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R A, Das S, Theresa M, K S S, Mathew J, E K R. 9-Tricosene Containing Blend of Volatiles Produced by Serratia sp. NhPB1 Isolated from the Pitcher Plant Provide Plant Protection Against Pythium aphanidermatum. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:6098-6112. [PMID: 36809430 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04352-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant-associated bacteria exhibit diverse chemical means to protect plants from the pathogens. The present study has been conducted to evaluate the volatile-mediated antifungal activity of Serratia sp. NhPB1 isolated from the pitcher plant against the notorious pathogen Pythium aphanidermatum. The study has also evaluated the protective effect of NhPB1 on Solanum lycopersicum and Capsicum annuum leaves and fruits against P. aphanidermatum. From the results, NhPB1 was found to have remarkable activity against the tested pathogen. The isolate was also found to impart disease protection in selected plants as evidenced by the morphological changes. Here, the leaves and fruits of S. lycopersicum and C. annuum control which were treated with the uninoculated LB and distilled water were found to have the presence of P. aphanidermatum growth with lesions and decaying of tissues. However, the NhPB1-treated plants did not show any symptoms of fungal infection. This could further be confirmed by the microscopical examination of tissues by propidium iodide staining. Here, the normal architecture of leaf and fruit tissues could be observed in the NhPB1-treated group, but the tissue invasion by P. aphanidermatum was observed in the control group which further confirms the promises of selected bacteria for biocontrol applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswani R
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India, 686560
| | - Soumya Das
- Department of Zoology, KE College, Mannanam, Kottayam, India, 686561
| | - Mary Theresa
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India, 686560
| | - Sebastian K S
- Department of Zoology, Government College, Kottayam, India, 686013
| | - Jyothis Mathew
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India, 686560
| | - Radhakrishnan E K
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India, 686560.
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Segaran G, Sathiavelu M. Fungicidal and plant growth-promoting traits of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, an endophyte from Andrographis paniculata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1125630. [PMID: 37426966 PMCID: PMC10329105 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1125630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Introdution Fungal endophytes are widespread and dwell inside plant cells for at least part of their life without producing any symptoms of infection. Distinct host plants may have different fungal endophyte rates and community compositions. Despite this, the endophytic fungi connected with the host plant and their hostile behaviors, remain unknown. Methods The objective of the current research was to isolate and identify endophytic fungal species from the root of Andrographis paniculata. The effects of fungal isolate APR5 on the mycelial growth of phytopathogens and the production of plant-promoting traits were assessed. Results and discussion Endophytic fungal isolate APR5 showed higher inhibitory efficacy in dual and double plate assay against the tested phytopathogenic fungi. The scanning electron microscope analysis demonstrated that the phytopathogenic fungal hyphae were coiled by endophytes which makes them shrink and disintegrate. Further, an ethyl acetate crude extract effectively suppressed the mycelium growth of Rhizoctonia solani by 75 ± 0.1% in an agar well diffusion assay. The fungal isolate APR5 was identified as Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae using the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and qualitatively evaluated for their capacity to produce plant growth-promoting hormones. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was implemented to acquire a preliminary understanding of the secondary metabolic profile of ethyl acetate crude extract. 1-octadecene, erythritol, niacin, oleic acid, phenol, pantolactone, phenyl ethyl alcohol, p-cresol, and tbutyl hydroquinone are the metabolites analyzed in a crude extract of APR5 isolate and are reported to have antimicrobial properties.
