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Li Y, Zhang M, Liu X, Zhang X, Pan P, Tan R, Jiang H. Quality assessment and Q-markers discovery in Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus by integrating serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2024; 35:1017-1035. [PMID: 38369680 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus (CSF), a common fruit and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been hindered in its further development and research owing to the lack of comprehensive and specific quality evaluation standards. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to establish clear TCM quality standards related to the therapeutic mechanisms of CSF and to provide a basis for subsequent research and development. METHODS Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-orbitrap HRMS) technology was used to comprehensively identify CSF components and explore their absorbance levels in rat serum. Network pharmacology research methods were employed to investigate the potential mechanisms of action of the identified components in the treatment of major clinical diseases. Subsequently, a combination of HPLC chromatographic fingerprinting for qualitative analysis and multi-index content determination was used to evaluate the detectability of the identified quality markers (Q-markers). RESULTS Twenty-six prototype components were tentatively characterized in rat serum. Network pharmacology analysis showed six effective components, namely 7-hydroxycoumarin, isoscopoletin, diosmin, hesperidin, 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin, and bergapten, which played important roles in the treatment of chronic gastritis, functional dyspepsia, peptic ulcer, and depression and were preliminarily identified as Q-markers. The results of content determination in 15 batches of CSF indicated significant differences in the content of medicinal materials from different origins. However, compared with the preliminarily determined Q-markers, all six components could be measured and were determined as Q-markers of CSF. CONCLUSION The chemical Q-markers obtained in this study could be used for effective quality control of CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- Irradiation Preservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Institute of Atomic Energy, Chengdu, China
| | - Pingchuan Pan
- Irradiation Preservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Institute of Atomic Energy, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Tan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hezhong Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
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Luan F, Zou J, Zhang X, Zeng J, Peng X, Li R, Shi Y, Zeng N. The extraction, purification, structural features, bioactivities, and applications of Schisandra chinensis polysaccharides: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130030. [PMID: 38336330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis, as a famous medicinal and food homologous plant, has a long history of medicinal and dietary therapy. It has the functions of nourishing the kidney, calming the heart, tranquilising the mind, tonifying Qi and producing fluid to relieve mental stress, based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine. Accumulating evidence has shown that S. chinensis polysaccharides (SCPs) are one of the most important bioactive macromolecules and exhibit diverse biological activities in vitro and in vivo, including neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, cardioprotective, antitumour and anti-inflammatory activities, etc. This review aims to thoroughly review the recent advances in the extraction and purification methods, structural features, biological activities and structure-activity relationships, potential applications and quality assessment of SCPs, and further highlight the therapeutic potentials and health functions of SCPs in the fields of therapeutic agents and functional food development. Future insights and challenges of SCPs were also critically discussed. Overall, the present review provides a theoretical overview for the further development and utilization of S. chinensis polysaccharides in the health food and pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Luan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Junbo Zou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jiuseng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ruiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yajun Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Nan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, PR China.
