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Chen L, Huang D, Jiang L, Yang J, Shi X, Wang R, Li W. A review of botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and applications of the herb with the homology of medicine and food: Ligustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1330732. [PMID: 38933667 PMCID: PMC11199554 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1330732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ligustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton is an outstanding herb with the homology of medicine and food. Its ripe fruits are traditionally used as an important tonic for kidneys and liver in China. Ligustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton is rich in nutritional components and a variety of bioactive ingredients. A total of 206 compounds have been isolated and identified, they mainly include flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, iridoid glycosides, and triterpenoids. These compounds exert anti-osteoporosis, anti-tumor, liver protective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. Ligustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton has been traditionally used to treat many complex diseases, including osteoporotic bone pain, rheumatic bone, cancer, related aging symptoms, and so on. In the 2020 Edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, there are more than 100 prescriptions containing L. lucidum W.T. Aiton. Among them, some classical preparations including Er Zhi Wan and Zhenqi fuzheng formula, are used in the treatment of various cancers with good therapeutic effects. Additionally, L. lucidum W.T. Aiton has also many excellent applications for functional food, ornamental plants, bioindicator of air pollution, algicidal agents, and feed additives. Ligustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton has rich plant resources. However, the application potential of it has not been fully exploited. We hope that this paper provides a theoretical basis for the high-value and high-connotation development of L. lucidum W.T. Aiton in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dong Huang
- School of Medicine, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jihong Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, China
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Pojero F, Gervasi F, Fiore SD, Aiello A, Bonacci S, Caldarella R, Attanzio A, Candore G, Caruso C, Ligotti ME, Procopio A, Restivo I, Tesoriere L, Allegra M, Accardi G. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nutritionally Relevant Concentrations of Oleuropein and Hydroxytyrosol on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: An Age-Related Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11029. [PMID: 37446206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence and inflammaging facilitate the insurgence of chronic diseases. The Mediterranean diet is a non-invasive intervention to improve the chronic low-grade inflammatory status associated with aging. Olive oil oleuropein (OLE) and hydroxytyrosol (HT) demonstrated a controversial modulatory action on inflammation in vitro when tested at concentrations exceeding those detectable in human plasma. We studied the potential anti-inflammatory effects of OLE and HT at nutritionally relevant concentrations on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as regards cell viability, frequency of leukocyte subsets, and cytokine release, performing an age-focused analysis on two groups of subjects: Adult (age 18-64 years) and Senior (age ≥ 65 years). OLE and HT were used alone or as a pre-treatment before challenging PBMCs with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Both polyphenols had no effect on cell viability irrespective of LPS, but 5 µM HT had an LPS-like effect on monocytes, reducing the intermediate subset in Adult subjects. OLE and HT had no effect on LPS-triggered release of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8, but 5 µM HT reduced IL-10 secretion by PBMCs from Adult vs. Senior group. In summary, nutritionally relevant concentrations of OLE and HT elicit no anti-inflammatory effect and influence the frequency of immune cell subsets with age-related different outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Pojero
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Gervasi
- Specialistic Oncology Laboratory Unit, ARNAS Hospitals Civico Di Cristina e Benfratelli, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Davide Fiore
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Aiello
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sonia Bonacci
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosalia Caldarella
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, "P. Giaccone" University Hospital, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Attanzio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Candore
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Calogero Caruso
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mattia Emanuela Ligotti
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Procopio
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ignazio Restivo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Luisa Tesoriere
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Allegra
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Accardi
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
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Hu Q, Liu Y, Yu J, Yang X, Yang M, He Y, Han L, Zhang D. The protective effect and antitumor activity of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata (Fuzi) polysaccharide on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in H22 tumor-bearing mice. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1151092. [PMID: 37033618 PMCID: PMC10079910 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1151092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata, also known as Fuzi in Chinese, has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for more than 2,000 years. In recent years, some traditional herbal compounds containing Fuzi have achieved positive clinical results in tumor treatment. And the polysaccharide isolated from Fuzi has attracted much attention as a potential immunomodulator. However, its immunomodulatory mechanism remains to be further studied. Aim of the study. Fuzi neutral polysaccharide (FNPS) and cyclophosphamide (CTX) were combined to treat Hepatoma 22 (H22) tumor-bearing mice, and its mechanism of ameliorating immunosuppression caused by CTX was studied. Methods: FNPS was isolated and purified. The molecular weight, functional groups, monosaccharide composition, and apparent morphology were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, ion chromatography and scanning electron microscope, respectively. Through the analysis of tumor, immune organs, and serum cytokine levels of H22 tumor-bearing mice, the immunomodulatory effect and the protective effect on immunosuppressive mice induced by CTX was evaluated. And the immunomodulatory activity of FNPS was further verified by macrophage functional experiments. Results: FNPS was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, and mannose in a molar ratio of 0.008:0.017:0.018:0.908:0.048. Its molecular weight was 94 kDa. In vivo experiments showed that 200 mg mL-1 FNPS could alleviate the suppression of immune organs and immune cells caused by CTX treatment, enhance the antitumor effect of CTX, increase the serum levels of Th1 immune-related pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6), and decrease Th2 immune-related anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) and tumor-related pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) in the chemotherapy mice. Functional experiments revealed that 25 μg mL-1 FNPS could promote phagocytosis and proliferation of macrophages. When the concentration reached 50 μg mL-1, it enhanced the migration activity. Conclusion: FNPS has the potential to alleviate the immunosuppressive effect of CTX by activating immune cells and promoting inflammation. It could be used as a potential auxiliary medication for liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ji Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Innovation Medicine and High Efficiency and Energy Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanan He
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yanan He, ; Li Han, ; Dingkun Zhang,
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yanan He, ; Li Han, ; Dingkun Zhang,
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yanan He, ; Li Han, ; Dingkun Zhang,
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Effects of Oleuropein and Hydroxytyrosol on Inflammatory Mediators: Consequences on Inflammaging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010380. [PMID: 36613822 PMCID: PMC9820525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a low-grade, systemic inflammatory state defined as "inflammaging", ruled by the loss of proper regulation of the immune system leading to the accumulation of pro-inflammatory mediators. Such a condition is closely connected to an increased risk of developing chronic diseases. A number of studies demonstrate that olive oil phenolic compound oleuropein and its derivative hydroxytyrosol contribute to modulating tissue inflammation and oxidative stress, thus becoming attractive potential candidates to be used in the context of nutraceutical interventions, in order to ameliorate systemic inflammation in aging subjects. In this review, we aim to summarize the available data about the anti-inflammatory properties of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, discussing them in the light of molecular pathways involved in the synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators in inflammaging.
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Kou Y, Li Z, Yang T, Shen X, Wang X, Li H, Zhou K, Li L, Xia Z, Zheng X, Zhao Y. Therapeutic potential of plant iridoids in depression: a review. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:2167-2181. [PMID: 36300881 PMCID: PMC9621214 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2136206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Depression is a mental disorder characterized by low mood, reduced interest, impaired cognitive function, and vegetative symptoms such as sleep disturbances or poor appetite. Iridoids are the active constituents in several Chinese classical antidepressant formulae such as Yueju Pill, Zhi-Zi-Hou-Po Decoction, Zhi-Zi-Chi Decoction, and Baihe Dihuang Decoction. Parallel to their wide usages, iridoids are considered potential lead compounds for the treatment of neurological diseases. OBJECTIVE The review summarizes the therapeutic potential and molecular mechanisms of iridoids in the prevention or treatment of depression and contributes to identifying research gaps in iridoids as potential antidepressant medication. METHODS The following key phrases were sought in PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) without time limitation to search all relevant articles with in vivo or in vitro experimental studies as comprehensively as possible: ('iridoid' or 'seciridoid' or 'depression'). This review extracted the experimental data on the therapeutic potential and molecular mechanism of plant-derived iridoids for depression. RESULTS Plant iridoids (i.e., catalpol, geniposide, loganin), and secoiridoids (i.e., morroniside, gentiopicroside, oleuropein, swertiamarin), all showed significant improvement effects on depression. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Iridoids exert antidepressant effects by elevating monoamine neurotransmitters, reducing pro-inflammatory factors, inhibiting hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity, increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptors, and elevating intestinal microbial abundance. Further detailed studies on the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and key molecular targets of iridoids are also required in future research, ultimately to provide improvements to current antidepressant medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Kou
- Three level Scientific Research Laboratory of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Zhihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Tong Yang
- Three level Scientific Research Laboratory of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Xue Shen
- Three level Scientific Research Laboratory of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Three level Scientific Research Laboratory of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Haopeng Li
- Three level Scientific Research Laboratory of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Three level Scientific Research Laboratory of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Luyao Li
- Three level Scientific Research Laboratory of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Zhaodi Xia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Three level Scientific Research Laboratory of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, PR China
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