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Hall AM, Baskiyar S, Heck KL, Hayden MD, Ren C, Nguyen C, Seals CD, Monu E, Calderón AI. Investigation of the chemical composition of antibacterial Psidium guajava extract and partitions against foodborne pathogens. Food Chem 2023; 403:134400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang Y, Chen G, Meng Q, Yao X, Li Y, Cao H, Lin B, Hou Y, Zhou D, Li N. Potential inhibitors of microglial activation from the roots of Vernicia montana Lour. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 194:113019. [PMID: 34826794 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During our continuous investigation of natural, herbal inhibitors of microglial over-activation in the Euphorbiaceae family, two plants of the Vernicia genus showed remarkable inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production in over-activated microglia. In this study, bioactivity-guided phytochemical research on the active fraction of the roots of V. montana was carried out. As a result, seven undescribed terpenoids and lignans, together with thirty-one known components, were isolated and identified using comprehensive spectral analysis. All the identified compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on NO production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 cells. Combined with our previous research on the Vernicia genus, the effective material basis of different plants and medicinal components was analyzed systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Sate Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, China
| | - Qingqi Meng
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Xiaohu Yao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Honglin Cao
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guanzhou, 510650, China
| | - Bin Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yue Hou
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Di Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Ning Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Najmi A, Javed SA, Al Bratty M, Alhazmi HA. Modern Approaches in the Discovery and Development of Plant-Based Natural Products and Their Analogues as Potential Therapeutic Agents. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020349. [PMID: 35056662 PMCID: PMC8779633 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural products represents an important source of new lead compounds in drug discovery research. Several drugs currently used as therapeutic agents have been developed from natural sources; plant sources are specifically important. In the past few decades, pharmaceutical companies demonstrated insignificant attention towards natural product drug discovery, mainly due to its intrinsic complexity. Recently, technological advancements greatly helped to address the challenges and resulted in the revived scientific interest in drug discovery from natural sources. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various approaches used in the selection, authentication, extraction/isolation, biological screening, and analogue development through the application of modern drug-development principles of plant-based natural products. Main focus is given to the bioactivity-guided fractionation approach along with associated challenges and major advancements. A brief outline of historical development in natural product drug discovery and a snapshot of the prominent natural drugs developed in the last few decades are also presented. The researcher’s opinions indicated that an integrated interdisciplinary approach utilizing technological advances is necessary for the successful development of natural products. These involve the application of efficient selection method, well-designed extraction/isolation procedure, advanced structure elucidation techniques, and bioassays with a high-throughput capacity to establish druggability and patentability of phyto-compounds. A number of modern approaches including molecular modeling, virtual screening, natural product library, and database mining are being used for improving natural product drug discovery research. Renewed scientific interest and recent research trends in natural product drug discovery clearly indicated that natural products will play important role in the future development of new therapeutic drugs and it is also anticipated that efficient application of new approaches will further improve the drug discovery campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.N.); (M.A.B.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Sadique A. Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.N.); (M.A.B.); (H.A.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohammed Al Bratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.N.); (M.A.B.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Hassan A. Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.N.); (M.A.B.); (H.A.A.)