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Zhang N, Zhu Y, Zhang X, Yang K, Yang X, An M, Tian C, Li J. Based on network pharmacology and experiments to explore the underlying mechanism of Mahonia bealei (Fortune) Carrière for treating alcoholic hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116919. [PMID: 37453621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Mahonia bealei (Fortune) Carrière (M. bealei) is a traditional medicine widely used by the Hmong community in Guizhou. It possesses diverse biological activities and shows promise in cancer treatment; however, contemporary pharmacological research in this area is lacking. AIMS OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of M. bealei on alcoholic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS We initially employed the LC-MS/MS method to identify the compounds present in M. bealei serum. Subsequently, its potential targets were predicted using public databases. Bioinformatics and network pharmacology approaches, such as univariate Cox regression and random forest (RF) algorithms, were utilized to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the prognosis of alcoholic HCC. Survival curve and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were conducted using alcoholic HCC-related data from TCGA and GEO to determine the diagnostic value of the identified DEGs. Molecular docking using the CDOCKER approach based on CHARMm was performed to validate the affinity between the predictive compounds and targets. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of M. bealei on cell proliferation, migration, and conducted western blot assays. RESULTS The LC-MS/MS approach identified 17 therapeutic components and predicted 483 component-related targets, of which 63 overlapped with alcoholic HCC targets and were considered potential therapeutic targets. GO and KEGG pathway analysis revealed significant associations between the 63 overlapping targets and alcoholic HCC progression. Through various approaches in the Cytoscape 3.9.0 software, we confirmed 9 hub genes (CDK1, CXCR4, DNMT1, ESR1, KIT, PDGFRB, SERPINE1, TOP2A, and TYMS) as core targets. TOP2A and CDK1 genes were identified as advantageous for diagnosing alcoholic HCC using univariate Cox regression, RF, survival curve, and ROC analysis. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated strong binding affinity between key bioactive components cyclamic acid, perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid, perfluorosulfonic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, adenosine receptor antagonist (CGS 15943), and Prodigiosin and TOP2A and CDK1. In vitro experiments confirmed that M. bealei significantly suppressed cell proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells, while downregulating TOP2A and CDK1 expression. CONCLUSION This study highlights the potential of M. bealei as a natural medicine for the treatment of alcoholic HCC. Six compounds (cyclamic acid, perfluoroalkylic carboxylic acids, perfluorosulfonic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, adenosine receptor antagonist (CGS 15943), and Prodigiosin) present in M. bealei serum may exhibit therapeutic effects against alcoholic HCC by downregulating CDK1 and TOP2A expression levels in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Kaiping Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xia Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Mingyu An
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Changlin Tian
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Jia W, Jiang S, Wang F, Li J, Wang Z, Yao Z. Natural antibacterial membranes prepared using Schisandra chinensis extracts and polyvinyl alcohol in an environment-friendly manner. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 346:140524. [PMID: 37923017 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens can cause food spoilage and lead to food safety issues. In recent years, food packaging has received a lot of attention. Traditional packaging membranes are non-biodegradable and remain in the environment for a long time. In this study, natural antimicrobial substances were extracted from Schisandra chinensis by a green extraction process using distilled water as the solvent, and the effects of different treatment on the antimicrobial activity of the extract were compared. At the same time, four types of Schisandra chinensis antimicrobial membranes were prepared using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the substrate. The whole extraction and membrane preparation process did not involve organic solvents, making the process green and environment friendly. Material characterization included inverted biological microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), tensile strength test, pore size measurement, water uptake test, etc. Among them, no extract particles were observed with the naked eye on the surfaces of MⅡ and MⅣ. MⅡ has a uniformly transparent, nearly colorless morphology and is the most tensile. MⅣ surface is flat and smooth, the microstructure is dense and uniform. At the same time, the four types of membranes were tested against common pathogenic bacteria for 12 h, and the OD600 trend revealed the excellent antimicrobial activity of the membranes against S. aureus, MRSA, E. coli, and L. monocytogenes. The membranes could also be reused at least once. This study provides a new idea for preparing natural plant-based antimicrobial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Jia
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shanxue Jiang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zeru Wang
- School of System Design and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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Valíčková J, Zezulka Š, Maršálková E, Kotlík J, Maršálek B, Opatřilová R. Potential toxicity of Schisandra chinensis to water environment: acute toxicity tests with water crustaceans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:112625-112630. [PMID: 37837583 PMCID: PMC10643315 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Fruits of Schisandra chinensis, an East Asian liana plant, are currently more and more used to produce nutrient supplements that positively affect human health due to the content of various secondary metabolites. On the other hand, these substances because of their bioactivity can cause possible allelopathic or toxic effects concerning other organisms (algae, plants, animals). But the ecotoxicological properties of S. chinensis outside its area of origin have yet to be sufficiently verified. Two crustaceans, Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus, were selected as model aquatic organisms to test the potential impact of S. chinensis active compounds on the aquatic environment. Crude water extract from S. chinensis fruits, simulating the natural leakage of active substances in water, was tested in treatments from 0.0045 to 45 mg/L (according to the content of schisandrin as the dominating lignan). Effective concentration (EC50) causing 50% lethal effect for D. magna was established to 0.0448 mg/L after 24 h and 0.0152 mg/L after 48 h. EC50 for T. platyurus reached 0.4572 mg/L after 24 h, i.e. more than ten times higher than for D. magna. This study showed that the potential environmentally relevant concentrations of S. chinensis bioactive compounds could represent a severe risk to aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Valíčková
