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On-Nom N, Thangsiri S, Inthachat W, Temviriyanukul P, Sahasakul Y, Aursalung A, Chupeerach C, Suttisansanee U. Optimized Conditions for the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Aeginetia indica L. and Its Potential Biological Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:1050. [PMID: 38474563 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Aeginetia indica L., a parasitic root in the Orobanchaceae family, is used as a food colorant in traditional Thai desserts. However, scant information is available on its food applications as well as medicinal properties, while overharvesting by the local people has severely depleted wild plant populations. This research, thus, aimed to extract optimized total phenolic content (TPC) in varying extraction conditions using response surface methodology (RSM) and the Box-Behnken design (BBD). Results indicated that an extraction temperature of 90 °C, 80% (v/v) aqueous ethanol, and 0.5% (w/v) solid-to-liquid ratio yielded the highest TPC at 129.39 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (DW). Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) identified the predominant phenolics as apigenin (109.06 mg/100 g extract) and luteolin (35.32 mg/100 g extract) with trace amounts of naringenin and rutin. Under the optimal extraction condition, the plant extract exhibited antioxidant activities of 5620.58 and 641.52 µmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/g DW determined by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, while the scavenging capacity of total radicals at 50% (SC50) was determined to be 135.50 µg/mL using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The plant extract also exhibited inhibitory activities against the key enzymes relevant to type II diabetes, obesity, and Alzheimer's disease, suggesting the potential for medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattira On-Nom
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Sirinapa Thangsiri
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Woorawee Inthachat
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Piya Temviriyanukul
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Yuraporn Sahasakul
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Amornrat Aursalung
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Chaowanee Chupeerach
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Uthaiwan Suttisansanee
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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Ahmed S, Ahmed KS, Rahman MN, Hossain H, Han A, Geng P, Daula AFMSU, Mamun AA. Polyphenols and extracts from Zingiber roseum (Roxb.) Roscoe leaf mitigate pain, inflammation and pyrexia by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2: an in vivo and in silico studies. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1344123. [PMID: 38420193 PMCID: PMC10900100 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1344123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Zingiber roseum (Roxb.) Roscoe, a perennial herb from the Zingiberaceae family, has a long history of traditional use in the treatment of several ailments including pain, inflammation, fever, cough, arthritis, skin diseases, and liver infections. This study sought to confirm the efficacy of Zingiber roseum (Roxb.) Roscoe leaves methanol extract (ZrlME) as reported in traditional usage by evaluating its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic capabilities. In addition, in silico molecular docking of the metabolites identified in ZrlME was studied to verify the experimental outcomes. ZrlME demonstrated strong dose-dependent analgesic efficacy against all analgesic tests. ZrlME (400 mg/kg) showed higher anti-inflammatory activity than the standard in the carrageenan-induced paw edema test model. A significant reduction of rectal temperature (3.97°F↓) was also recorded at the same dose of ZrLME after 24 h of treatment. Seven polyphenolic metabolites were identified and quantified by HPLC-DAD analysis, including 3, 4- dihydroxy benzoic acid, (-) epicatechin, rutin hydrate, p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, rosmarinic acid, and myricetin. Strong binding affinities (ranges from -5.8 to -8.5 Kcal/mol) between the aforesaid polyphenols and cyclooxygenase-2 were discovered. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) demonstrated that these polyphenols exhibit significant COX-2 inhibitory activity due to their high stability in the COX-2 active site. In computational prediction, the polyphenols were also found to be nontoxic, and a variety of biological activities, such as antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and hepatoprotective, were observed. The results of this study revealed that ZrlME possesses notable analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakhawat Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Bangladesh
| | - Khondoker Shahin Ahmed
- Chemical Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Naiemur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Bangladesh
| | - Hemayet Hossain
- Chemical Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Aixia Han
- Central Laboratory of The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peiwu Geng
- Central Laboratory of The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - A F M Shahid Ud Daula
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Central Laboratory of The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
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Liu M, Wang H, Yue Q, Liu J. Effects of Ottonia anisum plant extract on local anesthetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and HCl‑induced acute lung injury activities: a study in animal models. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:86. [PMID: 38647807 PMCID: PMC10992343 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ottonia anisum (O. anisum), belonging to the family Piperaceae, is renowned for its medicinal properties. The plant is rich in alkaloids, terpenoids and flavonoids with recorded bioactivities. The stems, roots, and leaves, of the O. anisum have been extensively used in the folk medicine. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the pharmacological activities of O. anisum root extract. Methanolic root extract of O. anisum was assessed for local anesthetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and HCl-induced acute lung injury activities in animal models. Local anesthetic activity assessed in frog and guinea pigs through foot withdrawal reflex and intradermal wheal method, respectively, revealed the dose-dependent onset time of anesthesia response. In the case of HCl-induced ALI, the mice group orally administered with O. anisum extract were assessed for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BLF) contents, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory molecules. The analysis revealed the reduction in inflammatory molecules, neutrophils, and oxidative stress in the extract treated mice group. In addition, the redox homeostasis, reduced GSH and the catalase activity was found to be restored in the treated groups. Intriguingly, the genes associated with the NFkB expression was found to be downregulated in O. anisum extract treated groups. Moreover, the extract unveiled the significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Overall, the findings emphasize the clinical applicability of O. anisum extract in the treatment of ALI as well as the potential usage in local anesthetic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory agents during the treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, No. 136 Jingzhou Street, Xiangcheng District, Xiangyang City, 441021, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, No. 136 Jingzhou Street, Xiangcheng District, Xiangyang City, 441021, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qiang Yue
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, No. 136 Jingzhou Street, Xiangcheng District, Xiangyang City, 441021, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Junli Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, No. 136 Jingzhou Street, Xiangcheng District, Xiangyang City, 441021, Hubei Province, China.
