparaginyl endopeptidase, of which in C. ternatea is known as butelase-1. This enzyme is highly efficient in peptide ligation and has been the focus of many recent studies on peptide ligation and cyclization for biotechnological applications. The article concludes with some suggestions for future studies on this plant, including the need to explore possible synergies between the various peptidic and non-peptidic phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Mehmood A, Ishaq M, Zhao L, Yaqoob S, Safdar B, Nadeem M, Munir M, Wang C. Impact of ultrasound and conventional extraction techniques on bioactive compounds and biological activities of blue butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.). ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 51:12-19. [PMID: 30514481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the influence of ultrasound on bioactive compounds and biological activities of blue butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.). For this purpose, optimized conditions (temperature 50 °C, time 150 min, solid to liquid ratio 1 g:15 ml, 70% amplitude and 240 W, 20 kHz frequency, 3 s on and 3 s off) of ultrasound (US) and conventional extraction (AGE: Agitation, water bath for 150 min, 50 °C at 150 rmp) were used. The results showed significant (p < 0.05) effect of US and AGE on total phenolics (TPCs), flavonoids (TFCs) and antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, reducing activity, Cu2+ and H2O2) of butterfly pea flower extract (BPFE). The results showed an increased trend in yield, TPCs, TFCs and antioxidant activities of US treated BPFE with comparison to AGE. However, insignificant (p > 0.05) effect of US and AGE over TFlaCs and PACs were observed. Moreover, the results of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed little changes in spectrum and US does not affect the functional group of bioactive compounds structure. Additionally, extracts (500-2000 µg/ml) protect pBR322 plasmid DNA damage induced by (1 mM H2O2 and 1 mM FeSO4), plasma oxidation (induced by 250 µM CuCl2) and inhibit erythrocyte hemolysis (induced by 200 mM AAPH, 34.6 to 66.73%). Sonication can be applied successfully for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials with high biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Mehmood
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Muhammad Ishaq
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Sanabil Yaqoob
- College of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Bushra Safdar
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Masooma Munir
- Food Science Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Chemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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