1
|
Xue H, Zeng L, He H, Xu D. Efficacy of acupuncture combined with traditional Chinese herbal for primary epilepsy patients with cognitive impairment: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297410. [PMID: 38950015 PMCID: PMC11216577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a common and serious chronic neurological disorder, and some patients suffer from cognitive dysfunction. We aim to assess the efficacy and safety of acupuncture combined with traditional Chinese herbal for primary epilepsy patients with cognitive impairment. METHODS To search the randomized control trials (RCTs) published before April 20, 2023 from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Web of science, and Wanfang Database. The risk of bias within each individual trial was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration tool. RevMan5.3 software was used for statistical analysis. The odds ratio (OR) or weighted mean difference (WMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for each RCT before data pooling. RESULTS The primary outcomes involve changes in cognitive function and behavioral disturbances. The secondary outcomes focused on quality of life and adverse effects. CONCLUSION The results of this review are expected to provide new guidelines for the treatment of primary epilepsy patients with cognitive impairment. TRIAL REGISTRATION This systematic review protocol was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (Registration number: CRD42023415355).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xue
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Taikang Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongxian He
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Taikang Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongxun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Taikang Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang N, An B, Zhao L, Zhao D, Lv B, Liu S. Investigation of the mechanism of nephrotoxicity of nux-vomica by PTGS2/CYP2C9-mediated arachidonic acid pathway and Jian Pi Tong Luo compound's protective effect. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5859. [PMID: 38618996 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The clinical effectiveness of nux-vomica in treating rheumatism and arthralgia is noteworthy; however, its nephrotoxicity has sparked global concerns. Hence, there is value in conducting studies on detoxification methods based on traditional Chinese medicine compatibility theory. Blood biochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and pathological sections were used to evaluate both the nephrotoxicity of nux-vomica and the efficacy of the Jian Pi Tong Luo (JPTL) compound in mitigating this toxicity. Kidney metabolomics, using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-MS (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS), was applied to elucidate the alterations in small-molecule metabolites in vivo. In addition, network pharmacology analysis was used to verify the mechanism and pathways underlying the nephrotoxicity associated with nux-vomica. Finally, essential targets were validated through molecular docking and western blotting. The findings indicated significant nephrotoxicity associated with nux-vomica, while the JPTL compound demonstrated the ability to alleviate this toxicity. The mechanism potentially involves nux-vomica activating the "PTGS2/CYP2C9-phosphatidylcholine-arachidonic acid metabolic pathway." This study establishes a scientific foundation for the clinical use of nux-vomica and lays groundwork for further research and safety assessment of toxic Chinese herbal medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Drug Safety Evaluation Centre, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Baisong An
- Drug Safety Evaluation Centre, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Liangyou Zhao
- Drug Safety Evaluation Centre, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Dapeng Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Bochuan Lv
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Shumin Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rühling MR, Hartmann H, Das AM. Simplification of Dietary Treatment in Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy: Impact of C8 and C10 Fatty Acids on Sirtuins of Neuronal Cells In Vitro. Nutrients 2024; 16:1678. [PMID: 38892612 PMCID: PMC11174688 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy is the therapeutic mainstay in epilepsy; however, in about 30% of patients, epileptic seizures are drug-resistant. A ketogenic diet (KD) is an alternative therapeutic option. The mechanisms underlying the anti-seizure effect of a KD are not fully understood. Epileptic seizures lead to an increased energy demand of neurons. An improvement in energy provisions may have a protective effect. C8 and C10 fatty acids have been previously shown to activate mitochondrial function in vitro. This could involve sirtuins (SIRTs) as regulatory elements of energy metabolism. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether ß-hydroxybutyrate (ßHB), C8 fatty acids, C10 fatty acids, or a combination of C8 and C10 (250/250 µM) fatty acids, which all increase under a KD, could up-regulate SIRT1, -3, -4, and -5 in HT22 hippocampal murine neurons in vitro. Cells were incubated for 1 week in the presence of these metabolites. The sirtuins were measured at the enzyme (fluorometrically), protein (Western blot), and gene expression (PCR) levels. In hippocampal cells, the C8, C10, and C8 and C10 incubations led to increases in the sirtuin levels, which were not inferior to a ßHB incubation as the 'gold standard'. This may indicate that both C8 and C10 fatty acids are important for the antiepileptic effect of a KD. A KD may be replaced by nutritional supplements of C8 and C10 fatty acids, which could facilitate the diet.
