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Cicek B, Danisman B, Bolat I, Kiliclioglu M, Kuzucu M, Suleyman H, Tsarouhas K, Tsatsakis A, Taghizadehghalehjoughi A. Effect of tangeretin on cisplatin-induced oxido-inflammatory brain damage in rats. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18565. [PMID: 39044287 PMCID: PMC11265995 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CIS) is a platinum-derived chemotherapeutic agent commonly utilized in the treatment of various malignant tumours. However, anticancer doses of the drug cause serious damage to the brain. This study aimed to determine the potential protective effects of tangeretin, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, in cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity on BALB/c mice brains. Male BALB/c mice were randomized and separated into four groups. Tangeretin was given for 10 days by gavage. CIS was injected as a single dose of 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally (ip) on the 10th day. Brain tissues, malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione (tGSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured to determine oxidative damage and myeloperoxidase, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6 and IL-10 were measured to determine inflammatory activity. In addition, 8-OHdG and caspase-3 were analysed by immunofluorescence methods. While CIS administration remarkably elevated reactive oxygen species, MDA, and NO levels in brain tissue compared to the control, tGSH, GPx, SOD and CAT levels were significantly decreased. Also, it has been detected that TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 obtained in CIS-treated groups increased as well as IL-10 decreased, thereby elevating the inflammatory response. In addition, 8-OHdG and caspase-3 immunoreactivity in neurons increased with CIS administration. Treatment with tangeretin ameliorated the deterioration in oxidant/antioxidant status, overpowered neuroinflammation and ameliorated neurotoxicity-induced apoptosis. This study shows that tangeretin has beneficial effects on CIS-induced neurodegeneration. Possible mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects include the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of tangeretin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Cicek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineErzincan Binali Yildirim UniversityErzincanTurkey
| | - Betul Danisman
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of MedicineAtaturk UniversityErzurumTurkey
| | - Ismail Bolat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of VeterinaryAtatürk UniversityErzurumTurkey
| | - Metin Kiliclioglu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of VeterinaryAtatürk UniversityErzurumTurkey
| | - Mehmet Kuzucu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and SciencesErzincan Binali Yildirim UniversityErzincanTurkey
| | - Halis Suleyman
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of MedicineErzincan Binali Yildirim UniversityErzincanTurkey
| | - Konstantinos Tsarouhas
- Department of CardiologyUniversity General Hospital of Larissa, Terma MazourloLarissaGreece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
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El-Demerdash FM, Ahmed MM, El-Sayed RA, Mohemed TM, Gerges MN. Nephroprotective effects of silymarin and its fabricated nanoparticles against aluminum-induced oxidative stress, hyperlipidemia, and genotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:3746-3759. [PMID: 38546352 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous element with proven nephrotoxicity. Silymarin (SM) is a mixture of polyphenolic components extracted from Silybum marianum and exhibited protective influences. However, SM bioactivity can be enhanced by its incorporation in chitosan (CS) through the use of nanotechnology. This work proposed to assess the protective influence of SM and its loaded chitosan nanoparticles (SM-CS-NPs) on aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced nephrotoxicity. METHODS Six groups were created randomly from 42 male Wistar rats and each one contains 7 rats (n = 7). Group I, acted as a control and received water. Group II received SM (15 mg/kg/day) and group III administered with SM-CS-NPs (15 mg/kg/day). Group IV received AlCl3 (34 mg/kg) and groups V and VI were treated with SM and SM-CS-NPs with AlCl3 respectively for 30 days. RESULTS AlCl3 administration significantly elevated TBARS, H2O2, and kidney function levels besides LDH activity. Whereas GSH, CAT, SOD, GPx, GST, and GR values were all substantially reduced along with protein content, and ALP activity. Additionally, significant alterations in lipid profile, hematological parameters, and renal architecture were observed. Moreover, TNF-α, TGF-β, and MMP9 gene expression were upregulated in kidney tissues. The administration of SM or its nanoparticles followed by AlCl3 intoxication attenuated renal dysfunction replenished the antioxidant system, and downregulated TNF-α, TGF-β, and MMP9 gene expression in renal tissues compared to the AlCl3 group. CONCLUSION SM-CS-NPs have more pronounced appreciated protective effects than SM and have the proficiency to balance oxidant/antioxidant systems in addition to their anti-inflammatory effect against AlCl3 toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M El-Demerdash
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Manal M Ahmed
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Raghda A El-Sayed
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Tarek M Mohemed
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Marian N Gerges