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Intan PR, Noviantari A, Alegantina S. Response to Article “Antipyretic Potential of 80% Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of Bersama Abyssinica Fresen. (Melianthaceae) Leaves Against Yeast-Induced Pyrexia in Mice” [Letter]. J Exp Pharmacol 2023; 15:187-188. [PMID: 37035015 PMCID: PMC10075212 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s413591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Putri Reno Intan
- Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Cibinong - Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
- Correspondence: Putri Reno Intan, Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Genomic Building, Cibinong Science Center, Jalan Raya Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong – Bogor, West Java, 16911, Indonesia, Email
| | - Ariyani Noviantari
- Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Cibinong - Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Sukmayati Alegantina
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Cibinong - Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
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Integrating in vivo and in silico approaches to investigate the potential of Zingiber roseum rhizome extract against pyrexia, inflammation and pain. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103624. [PMID: 36970254 PMCID: PMC10036801 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Zingiber roseum is a perennial herb in the Zingiberaceae family. The plant is native to Bangladesh, and rhizomes are frequently used in traditional medicine to cure gastric ulcers, asthma, wounds, and rheumatic disorders. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyse the antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties of Z. roseum rhizome to confirm its efficacy in traditional applications. After 24 h of treatment, ZrrME (400 mg/kg) showed a considerable drop in rectal temperature (3.42°F) compared to standard paracetamol (5.26°F). At both doses (200 and 400 mg/kg), ZrrME showed a substantial dose-dependent decrease in paw oedema. However, after 2, 3 and 4 h of testing, the extract (200 mg/kg) had a lower anti-inflammatory response than standard indomethacin, whereas the higher dose (400 mg/kg) of rhizome extract had a more robust response compared to standard. ZrrME also showed substantial analgesic activity against all in vivo analgesic test models. The in vivo findings were further evaluated by in silico study of our previously identified compounds of ZrrME with the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme (3LN1). The substantial binding energy (ranges from-6.2 to-7.7 Kcal/mol) of the polyphenols (excluding catechin hydrate) to the COX-2 enzyme affirm the in vivo test results of the present studies. In addition, the compounds were found effective as antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic agents, according to the biological activity prediction software. Both in vivo and in silico results demonstrated promising antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and pain-relieving effects of Z. roseum rhizome extract, which corroborate the claim of its traditional uses.
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Talukder S, Ahmed KS, Hossain H, Hasan T, Liya IJ, Amanat M, Nahar N, Shuvo MSR, Daula AFMSU. Fimbristylis aestivalis Vahl: a potential source of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:2301-2315. [PMID: 36056995 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible enzyme that accelerates the biosynthesis of PGs during inflammation and has emerged as an important therapeutic target for anti-inflammatory drugs. Natural compounds may serve as a source of inspiration for pharmaceutical chemists and a foundation for developing innovative COX-2 inhibitors with fewer side effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the potent COX-2 inhibitor and anti-inflammatory activity of the Fimbristylis aestivalis whole plant extract (FAWE). The plant extract was found dominant with rosmarinic acid followed by catechin hydrate, syringic acid, rutin hydrate, (-) epicatechin, quercetin, myricetin, and catechol. FAWE exhibited considerable dose-dependent analgesic efficacy in all analgesic test models. FAWE also showed promising anti-inflammatory potential in carrageenan-induced inflammations in mice. This result was corroborated by molecular docking, revealing that the aforesaid natural polyphenols adopt the same orientation as celecoxib in the COX-2 active site. On the other hand, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed between the most abundant components (rosmarinic acid, catechin hydrate, and syringic acid) and COX-2. Based on hydrogen bonding, RMSD, RMSF, radius of gyration, PCA, and Gibbs free energy landscape analysis, the results demonstrated that these compounds are very stable in the active site of COX-2, indicating substantial COX-2 inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saduddin Talukder
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Sonapur, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Khondoker Shahin Ahmed
- Chemical Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Hemayet Hossain
- Chemical Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Tarek Hasan
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Sonapur, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Israt Jahan Liya
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Sonapur, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammed Amanat
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Sonapur, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Nurun Nahar
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Sonapur, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sadikur Rahman Shuvo
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Sonapur, 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - A F M Shahid Ud Daula
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Sonapur, 3814, Bangladesh.