Collapse
|
4
|
Rajput A, Sharma P, Kumar N, Singh H, Singh T, Singh S, Singh Bedi PM, Singh B, Arora S, Kaur S. Anticonvulsant potential of Grewia tiliaefolia in pentylenetetrazole induced epilepsy: insights from in vivo and in silico studies. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:2355-2367. [PMID: 37436587 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition, impacts millions of individuals globally and remains a significant contributor to both illness and mortality. Available antiepileptic drugs have serious side effects which warrants to explore different medicinal plants used for the management of epilepsy reported in Traditional Indian Medicinal System (TIMS). Therefore, we explored the antiepileptic potential of the Grewia tiliaefolia (Tiliaeceae) which is known for its neuroprotective properties. Aerial parts of G. tiliaefolia were subjected to extraction with increasing order of polarity viz. hexane, chloroform and methanol. Antioxidant potential of hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts of G. tiliaefolia was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay, reducing power assay (RPA) and DNA nicking assay. Additionally, quantitative antioxidant assays were also conducted to quantify total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). As revealed by in vitro assays, methanol extract was found to contain more phenolic content. Hence, the methanol extract was further explored for its anticonvulsant potential in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced acute seizures in mice. The methanol extract (400 mg/kg) significantly increased the latency to occurrence of myoclonic jerks and generalized tonic clonic seizures (GTCS). Additionally, it also reduced duration and seizure severity score associated with GTCS. The Grewia tiliaefolia methanol extract was further screened by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) for presence of polyphenolic compounds, among which gallic acid and kaempferol were present in higher amount and were further analysed by in silico study to predict their possible binding sites and type of interactions these compounds show with gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) receptor and glutamate α amino-3- hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (Glu-AMPA) receptor. It was revealed that gallic acid and kaempferol had shown agonistic interaction for GABA receptor and antagonistic interaction for Glu-AMPA receptor. We concluded that G. tiliaefolia showed anticonvulsant potential possibly because of gallic acid and kaempferol possibly mediated through GABA and Glu-AMPA receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Rajput
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Palvi Sharma
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Nitish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Hasandeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Tanveer Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Sharabjit Singh
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | | | - Balbir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Saroj Arora
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
| | - Sarabjit Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ghosh S, Sinha JK, Ghosh S, Sharma H, Bhaskar R, Narayanan KB. A Comprehensive Review of Emerging Trends and Innovative Therapies in Epilepsy Management. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1305. [PMID: 37759906 PMCID: PMC10527076 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder affecting millions worldwide, with a substantial number of patients facing drug-resistant epilepsy. This comprehensive review explores innovative therapies for epilepsy management, focusing on their principles, clinical evidence, and potential applications. Traditional antiseizure medications (ASMs) form the cornerstone of epilepsy treatment, but their limitations necessitate alternative approaches. The review delves into cutting-edge therapies such as responsive neurostimulation (RNS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), and deep brain stimulation (DBS), highlighting their mechanisms of action and promising clinical outcomes. Additionally, the potential of gene therapies and optogenetics in epilepsy research is discussed, revealing groundbreaking findings that shed light on seizure mechanisms. Insights into cannabidiol (CBD) and the ketogenic diet as adjunctive therapies further broaden the spectrum of epilepsy management. Challenges in achieving seizure control with traditional therapies, including treatment resistance and individual variability, are addressed. The importance of staying updated with emerging trends in epilepsy management is emphasized, along with the hope for improved therapeutic options. Future research directions, such as combining therapies, AI applications, and non-invasive optogenetics, hold promise for personalized and effective epilepsy treatment. As the field advances, collaboration among researchers of natural and synthetic biochemistry, clinicians from different streams and various forms of medicine, and patients will drive progress toward better seizure control and a higher quality of life for individuals living with epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shampa Ghosh