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Štěpán Zezulka
- Department of Experimental Phycology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Maršálková
- Department of Experimental Phycology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Kotlík
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Blahoslav Maršálek
- Department of Experimental Phycology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Opatřilová
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého třída 1946/1, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
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Ji W, Gu L, Zou X, Li Z, Xu X, Wu J, Zhang S, Deng H. Discovery, Validation, and Target Prediction of Antibacterial and Antidiabetic Components of Archidendron clypearia Based on a Combination of Multiple Analytical Methods. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031329. [PMID: 36770996 PMCID: PMC9919075 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Archidendron clypearia (A. clypearia), a Fabaceae family member, is widely used as an anti-inflammatory herbal medicine; however, its antibacterial and antidiabetic properties have not been extensively investigated. This study aimed to systematically analyze the antibacterial and antidiabetic components of A. clypearia by utilizing a combination of analytical methods. First, ten different polarity extracts were analyzed through ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), and their antibacterial and antidiabetic activities were evaluated. Then the spectrum-effect relationship between the biological activity and UPLC chromatograms was analyzed by partial least squares regression and gray relational analysis, followed by corresponding validation using isolated components. Finally, network pharmacology and molecular docking were implemented to predict the main antibacterial target components of A. clypearia and the enzyme inhibition active sites of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. P15, P16, and P20 were found to be the antibacterial and antidiabetic active components. The inhibitory effect of 7-O-galloyltricetiflavan (P15) on six bacterial species may be mediated through the lipid and atherosclerosis pathway, prostate cancer, adherens junctions, and targets such as SRC, MAPK1, and AKT1. The molecular docking results revealed that 7-O-galloyltricetiflavan and 7,4'-di-O-galloyltricetiflavan (P16/P20) can bind to α-amylase and α-glucosidase pockets with binding energies lower than -6 kcal/mol. Our study provides guidance for the development of antibacterial and antidiabetic products based on A. clypearia and can be used as a reference for the evaluation of bioactivity of other herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenduo Ji
- The Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lixia Gu
- The Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuezhe Zou
- The Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhichao Li
- The Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Jialin Wu
- The Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Department of Pharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hong Deng
- The Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Department of Pharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence:
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Li H, Dong A, Li N, Ma Y, Zhang S, Deng Y, Chen S, Zhang M. Mechanistic Study of Schisandra chinensis Fruit Mixture Based on Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking and Experimental Validation to Improve the Inflammatory Response of DKD Through AGEs/RAGE Signaling Pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:613-632. [PMID: 36875720 PMCID: PMC9983444 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s395512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and inflammation is the main causative mechanism. Schisandra chinensis fruit Mixture (SM) is an herbal formulation that has been used for a long time to treat DKD. However, its pharmacological and molecular mechanisms have not been clearly elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential mechanisms of SM for the treatment of DKD through network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental validation. Methods The chemical components in SM were comprehensively identified and collected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and database mining. The mechanisms were investigated using a network pharmacology, including obtaining SM-DKD intersection targets, completing protein-protein interactions (PPI) by Cytoscape to obtain key potential targets, and then revealing potential mechanisms of SM for DKD by GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. The important pathways and phenotypes screened by the network analysis were validated experimentally in vivo. Finally, the core active ingredients were screened by molecular docking. Results A total of 53 active ingredients of SM were retrieved by database and LC-MS, and 143 common targets of DKD and SM were identified; KEGG and PPI showed that SM most likely exerted anti-DKD effects by regulating the expression of AGEs/RAGE signaling pathway-related inflammatory factors. In addition, our experimental validation results showed that SM improved renal function and pathological changes in DKD rats, down-regulated AGEs/RAGE signaling pathway, and further down-regulated the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and up-regulated IL-10. Molecular docking confirmed the tight binding properties between (+)-aristolone, a core component of SM, and key targets. Conclusion This study reveals that SM improves the inflammatory response of DKD through AGEs/RAGE signaling pathway, thus providing a novel idea for the clinical treatment of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdian Li
- Department of Nephrology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ao Dong
- Department of Nephrology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Nephrology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mianzhi Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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