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Li J, Liao R, Zhang S, Weng H, Liu Y, Tao T, Yu F, Li G, Wu J. Promising remedies for cardiovascular disease: Natural polyphenol ellagic acid and its metabolite urolithins. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154867. [PMID: 37257327 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a significant worldwide factor contributing to human fatality and morbidity. With the increase of incidence rates, it is of concern that there is a lack of current therapeutic alternatives because of multiple side effects. Ellagic acid (EA), the natural polyphenol (C14H6O8), is abundant in pomegranates, berries, and nuts. EA and its intestinal microflora metabolite, urolithins, have recently attracted much attention as a potential novel "medicine" because of their wide pharmacological properties. PURPOSE This study aimed to critically analyze available literature to summarize the beneficial effects of EA and urolithins, and highlights their druggability and therapeutic potential in various CVDs. METHODS We systematically studied research and review articles between 1984 and 2022 available on various databases to obtain the data on EA and urolithins with no language restriction. Their cardiovascular protective activities, underlying mechanism, and druggability were highlighted and discussed comprehensively. RESULTS We found that EA and urolithins may exert preventive and curative effects on CVD with negligible side effects and possibly regulate lipid metabolism imbalance, pro-inflammatory factor production, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, endothelial cell dysfunction, and Ca2+ intake and release. Potentially, this may lead to the prevention and amelioration of atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, cardiac fibrosis, cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiotoxicities in vivo. Several molecules and signaling pathways are associated with their therapeutic actions, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, NF-κB, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2, sirtuin1, miRNA, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. CONCLUSION In vitro and in vivo studies shows that EA and urolithins could be used as valid candidates for early prevention and effective therapeutic strategies for various CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Li
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Drugability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruixue Liao
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Drugability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Shijia Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Huimin Weng
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Yuanzhi Liu
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Drugability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Tianyi Tao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengxu Yu
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
| | - Guang Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jianming Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Drugability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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Supplementation of syringic acid-rich Phrynium pubinerve leaves imparts protection against allergic inflammatory responses by downregulating iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB expressions. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13343. [PMID: 36816283 PMCID: PMC9932742 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The present study was designed to characterize the role of ethanolic leaf extract of Phrynium pubinerve Blume (EPP) supplement in attenuating allergic inflammation, encouraged by the presence of syringic acid in it, as this phenolic acid is reportedly promising in suppressing serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and inflammatory cytokine levels. Materials and methods HPLC-DAD dereplication analysis was performed to determine the presence of the vital polyphenolic metabolites. The efficacy of EPP against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells was evaluated by measuring its inhibitory effects on NO and ROS/RNS production. The expressions of major inflammation-associated molecules (iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB, IL-6, and TNF-α) in RAW 264.7 cells were assessed through Western blot. Physiological and behavioral changes, BMI, and different biochemical parameters in mice blood serum were investigated in the toxicological assays. Formaldehyde-induced paw edema test in mice was conducted using established animal model. TDI-induced allergic model in mice was carried out to determine different allergy-like symptoms, and differential white blood cell (WBC) counts in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. The intermolecular interaction analysis of the identified major metabolite of EPP with H1R and iNOS was studied by molecular docking. Results HPLC-DAD analysis showed the presence of syringic acid (89.19 mg/100 g EPP) and a few other compounds. LPS-induced NO generation was reduced by EPP in a concentration-dependent manner, showing IC50 of 28.20 ± 0.27 μg/mL. EPP exhibited a similar inhibitory effect on ROS/RNS production with IC50 of 29.47 ± 2.19 μg/mL. Western blotting revealed that EPP significantly downregulated the expressions of iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB, IL-6, and TNF-α in RAW 264.7 cells when challenged with LPS. The toxicological assays confirmed the dosage and organ-specific safety of EPP. In the formaldehyde-induced paw edema test, EPP caused a 66.41% reduction in mice paw volume at 500 mg/kg dose. It ameliorated TDI-induced allergy-like symptoms and decreased different inflammatory WBCs in mice's blood and BAL fluid in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, syringic acid demonstrated mentionable intermolecular binding affinity towards H1R (-6.6 Kcal/moL) and iNOS (-6.7 Kcal/moL). Conclusions Collectively, considerable scientific reasoning was obtained in favor of the suppressive potential of EPP against allergic inflammatory responses that are proposed to be exerted via the downregulation of iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB expressions, H1R antagonism and suppression of cytokines, such as IL-6, and TNF-α.
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