- GloNeuro, Sector 107, Vishwakarma Road, Noida 201301, India
- ICMR—National Institute of Nutrition, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | | | - Soumya Ghosh
- GloNeuro, Sector 107, Vishwakarma Road, Noida 201301, India
| | | | - Rakesh Bhaskar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Kannan Badri Narayanan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alves SS, de Oliveira JAC, Lazarini-Lopes W, Servilha-Menezes G, Grigório-de-Sant'Ana M, Del Vecchio F, Mazzei RF, Sousa Almeida S, da Silva Junior RMP, Garcia-Cairasco N. Audiogenic Seizures in the Streptozotocin-Induced Rat Alzheimer's Disease Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD230153. [PMID: 37393501 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative and progressive disorder with no cure and constant failures in clinical trials. The main AD hallmarks are amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neurodegeneration. However, many other events have been implicated in AD pathogenesis. Epilepsy is a common comorbidity of AD and there is important evidence indicating a bidirectional link between these two disorders. Some studies suggest that disturbed insulin signaling might play an important role in this connection. OBJECTIVE To understand the effects of neuronal insulin resistance in the AD-epilepsy link. METHODS We submitted the streptozotocin (STZ) induced rat AD Model (icv-STZ AD) to an acute acoustic stimulus (AS), a known trigger of seizures. We also assessed animals' performance in the memory test, the Morris water maze and the neuronal activity (c-Fos protein) induced by a single audiogenic seizure in regions that express high levels of insulin receptors. RESULTS We identified significant memory impairment and seizures in 71.43% of all icv-STZ/AS rats, in contrast to 22.22% of the vehicle group. After seizures, icv-STZ/AS rats presented higher number of c-Fos immunopositive cells in hippocampal, cortical, and hypothalamic regions. CONCLUSION STZ may facilitate seizure generation and propagation by impairment of neuronal function, especially in regions that express high levels of insulin receptors. The data presented here indicate that the icv-STZ AD model might have implications not only for AD, but also for epilepsy. Finally, impaired insulin signaling might be one of the mechanisms by which AD presents a bidirectional connection to epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suélen Santos Alves
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Willian Lazarini-Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Servilha-Menezes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Flavio Del Vecchio
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Focosi Mazzei
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Sousa Almeida
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nazarinia D, Karimpour S, Hashemi P, Dolatshahi M. Neuroprotective effects of Royal Jelly (RJ) against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in rats by targeting inflammation and oxidative stress. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 129:102255. [PMID: 36878412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition in which inflammation and oxidative stress play a key role in the pathogenesis. Recently, several studies have suggested that Royal Jelly (RJ) has antioxidant effects. Nevertheless, there is no evidence of its effectiveness against epilepsy. Here, we evaluated its neuroprotective effects at different doses (100 and 200 mg/kg) against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures. Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, PTZ, RJ100 + PTZ, RJ200 + PTZ and RJ100. In order to establish epilepsy model, 45 mg/kg of PTZ was injected intraperitoneally for 10 consecutive days. Seizure parameters were graded based on Racine's 7-point classification. Elevated-plus maze, Y maze and shuttle box tests were carried out to assess anxiety-like behavior, short-term memory, and passive avoidance memory, respectively. We used ELISA technique to measure the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress factors. Also, neuronal loss in the hippocampal CA3 region was determined using Nissl staining. Our findings showed that PTZ-treated rats had more seizure intensity, anxiety-like behavior, memory dysfunction, higher levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and oxidative markers. RJ could allay seizure severity and duration. It also improved memory function as well as anxiety level. In terms of biochemical assessment, RJ gave rise to a significant decrease in the level of IL-1β, TNF-α and MDA and it restored the activities of GPX and SOD enzymes. Hence, our study shows that RJ contains anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects which contribute to less neuronal damage in the PTZ-induced epilepsy model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donya Nazarinia
- Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran.