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Pan E, Xin Y, Li X, Ping K, Li X, Sun Y, Xu X, Dong J. Immunoprotective effect of silybin through blocking p53-driven caspase-9-Apaf-1-Cyt c complex formation and immune dysfunction after difenoconazole exposure in carp spleen. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:19396-19408. [PMID: 38358624 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
As a broad-spectrum and efficient triazole fungicide, difenoconazole is widely used, which not only pollutes the environment but also exerts toxic effects on non-target organisms. The spleen plays an important role in immune protection as an important secondary lymphoid organ in carp. In this study, we assessed the protective impact of silybin as a dietary additive on spleen tissues of carp during exposure to difenoconazole. Sixty carp were separated into four groups for this investigation including control group, difenoconazole group, silybin group, and silybin and difenoconazole group. By hematoxylin-eosin staining, dihydroethidium staining, immunohistochemical staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay, quantitative real-time PCR assay, Western blot analysis, biochemical assays, and immune function indicator assays, we found that silybin could prevent difenoconazole-induced spleen tissue damage, oxidative stress, and immune dysfunction, and inhibited apoptosis of carp spleen tissue cells by suppressing the formation of p53-driven caspase-9-apoptotic protease activating factor-1-cytochrome C complex. The results suggested that silybin as a dietary additive could improve spleen tissue damage and immune dysfunction induced by difenoconazole in aquaculture carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzhuang Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Yue Xin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xueqing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Kaixin Ping
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xuhui Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Jingquan Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
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Pan EZ, Xin Y, Li XQ, Wu XY, Tan XL, Dong JQ. Ameliorative effects of silybin against avermectin-triggered carp spleen mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis through inhibition of PERK-ATF4-CHOP signaling pathway. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:895-910. [PMID: 37542703 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01228-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the splenic tissue damage of environmental biological drug avermectin to freshwater cultured carp and to evaluate the effect of silybin on the splenic tissue damage of carp induced by avermectin. A total of 60 carp were divided into 4 groups with 15 carp in each group, including the control group fed with basic diet, experimental group fed with basal diet and exposed to avermectin (avermectin group), experimental group fed with basal diet supplement silybin (silybin group), and experimental group fed with basal diet supplement silybin and exposed to avermectin (silybin + avermectin group). The whole test period lasted for 30 days, and spleen tissue was collected for analysis. In this study, H&E staining, mitochondrial purification and membrane potential detection, ATP detection, DHE staining, biochemical tests, qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and apoptosis staining were used to evaluate the biological processes of spleen tissue injury, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. The results show that silybin protected carp splenic tissue damage caused by chronic avermectin exposure, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased ATP content, ROS accumulation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Silybin may ameliorate the splenic tissue damage of cultured freshwater carp caused by environmental biopesticide avermectin by alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibiting PERK-ATF4-CHOP-driven mitochondrial apoptosis. Adding silybin into the diet becomes a feasible strategy to resist the pollution of avermectin and provides a theoretical basis for creating a good living environment for freshwater carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Zhuang Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Yue Xin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xue-Qing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xin-Yu Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xue-Lian Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Jing-Quan Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
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Shim J, Hong SY, Han JH, Yu Y, Yoo E, Sung J, Chin JH, Lee ON. A Genomic Evaluation of Six Selected Inbred Lines of the Naturalized Plants of Milk Thistle ( Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) in Korea. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2702. [PMID: 37514316 PMCID: PMC10384142 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) belongs to the Asteraceae family and is a medicinal plant native to the Mediterranean Basin. Silymarin in achene is a widely used herbal product for chronic liver disease. There is growing interest in natural medicine using milk thistle in Korea, but the raw material completely relies on imports. Despite its economic importance, phenotypic evaluations of native resources of milk thistle in Korea have not been carried out. In addition, genomic research and molecular marker development are very limited in milk thistle. In this study, we evaluated 220 milk thistle resources consisting of 172 accessions collected from the domestic market, and 48 accessions isolated from 6 accessions distributed by the National Agrobiodiversity Center in Korea. Six plant characteristics (height, seed weight, number of