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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Hu H, Hu C, Peng J, Ghosh AK, Khan A, Sun D, Luyten W. Bioassay-Guided Interpretation of Antimicrobial Compounds in Kumu, a TCM Preparation From Picrasma quassioides' Stem via UHPLC-Orbitrap-Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry Combined With Fragmentation and Retention Time Calculation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:761751. [PMID: 34776978 PMCID: PMC8581800 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.761751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The stem of Picrasma quassioides (PQ) was recorded as a prominent traditional Chinese medicine, Kumu, which was effective for microbial infection, inflammation, fever, and dysentery, etc. At present, Kumu is widely used in China to develop different medicines, even as injection (Kumu zhusheye), for combating infections. However, the chemical basis of its antimicrobial activity has still not been elucidated. To examine the active chemicals, its stem was extracted to perform bioassay-guided purification against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In this study, two types of columns (normal and reverse-phase) were used for speedy bioassay-guided isolation from Kumu, and the active peaks were collected and identified via an UHPLC-Orbitrap-Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer, combined with MS Fragmenter and ChromGenius. For identification, the COCONUT Database (largest database of natural products) and a manually built PQ database were used, in combination with prediction and calculation of mass fragmentation and retention time to better infer their structures, especially for isomers. Moreover, three standards were analyzed under different conditions for developing and validating the MS method. A total of 25 active compounds were identified, including 24 alkaloids and 1 triterpenoid against S. aureus, whereas only β-carboline-1-carboxylic acid and picrasidine S were active against E. coli. Here, the good antimicrobial activity of 18 chemicals was reported for the first time. Furthermore, the spectrum of three abundant β-carbolines was assessed via their IC50 and MBC against various human pathogens. All of them exhibited strong antimicrobial activities with good potential to be developed as antibiotics. This study clearly showed the antimicrobial chemical basis of Kumu, and the results demonstrated that HRMS coupled with MS Fragmenter and ChromGenius was a powerful tool for compound analysis, which can be used for other complex samples. Beta-carbolines reported here are important lead compounds in antibiotic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Hu
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine - Hakka Medical Resources Branch, School of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Changling Hu
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Postharvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Jinnian Peng
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine - Hakka Medical Resources Branch, School of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Alokesh Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,College of Life Sciences, NanKai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Walter Luyten
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Baldé AM, Balde AO, Bah B, Barry H, Traore S, Bah F, Balde MA, Camara A, Traore MS, Balde ES, Sylla IK, Diallo S. Malaria in Guinean Rural Areas: Prevalence, Management, and Ethnotherapeutic Investigations in Dionfo, Sub-Prefecture of Labe. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:850-859. [PMID: 34229354 DOI: 10.1055/a-1519-5847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As part of a validation program of antimalarial traditional recipes, an ethnotherapeutic approach was applied in Dionfo, a meso-endemic Guinean rural area where conventional health facilities are insufficient. A prevalence investigation indicated a malarial burden of 4.26%. Ethnomedical and ethnobotanical surveys led to a collection of 63 plant species used against malaria from which Terminalia albida (Combretaceae) was one of the most cited. Ethnotherapeutic evaluation of a remedy based on T. albida was applied to 9 voluntary patients suffering from uncomplicated malaria. Treatment of 7 to 14 days led to an improvement of clinical symptoms and a complete parasite clearance achievement of 8/9 patients without side effects. In addition to antiplasmodial activity in vitro and in vivo previously described, this study indicates an efficacy to support the antimalarial traditional use of T. albida, which could constitute a first-aid treatment when access to other medicines is delayed in the Dionfo community. Ethnotherapeutical investigation could be a valuable approach to guide subsequent investigations on traditional remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliou Mamadou Baldé
- Institut de Recherche et de Développement des Plantes Médicinales et Alimentaires de Guinée, Dubréka, BP 6411 Conakry, Guinée
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de la Santé, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Guinée
| | - Alpha Oumar Balde
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de la Santé, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Guinée
| | - Bilo Bah
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de la Santé, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Guinée
| | - Halimatou Barry
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de la Santé, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Guinée
| | - Saidou Traore
- Institut de Recherche et de Développement des Plantes Médicinales et Alimentaires de Guinée, Dubréka, BP 6411 Conakry, Guinée
| | - Fatoumata Bah
- Faculté des Sciences, Université Julius Nyéréré de Kankan
| | - Mamadou Aliou Balde
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de la Santé, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Guinée
| | - Aissata Camara
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de la Santé, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Guinée
| | - Mohamed Sahar Traore
- Institut de Recherche et de Développement des Plantes Médicinales et Alimentaires de Guinée, Dubréka, BP 6411 Conakry, Guinée
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de la Santé, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Guinée
| | - Elhadj Saidou Balde
- Institut de Recherche et de Développement des Plantes Médicinales et Alimentaires de Guinée, Dubréka, BP 6411 Conakry, Guinée