| | - Sepideh Karimpour
- Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Paria Hashemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Dolatshahi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pfeifer MT, Kostev K, Doege C. Sex-related associations between body mass index and the incidence of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 136:108926. [PMID: 36252290 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the association between both overweight and underweight and epilepsy in adult individuals using a large German database. METHODS This retrospective cohort study was based on data from the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA) and included patients with documented body mass index (BMI) values followed up in one of 832 general practices in Germany between January 2006 and December 2019. The association between BMI categories and the 10-year incidence of epilepsy was studied separately for women and men using Cox regression models adjusted for age and comorbidities. RESULTS This study included 822,071 patients. The proportions of underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity were 1.6%, 33.4%, 36.7%, and 28.3% respectively. Underweight was significantly and positively associated with the incidence of epilepsy (HR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.31-2.11) compared to normal weight. This association was much stronger in men (HR = 2.57, 95% CI = 1.71-3.88) than in women (HR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.10-1.98). However, underweight was significantly associated with an increased risk of generalized epilepsy only (HR: 4.38; 95% CI: 1.34-14.35), but no significant associations between weight and the incidence of focal epilepsy was observed. CONCLUSION In conclusion, a significant and positive association between underweight and generalized and unclassified epilepsy was observed, which was stronger in men than in women. Further studies are needed to confirm these results and find the reasons for this association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Corinna Doege
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Center of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Central Hospital, Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huang Y, Wang H, Yang C, Luo Y, Ding Y, Jin H, Wen S. Evaluation of changes in the cognitive function of adult cynomolgus monkeys under stress induced by audio-visual stimulation by applying modified finger maze test. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:959174. [PMID: 36389243 PMCID: PMC9660267 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.959174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress in life is ubiquitous and unavoidable. Prolonged exposure to severe stress can lead to physical intolerance and impair cognitive function. Non-human primates are considered to be the best animal model for studying cognitive function, especially memory and attention. The finger maze test, with the advantages of short training time and lower cost, is recommended to evaluate learning and memory in non-human primates. In this study, we modified the finger maze test method to evaluate the cognitive function of single-housed cynomolgus monkeys. The flexibility and attention of cynomolgus monkeys were assessed by performing the complex task test and the stranger intrusion interference test, respectively, which increased the difficulty of obtaining rewards, and the ability of long-term memory was also evaluated by the memory test. Furthermore, the changes in cognitive function of the cynomolgus monkeys were tested by using the finger maze test after audio-visual stimulation, and the changes in the cortisol levels during stimulation were also analyzed. We found that, after completing the learning test, there was no significant decrease in their success rate when monkeys processed multitasks at the same time. In the stranger intrusion interference test, all subjects were distracted, but the accuracy did not decrease. The monkeys completed the memory tests in the 1st and 2nd months after the learning tests, with a high success rate. However, the success rate decreased significantly at the end of the 4th month. During audio-visual stimulation, the plasma cortisol level significantly increased in the first 2 months and was maintained at a high level thereafter. One month after audio-visual stimulation, the accuracy of the memory test was significantly reduced, and the total time of distraction was significantly prolonged. In conclusion, chronic audio-visual stimulation can increase blood cortisol levels and impair cognitive function. The modified finger maze test can evaluate many aspects of cognitive function and assess the changes in the cognitive function of adult cynomolgus monkeys under stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Psychology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Psychology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Psychology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yuchong Luo
- Department of Psychology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yongyan Ding
- Hong Kong and Macao Central Nervous Regeneration Research Institute, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongjun Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Shenglin Wen
- Department of Psychology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kandeda AK, Menvouta S, Mabou ST, Kouamouo J, Dimo T. Aqueous extract of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. (Fabaceae) exerts antiepileptogenic, anti-amnesic, and anxiolytic-like effects in mice via mechanisms involving antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:995881. [PMID: 36353486 PMCID: PMC9638135 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.995881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. (Fabaceae) is a widely distributed tree, used in traditional medicine to treat amebiasis, hookworm infection, ascariasis, asthma, sterility, dental pain, headaches, cardiac disorders, and epilepsy. To date, no study on the effect of an aqueous extract of P. biglobosa on epileptogenesis and associated neuropsychiatric disorders has been undertaken. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate antiepileptogenic-, antiamnesic-, and anxiolytic-like effects of an aqueous extract of P. biglobosa using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling in mice. Animals were divided into six groups of eight mice each. Thus, a PTZ group received distilled water (10 ml/kg, per os), a positive control group received sodium valproate (300 mg/kg, p.o.), and three test groups received the aqueous extract of P. biglobosa (80, 160, and 320 mg/kg, p.o.).In addition, a control group of eight mice receiving distilled water (10 ml/kg, p.o.) was formed. The treatments were administered to mice, 60 min before administration of PTZ (20 mg/kg, i.p.). These co-administrations were performed once daily, for 22 days. The number and duration of seizures (stages 1, 2, 3, and 4 of seizures) exhibited by each mouse were assessed for 30 min during the treatment period. Twenty-four hours following the last administration of the treatments and PTZ, novel object recognition and T-maze tests were performed to assess working memory impairment in mice, while the open field test was performed to assess anxiety-like behavior. After these tests, the animals were sacrificed, and the hippocampi were collected for biochemical and histological analysis. During the period of PTZ-kindling, the extract at all doses completely (p < 0.001) protected all mice against stages 3 and 4 of seizures when compared to sodium valproate, a standard antiepileptic drug. The extract also significantly (p < 0.001) attenuated working memory impairment and anxiety-like behavior. In post-mortem brain analyses, the extract significantly (p < 0.001) increased γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level and reduced oxidative stress and inflammation. Histological analysis showed that the aqueous extract attenuated neuronal degeneration/necrosis in the hippocampus. These results suggest that the extract is endowed with antiepileptogenic-, anti-amnesic-, and anxiolytic-like effects. These effects seem to be mediated in part by GABAergic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. These results suggest the merit of further studies to isolate the bioactive molecules responsible for these potentially therapeutically relevant effects of the extract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Kavaye Kandeda
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- *Correspondence: Antoine Kavaye Kandeda,
| | - Soline Menvouta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Mountains, Bangangté, Cameroon
| | | | - Jonas Kouamouo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Mountains, Bangangté, Cameroon
| | - Théophile Dimo
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zeng Z, Chen C, SiTu Y, Shen Z, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Tang C, Jiang T. Anoectochilus roxburghii flavonoids extract ameliorated the memory decline and reduced neuron apoptosis via modulating SIRT1 signaling pathway in senescent mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 296:115361. [PMID: 35609756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Anoectochilus roxburghii (A. roxburghii) is a precious herb and folk medicine in many Asian countries. It has been used traditionally to treat diabetes, etc., and also used as a dietary therapy to delay senescence. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of A. roxburghii flavonoids extract (ARF) and whether its effects were due to the regulation of SIRT1 signaling pathway in senescent mice and in D-galactose (D-gal) induced aging in SH-SY5Y cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS 18-month-old mice were randomly divided into senescent model, low-dose ARF, high-dose ARF and vitamin E group. 2-Month-old mice were as a control group. After 8 weeks treatment, Morris water maze (MWM) was performed. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), monoamine oxidase (MAO) and acetylcholinesterase (ACh-E) in the cortex were determined. Hippocampus morphologic changes were observed with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Nissl, senescence-associated-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Apoptosis-related molecular expressions in the hippocampus were performed by western blotting. Furthermore, after stimulated by EX527 (a SIRT1 inhibitor), the SIRT1-dependent neuroprotective effects of ARF were determined by measuring SRIT1 and p53 expression in SH-SY5Y aging cells induced by D-gal. RESULTS ARF could significantly ameliorate memory decline in senescent mice and reduce the generations of ROS, MDA and the activities of MAO and ACh-E, while increasing SOD activities in the cortex of aging mice. ARF obviously improved hippocampus pathological alterations, increased the number of Nissl bodies, while reducing senescent and apoptotic cells in senescent mice hippocampus. Further, ARF positively regulated SIRT1 expression, and reduced apoptosis-related molecules p53, p21 and Caspase-3 expression, while increasing the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. In D-gal-induced SH-SY5Y cells, the effects of ARF on SIRT1 and p53, and the ability of scavenging ROS were mostly abolished after incubation with the EX527. CONCLUSIONS ARF, in a SIRT1-dependent manner, exerted neuroprotection via modulating SIRT1/p53 signaling pathway against memory decline and apoptosis due to age-induced oxidative stress damage in senescent mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Cong Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Ying SiTu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Zhibin Shen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yanfen Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Zhisi Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Chunping Tang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Tao Jiang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Construction and Application of New Drug Screening Model Systems, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang X, Yang C, Yang L, Zhang Y. Modulating the gut microbiota ameliorates spontaneous seizures and cognitive deficits in rats with kainic acid-induced status epilepticus by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress. Front Nutr 2022; 9:985841. [PMID: 36105577 PMCID: PMC9465080 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.985841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epilepsy is a highly prevalent neurological disease whose treatment has always been challenging. Hence, it is crucial to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying epilepsy inhibition. Inflammation and oxidative stress are important pathophysiological changes in epilepsy that contribute to the development of spontaneous seizures and cognitive deficits. In recent years, altered gut microbiota composition was