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Hasan T, Jahan E, Ahmed KS, Hossain H, Siam SMM, Nahid N, Mazumder T, Shuvo MSR, Daula AFMSU. Rutin hydrate and extract from Castanopsis tribuloides reduces pyrexia via inhibiting microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112774. [PMID: 35240529 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Castanopsis tribuloides belongs to the oak species (Fagaceae) and it is commonly distributed in evergreen forests of Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal, China, and Thailand. Our present study aimed at uncovering the antipyretic potential of methanol extract of C. tribuloides bark (CTB) in the mice models. Baker's yeast pyrexia model was employed to determine the antipyretic potentials of the extract. Besides, molecular docking and dynamics simulation of CTB phenolic compounds were explored to validate the experimental results and gain insight into the possible antipyretic mechanism of action that can lead to the design and discovery of novel drugs against mPGES-1. The results revealed that CTB (400 mg/kg) significantly inhibited (P < 0.001) the elevated body temperature of mice since 0.5 h, which is more prominent than the standard. At dose 200 mg/kg, the bark extract also produced significant (P < 0.05) antipyretic activity since 2 h. HPLC-DAD analysis identified and quantified nine polyphenolic compounds from the extract, including rutin hydrate, (-) epicatechin, caffeic acid, catechin hydrate, catechol, trans-ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, and rosmarinic acid. Molecular docking study suggested probable competition of these phenolic compounds with glutathione, an essential cofactor for microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) activity. Additionally, RMSF, RMSD, Rg, and hydrogen bonds performed during MD simulations revealed that rutin hydrate (rich in CTB) bound to the mPGES-1 active site in a stable manner and thus inactivating mPGES-1. Therefore, it can be concluded that rutin hydrate reduces pyrexia in mice via downregulating PGE2 synthesis by inhibiting mPGES-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Hasan
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - Esrat Jahan
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - Khondoker Shahin Ahmed
- Chemical Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh.
| | - Hemayet Hossain
- Chemical Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh.
| | - Syed Mumtahin Mannan Siam
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - Nusrat Nahid
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - Tanoy Mazumder
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Sadikur Rahman Shuvo
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - A F M Shahid Ud Daula
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
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Mssillou I, Agour A, Slighoua M, Chebaibi M, Amrati FEZ, Alshawwa SZ, kamaly OA, El Moussaoui A, Lyoussi B, Derwich E. Ointment-Based Combination of Dittrichia viscosa L. and Marrubium vulgare L. Accelerate Burn Wound Healing. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030289. [PMID: 35337087 PMCID: PMC8954364 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Burns constitute a major challenge in medical science, and plants can be part of the solution. Dittrichia viscosa L. (Asteraceae) and Marrubium vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) are widely used in Moroccan traditional medicine to treat several diseases and possess high potency to cure wounds. This study aimed to investigate in vivo the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and burn-healing effects of both plants and their mixture. The hydro-ethanolic extract of both plants was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). Burns were conducted on dorsal part of rats, and the wound healing process was evaluated during 21 days. Gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and quercetin were identified in M. vulgare extract. The analysis recorded the presence of caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, rutin, and quercetin in D. viscosa. The group treated with the mixture showed the lowest abdominal contractions (30.4 ± 7.52) with the highest percentage of inhibition (69.12 ± 7.04%). The inhibition of paw inflammation for M. vulgare was 47.65%, followed by D. viscosa (33.86%) and the mixture (30.41%). The mixture showed the highest wound contraction at day 7 (33.16 ± 14.33%) and day 14 (87.54 ± 3.98%). D. viscosa showed the highest wound contraction on the 21st day (99.28 ± 0.44%). In conclusion, both plants and their combination showed promising results for burn healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Mssillou
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30050, Morocco; (A.A.); (B.L.); (E.D.)
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (O.A.k.)
| | - Abdelkrim Agour
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30050, Morocco; (A.A.); (B.L.); (E.D.)
| | - Meryem Slighoua
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Health, Agrofood and Environment (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco; (M.S.); (F.E.-Z.A.); (A.E.M.)
| | - Mohamed Chebaibi
- Biomedical and Translational Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of the Fez, University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, BP 1893, Km 22, Road Sidi Harazem, Fez 30070, Morocco;
| | - Fatima Ez-Zahra Amrati
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Health, Agrofood and Environment (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco; (M.S.); (F.E.-Z.A.); (A.E.M.)
| | - Samar Zuhair Alshawwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Omkulthom Al kamaly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (O.A.k.)
| | - Abdelfattah El Moussaoui
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Health, Agrofood and Environment (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco; (M.S.); (F.E.-Z.A.); (A.E.M.)
| | - Badiaa Lyoussi
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30050, Morocco; (A.A.); (B.L.); (E.D.)
| | - Elhoussine Derwich
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30050, Morocco; (A.A.); (B.L.); (E.D.)
- Unity of GC/MS and GC, City of Innovation, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
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