flowers, seed weight per flower, spine length, and color at harvest) were measured, and six samples (M01-M06) were selected to represent the genetic diversity of the population for genomic research. To develop PCR-based and co-dominant insertion/deletion (InDel) markers, we performed genome-wide InDel detection by comparing the whole-genome resequencing data of the six selected accessions with the reference genome sequence (GCA_001541825). As a result, 177 InDel markers with high distinguishability and reproducibility were selected from the 30,845 InDel variants. Unknowingly imported alien plant resources could easily be genetically mixed, and jeopardized seed purity can cause continuous difficulties in the development of high value-added agricultural platforms utilizing natural products. The selected plant materials and 177 validated InDel markers developed via whole-genome resequencing analysis could be valuable resources for breeding, conservation, and ecological studies of natives to Korea, along with acceleration of Silybum marianum industrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehyoung Shim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung Ang University, Seodong-daero 4726, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
- EL&I Co., Ltd., Hwaseong 18278, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Young Hong
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Han
- Food Crops Molecular Breeding Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeisoo Yu
- DNACare Co., Ltd., Seoul 06730, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunae Yoo
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsook Sung
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Hyoun Chin
- Food Crops Molecular Breeding Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Natural Products, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - O New Lee
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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Lin X, Yang X, Yang Y, Zhang H, Huang X. Research progress of traditional Chinese medicine as sensitizer in reversing chemoresistance of colorectal cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1132141. [PMID: 36994201 PMCID: PMC10040588 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1132141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the incidences and mortalities from colorectal cancer (CRC) have been increasing; therefore, there is an urgent need to discover newer drugs that enhance drug sensitivity and reverse drug tolerance in CRC treatment. With this view, the current study focuses on understanding the mechanism of CRC chemoresistance to the drug as well as exploring the potential of different traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in restoring the sensitivity of CRC to chemotherapeutic drugs. Moreover, the mechanism involved in restoring sensitivity, such as by acting on the target of traditional chemical drugs, assisting drug activation, increasing intracellular accumulation of anticancer drugs, improving tumor microenvironment, relieving immunosuppression, and erasing reversible modification like methylation, have been thoroughly discussed. Furthermore, the effect of TCM along with anticancer drugs in reducing toxicity, increasing efficiency, mediating new ways of cell death, and effectively blocking the drug resistance mechanism has been studied. We aimed to explore the potential of TCM as a sensitizer of anti-CRC drugs for the development of a new natural, less-toxic, and highly effective sensitizer to CRC chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Lin
- The First Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- The First Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yushang Yang
- The First Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangbin Zhang
- The First Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xuan Huang,
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Wang Y, Yuan AJ, Wu YJ, Wu LM, Zhang L. Silymarin in cancer therapy: Mechanisms of action, protective roles in chemotherapy-induced toxicity, and nanoformulations. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Nikolaeva NS, Yandulova EY, Aleksandrova YR, Starikov AS, Neganova ME. The Role of a Pathological Interaction between β-amyloid and Mitochondria in the Occurrence and Development of Alzheimer's Disease. Acta Naturae 2022; 14:19-34. [PMID: 36348714 PMCID: PMC9611857 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in existence. It is characterized by an impaired cognitive function that is due to a progressive loss of neurons in the brain. Extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques are the main pathological features of the disease. In addition to abnormal protein aggregation, increased mitochondrial fragmentation, altered expression of the genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, disruptions in the ER-mitochondria interaction, and mitophagy are observed. Reactive oxygen species are known to affect Aβ expression and aggregation. In turn, oligomeric and aggregated Aβ cause mitochondrial disorders. In this review, we summarize available knowledge about the pathological effects of Aβ on mitochondria and the potential molecular targets associated with proteinopathy and mitochondrial dysfunction for the pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. S. Nikolaeva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
| | - E. Yu. Yandulova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
| | - Yu. R. Aleksandrova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
| | - A. S. Starikov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
| | - M. E. Neganova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
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