found to be involved in epilepsy, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Modulation of the gut microbiota showed a positive impact on the brain by regulating oxidative stress and inflammation. Hence, this study evaluated the effect of modulating gut dysbiosis by treating epileptic rats with prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics and investigated the underlying molecular mechanism. Materials and methods Epileptic rat models were established by injecting 1 μl of kainic acid (KA, 0.4 μg/μl) into the right amygdalae. The rats were divided into Sham, KA, KA+prebiotic [inulin:1 g/kg body weight (bw)/day], KA+probiotics (10 × 109cfu of each bacteria/kg, bw/day), and KA+synbiotic groups (1:1 mixture of prebiotics and probiotics). Seizures were monitored, and cognitive function was assessed in all rats. Biochemical indicators, namely, oxidative stress, DNA damage, glutamate levels, and inflammation markers, were also determined. Results The KA-induced status epilepticus (SE) rats exhibited spontaneous seizures and cognitive deficits. This was accompanied by the activation of glial cells, the inflammatory response (IL-1 β, IL-6, and TNF-α), lipid peroxidation (MDA), DNA damage (8-OHdG), the release of glutamate, and a decline in total antioxidant ability (GSH). These changes were alleviated by partial treatment with prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics. Conclusion Modulating gut dysbiosis ameliorates spontaneous seizures and cognitive deficits in rats with KA-induced status epilepticus. The underlying mechanism may potentially involve the inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Dehui People's Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongbo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongbo Zhang
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sahin H, Yucel O, Emik S, Senturk GE. Protective Effects of Intranasally Administrated Oxytocin-Loaded Nanoparticles on Pentylenetetrazole-Kindling Epilepsy in Terms of Seizure Severity, Memory, Neurogenesis, and Neuronal Damage. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1923-1937. [PMID: 35713692 PMCID: PMC9264347 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling is an animal model for studying human temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), which is characterized by alterations of hippocampal neurons and memory. Although the intranasal (IN) administration of oxytocin (OT) has limited efficiency, nanoparticles (NPs) are a promising candidate to deliver OT to the brain. However, there are very limited data on epilepsy research about oxytocin-loaded nanoparticles (NP-OTs). The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of IN administration of chronic NP-OTs on the hippocampus of PTZ-induced male epileptic rats in terms of seizure severity, memory, neurogenesis, and neuronal damage. Saline/OT/NP-OTs were administrated to both control (Ctrl) and PTZ groups intranasally. Consequently, saline and PTZ were injected, respectively, 25 times every 48 h. Then, seizure severity (score and latency) was calculated for the PTZ groups. A spatial working memory evaluation test (SWMET) was performed after the last injection. Hippocampus histopathology, neurogenesis, and apoptosis were demonstrated. Serum total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) levels and the oxidative stress index (OSI) were measured. We showed that OTs and NP-OTs prevented the kindling development and had positive effects on seizure severity. SWMET-related behaviors were also recovered in the PTZ + NP-OT group. A significant increase of neurogenesis and decrease of apoptosis in the hippocampus of the PTZ + NP-OT group were observed, while OTs and NP-OTs had protective effects against PTZ-induced damage to hippocampal neurons. Our results indicate that the chronic administration of NP-OTs may have positive effects on hippocampal damage via increasing neurogenesis and decreasing apoptosis and seizure severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Sahin
- Department
of Histology and Embryology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University—Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Oguz Yucel
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University—Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34320, Turkey
| | - Serkan Emik
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University—Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34320, Turkey
| | - Gozde Erkanli Senturk
- Department
of Histology and Embryology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University—Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Neurobiological Links between Stress, Brain Injury, and Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8111022. [PMID: 35663199 PMCID: PMC9159819 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8111022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stress, which refers to a combination of physiological, neuroendocrine, behavioral, and emotional responses to novel or threatening stimuli, is essentially a defensive adaptation under physiological conditions. However, strong and long-lasting stress can lead to psychological and pathological damage. Growing evidence suggests that patients suffering from mild and moderate brain injuries and diseases often show severe neurological dysfunction and experience severe and persistent stressful events or environmental stimuli, whether in the acute, subacute, or recovery stage. Previous studies have shown that stress has a remarkable influence on key brain regions and brain diseases. The mechanisms through which stress affects the brain are diverse, including activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), apoptosis, oxidative stress, and excitatory/inhibitory neuron imbalance, and may lead to behavioral and cognitive deficits. The impact of stress on brain diseases is complex and involves impediment of recovery, aggravation of cognitive impairment, and neurodegeneration. This review summarizes various stress models and their applications and then discusses the effects and mechanisms of stress on key brain regions—including the hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex—and in brain injuries and diseases—including Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and epilepsy. Lastly, this review highlights psychological interventions and potential therapeutic targets for patients with brain injuries and diseases who experience severe and persistent stressful events.