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de la Santé, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Guinée
| | - Ibrahima Kalil Sylla
- Institut de Recherche et de Développement des Plantes Médicinales et Alimentaires de Guinée, Dubréka, BP 6411 Conakry, Guinée
| | - Sadou Diallo
- Tradithérapeute professionnel, Dionfo-Centre, Labé, Guinée
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Baldé MA, Tuenter E, Traoré MS, Peeters L, Matheeussen A, Cos P, Caljon G, Vermeyen T, Herrebout W, Balde AM, Foubert K, Pieters L. Antiplasmodial Oleanane Triterpenoids from Terminalia albida Root Bark. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:666-675. [PMID: 33667089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of the n-BuOH extract of the roots of Terminalia albida Sc. Elliot (Combretaceae) led to the isolation and identification of 10 oleanane triterpenoids (1-10), among which six new compounds, i.e., albidanoside A (2), albidic acid A (4), albidinolic acid (5), albidienic acid (8), albidolic acid (9), and albidiolic acid (10), and two triterpenoid aglycones, i.e., albidic acid B (6) and albidic acid C (7), were isolated here for the first time from a natural source, along with two known compounds. The structures of these constituents were established by means of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and ESI mass spectrometry. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their antiplasmodial and antimicrobial activity against the chloroquine-resistant strain Plasmodium falciparum K1, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus. Compounds 1-4, 6, 7, and 8 showed moderate antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values between 5 and 15 μM. None of the tested compounds were active against C. albicans or S. aureus. These findings emphasize the potential of T. albida as a source for discovery of new antiplasmodial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamadou A Baldé
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emmy Tuenter
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mohamed S Traoré
- Department of Pharmacy, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, BP 1017, Conakry, Guinea
- Research and Valorization Center on Medicinal Plants Dubreka, BP 6411, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Laura Peeters
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Matheeussen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom Vermeyen
- MolSpec Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wouter Herrebout
- MolSpec Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Aliou M Balde
- Department of Pharmacy, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, BP 1017, Conakry, Guinea
- Research and Valorization Center on Medicinal Plants Dubreka, BP 6411, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Kenn Foubert
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Pieters
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Méndez D, Escalona-Arranz JC, Foubert K, Matheeussen A, Van der Auwera A, Piazza S, Cuypers A, Cos P, Pieters L. Chemical and Pharmacological Potential of Coccoloba cowellii, an Endemic Endangered Plant from Cuba. Molecules 2021; 26:935. [PMID: 33578815 PMCID: PMC7916587 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccoloba cowellii Britton (Polygonaceae) is an endemic and critically endangered plant that only grows in Camagüey, a province of Cuba. In this study, a total of 13 compounds were identified in a methanolic leaf extract, employing a dereplication of the UHPLC-HRMS data by means of feature-based molecular networking (FBMN) analysis in the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Network (GNPS), together with the interpretation of the MS/MS data and comparison with the literature. The major constituents were glucuronides and glycosides of myricetin and quercetin, as well as epichatechin-3-O-gallate, catechin, epicatechin and gallic acid, all of them being reported for the first time in C. cowellii leaves. The leaf extract was also tested against various microorganisms, and it showed a strong antifungal effect against Candida albicans ATCC B59630 (azole-resistant) (IC50 2.1 µg/mL) and Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC B66663 (IC50 4.1 µg/mL) with no cytotoxicity (CC50 > 64.0 µg/mL) on MRC-5 SV2 cells, determined by the resazurin assay. Additionally, the extract strongly inhibited COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme activity using a cell-free experiment in a dose-dependent manner, being significantly more active on COX-1 (IC50 4.9 µg/mL) than on COX-2 (IC50 10.4 µg/mL). The constituents identified as well as the pharmacological activities measured highlight the potential of C. cowellii leaves, increasing the interest in the implementation of conservation strategies for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Méndez
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Camagüey, Carretera de Circunvalación Km 5 ½, Camagüey 74650, Cuba;
| | - Julio C. Escalona-Arranz
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, Oriente University, Avenida Patricio Lumumba s/n, Santiago de Cuba 90500, Cuba;
| | - Kenn Foubert
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (K.F.); (A.V.d.A.)
| | - An Matheeussen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Anastasia Van der Auwera
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (K.F.); (A.V.d.A.)
| | - Stefano Piazza
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan/UNIMI, IT-20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Campus Diepenbeek, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, BE-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Luc Pieters
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (K.F.); (A.V.d.A.)
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