Collapse
|
15
|
Tamer SA, Koyuncuoğlu T, Karagöz A, Akakın D, Yüksel M, Yeğen BÇ. Nesfatin-1 ameliorates oxidative brain damage and memory impairment in rats induced with a single acute epileptic seizure. Life Sci 2022; 294:120376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
16
|
Qiao Q, Qu Z, Tian S, Cao H, Zhang Y, Sun C, Jia L, Wang W. Ketogenic Diet Alleviates Hippocampal Neurodegeneration Possibly via ASIC1a and the Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptotic Pathway in a Rat Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:2181-2198. [PMID: 36187562 PMCID: PMC9521243 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s376979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ketogenic diet (KD) is a proven therapy for refractory epilepsy. Although the anti-seizure properties of this diet are understood to a certain extent, the exploration of its neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanisms is still in its infancy. Tissue acidosis is a common feature of epileptogenic foci. Interestingly, the activation of acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a), which mediates Ca2+-dependent neuronal injury during acidosis, has been found to be inhibited by ketone bodies in vitro. This prompted us to investigate whether the neuroprotective effects induced by the KD occur via ASIC1a and interconnected downstream mechanisms in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either the KD or a normal diet for four weeks after undergoing pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). The effects of KD on epileptogenesis, cognitive impairment and hippocampal neuron injury in the epileptic rats were subsequently evaluated by video electroencephalogram, Morris water maze test and Nissl staining, respectively. The expression of ASIC1a and cleaved caspase-3 in the hippocampus were determined using Western blot analysis during the chronic period following SE. Moreover, the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) and cell apoptosis of hippocampal cells were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS We found that the KD treatment strongly attenuated the spontaneous recurrent seizures, ameliorated learning and memory impairments and prevented hippocampal neuronal injury and apoptosis. The KD was also shown to inhibit the upregulation of ASIC1a and the ensuing intracellular Ca2+ overload in the hippocampus of the epileptic rats. Furthermore, the seizure-induced structure disruption of neuronal mitochondria, loss of MMP and accumulation of mROS were reversed by the KD treatment, suggesting that it has protective effects on mitochondria. Finally, the activation of caspase-3 was also inhibited by the KD. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that the KD suppresses mitochondria-mediated apoptosis possibly by regulating ASIC1a to exert neuroprotective effects. This may provide a mechanistic explanation of the therapeutic effects of KD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qiao
- The Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Qu
- The Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Tian
- The Department of Neurology, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Cao
- The Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yange Zhang
- The Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Sun
- The Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijing Jia
- The Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Wang
- The Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zepeda-Quiroz N, Luna-Reséndiz R, Soto-Sánchez J. Efficacy of Individualized Homeopathy in Treatment-Resistant Depression. Cureus 2021; 13:e18444. [PMID: 34737912 PMCID: PMC8559976 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment-resistant major depression (TRD), defined as an insufficient response to at least two antidepressant treatments, is usually treated with antidepressants, psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and vagus nerve stimulation or combinations of these. However, the response rate is modest and, on many occasions, insufficient or nonexistent. Here, we describe the case of a 19-year-old woman with a history of TRD, treated for depression since the age of five years. Her symptoms were resistant to fluoxetine, escitalopram, atomoxetine, and psychotherapy. Individualized homeopathic treatment with Staphisagria, Nux vomica, Arsenicum album, and Lachesis trigonocephalus was started. Posology was carried out in 200CH dynamizations. Treatment was prescribed for four months. This led to an immediate improvement in mood and a sustained and gradual reduction of depressive symptoms and, consequently, a reduction and then cessation of medication with antidepressants and psychotherapy. At follow-up eight months later, the patient is free of depression and medication. This case study reconfirms the usefulness of homeopathy in the treatment of depression. It also suggests that individualized homeopathic treatment may be useful in cases of treatment-resistant depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noheli Zepeda-Quiroz
- Terapéutica Homeopática, Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (ENMH), Mexico City, MEX
| | - Rodolfo Luna-Reséndiz
- Terapéutica Homeopática, Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (ENMH), Mexico City, MEX
| | - Jacqueline Soto-Sánchez
- Terapéutica Homeopática, Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (ENMH), Mexico City, MEX
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Singh T, Mishra A, Goel RK. PTZ kindling model for epileptogenesis, refractory epilepsy, and associated comorbidities: relevance and reliability. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1573-1590. [PMID: 34427842 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure is one of the gold standard mouse models for rapid evaluation of novel anticonvulsants. Synchronically, PTZ induced kindling in mice is also a simple and well accepted model of chronic epilepsy. PTZ kindling has been explored for studying epileptogenesis, epilepsy-associated comorbidities, and refractory epilepsy. This review summarizes the potential of PTZ kindling in mice and its modifications for its face, construct, and predictive validity to screen antiepileptogenic drugs, combined or add on novel and safe therapies for treatment of epilepsy-associated depression and cognitive impairment as well as effective interventions for pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Guwahati , Changsari, Kamrup , 781101 , Assam , India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Goel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Preventive Effects of Sinigrin Against the Memory Deterioration in the Pentylenetetrazole-Kindled Male Wistar Rats: Possible Modulation of NLRP3 Pathway. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 24:311-319. [PMID: 34542833 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mainly found in brussels sprouts, broccoli, and black mustard seeds, sinigrin (2-propenyl glucosinolate) has enjoyed some attention currently for its effects on health and disease prevention. The present research design is aimed at investigating the effects of sinigrin on inflammation, oxidative stress (OS) and memory. Randomly, six groups of male Wistar rats were categorized into the control and experimental groups. The experimental groups were treated with sinigrin (10 and 20 mg/kg, orally). The control positive group was given the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) treatment and the control negative one was given normal saline. All groups were kindled by the sub-threshold dose (35 mg/kg, i.p.) of PTZ for 12 times in one month. When the kindling procedure was done, the seizure behaviors and the behavioral function were evaluated. For cognitive parameters, the shuttle box test was employed. When the experiment was terminated, the rats were euthanized and their blood serum as well as brain samples were isolated for respective measuring of OS and gene expression parameters. The treatment with sinigrin significantly delayed the appearance of the seizure symptoms in comparison to that of the PTZ group. It also significantly increased the memory parameters like retention latency and the total time having been spent in the light compartment in the epileptic rats. In addition, sinigrin increased the superoxide dismutase and catalase levels. Treatment with sinigrin suppressed the Il1b and Nlrp3 gene expression at hippocampal level. In sum, sinigrin prevents inflammation, OS and memory impairment against the PTZ-kindling epilepsy in rats.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ghosh S, Sinha JK, Khan T, Devaraju KS, Singh P, Vaibhav K, Gaur P. Pharmacological and Therapeutic Approaches in the Treatment of Epilepsy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:470. [PMID: 33923061 PMCID: PMC8146518 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy affects around 50 million people across the globe and is the third most common chronic brain disorder. It is a non-communicable disease of the brain that affects people of all ages. It is accompanied by depression, anxiety, and substantially increased morbidity and mortality. A large number of third-generation anti-epileptic drugs are available, but they have multiple side-effects causing a decline in the quality of life. The inheritance and etiology of epilepsy are complex with multiple underlying genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Different neurotransmitters play intricate functions to maintain the normal physiology of various neurons. If there is any dysregulation of neurotransmission due to aberrant transmitter levels or their receptor biology, it can result in seizures. In this review, we have discussed the roles played by various neurotransmitters and their receptors in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) has remained one of the forefront areas of epilepsy research for a long time. Understanding the mechanisms underlying DRE is of utmost importance because of its high incidence rate among epilepsy patients and increased risks of psychosocial problems and premature death. Here we have enumerated various hypotheses of DRE. Further, we have discussed different non-conventional therapeutic strategies, including combination therapy and non-drug treatment. The recent studies supporting the modern approaches for the treatment of epilepsy have been deliberated with particular reference to the mTOR pathway, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and inflammatory pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shampa Ghosh
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India;
| | - Jitendra Kumar Sinha
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences (AINN), Amity University UP, Noida 201303, India;
| | - Tarab Khan
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences (AINN), Amity University UP, Noida 201303, India;
| | | | - Prabhakar Singh
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Kumar Vaibhav
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Pankaj Gaur
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| |
Collapse
|