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Kobetitsch S, Gierlikowska B, Kunert O, Mazen AM, Raab P, Kretschmer N, Donolo C, Pirker T, Bauer R, Kiss AK, Pferschy-Wenzig EM. Salvadora persica leaves: phytochemical profile and in vitro-inhibitory activity on inflammatory mediators implicated in periodontal disease. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2024; 62:563-576. [PMID: 39021070 PMCID: PMC11259067 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2024.2374801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Virtually all parts of Salvadora persica L. (Salvadoraceae) are used in traditional medicine. The twigs and leaves are used for oral health, but leaves are far less investigated. OBJECTIVE This study assesses the oral health-promoting potential of S. persica leaves with emphasis on anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects and provides an in depth-characterization of their metabolite profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hot-water and methanolic S. persica leaf extracts (1, 10, and 100 µg/mL) and their major constituents (5, 10, and 50 µM), were subjected to cellular assays on IL-8 and TNFα release in LPS-stimulated human neutrophils, NO-release in LPS/IFNγ stimulated mouse macrophages, and proliferation of HNO97 human tongue carcinoma cells. Metabolite profiling was performed by UHPLC-HRMS analysis. Major constituents were isolated and structurally elucidated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Both extracts showed pronounced anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated neutrophils. Major identified compound classes were flavonoid glycosides, the glucosinolate glucotropaeolin, phenyl- and benzylglycoside sulfates, and megastigmane glycosylsulfates, the latter ones identified for the first time in S. persica. Glucotropaeolin strongly inhibited the release of IL-8 and TNF-α (13.3 ± 2.0 and 22.7 ± 2.6% of the release of stimulated control cells at 50 µM), while some flavonoids and 3-(3'-O-sulfo-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-7,8-dihydro-β-ionone, a newly isolated megastigmane glycosylsulfate, were moderately active. Benzylisothiocyanate, which is likely formed from glucotropaeolin during traditional application of S. persica, showed considerable antiproliferative activity (IC50 in HNO97 cells: 10.19 ± 0.72 µM) besides strongly inhibiting IL-8 and TNFα release. CONCLUSIONS Glucotropaeolin and benzylisothiocyanate are likely implicated in the oral health-promoting effects of S. persica leaves. The chemistry and pharmacology of the newly identified megastigmane glycosylsulfates should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Kobetitsch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Gierlikowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olaf Kunert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ahmed M.A. Mazen
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Pia Raab
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nadine Kretschmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Carina Donolo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Teresa Pirker
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna K. Kiss
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Safiya S N, Varghese RM, S AK, Shanmugam R. Antifungal Activity of Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum Herbal Formulation-Based Oral Rinse Against Candida albicans. Cureus 2024; 16:e67111. [PMID: 39290920 PMCID: PMC11406399 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.67111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Candida albicans is a common fungal pathogen responsible for oral infections, posing significant health challenges. Traditional antifungal treatments often come with side effects and resistance issues, highlighting the need for effective natural alternatives. O. tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum are known for their medicinal properties, including antifungal activity. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal effectiveness of an O. tenuiflorum and O. gratissimum herbal formulation-based oral rinse against C. albicans. Methods Antifungal activity was measured using agar well diffusion, time-kill curve assays, and analyses of cytoplasmic and protein leakage. The herbal rinse was tested at concentrations of 25 µg/mL, 50 µg/mL, and 100 µg/mL, and compared to a commercial oral rinse. Results The herbal rinse demonstrated strong antifungal effects that increased with concentration. At 100 µg/mL, it produced a 13 mm zone of inhibition, outperforming the commercial rinse's 11 mm. The time-kill assay revealed that the 100 µg/mL concentration reduced fungal counts to 103 CFU/mL within 5 hours, on par with the commercial rinse. Cytoplasmic leakage analysis showed an optical density of 0.42 at 100 µg/mL, close to the commercial rinse's 0.45. Protein leakage analysis indicated an optical density of 0.52 at 100 µg/mL, slightly higher than the commercial rinse's 0.51. Conclusion The O. tenuiflorum and O. gratissimum herbal formulation-based oral rinse exhibit potent antifungal activity against C. albicans, rivaling and even surpassing commercial rinses at higher concentrations. This study underscores the potential of this natural oral rinse as a powerful alternative for managing oral fungal infections, meriting further research and clinical trials to confirm its long-term safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal Safiya S
- Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Remmiya Mary Varghese
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Aravind Kumar S
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Rajeshkumar Shanmugam
- Nanobiomedicine Lab, Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
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Baus-Domínguez M, Aguilera FR, Vivancos-Cuadras F, Ferra-Domingo L, Torres-Lagares D, Gutiérrez-Pérez JL, Pereira-Riveros T, Vinuesa T, Serrera-Figallo MÁ. Mucoadhesive Pharmacology: Latest Clinical Technology in Antiseptic Gels. Gels 2023; 10:23. [PMID: 38247746 PMCID: PMC10815608 DOI: 10.3390/gels10010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlorhexidine (CHX) is one of the most widely used antiseptics in the oral cavity due to its high antimicrobial potential. However, many authors have stated that the effect of CHX in nonsurgical periodontal therapy is hampered by its rapid elimination from the oral environment. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial efficacy of a new compound of chlorhexidine 0.20% + cymenol (CYM) 0.10% on a multispecies biofilm. For this, an in vitro study was designed using a multispecies biofilm model of Streptococcus mutans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Quantification of the microbial viability of the biofilm was performed using 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium-chloride (CTC) to calculate the percentage of survival, and the biofilms were observed using a a confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). It was observed that the bactericidal activity of the CHX + cymenol bioadhesive gel was superior to that of the CHX bioadhesive gel, in addition to higher penetrability into the biofilm. Therefore, there was greater elimination of bacterial biofilm with the new compound of chlorhexidine 0.2% plus cymenol 0.1% in a bioadhesive gel form compared to the formulation with only chlorhexidine 0.2% in a bioadhesive gel form.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Baus-Domínguez
- Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain; (J.-L.G.-P.); (M.-Á.S.-F.)
| | - Felipe-Rodrigo Aguilera
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (F.-R.A.); (T.P.-R.); (T.V.)
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | | | | | - Daniel Torres-Lagares
- Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain; (J.-L.G.-P.); (M.-Á.S.-F.)
| | - José-Luis Gutiérrez-Pérez
- Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain; (J.-L.G.-P.); (M.-Á.S.-F.)
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rociío, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Tanya Pereira-Riveros
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (F.-R.A.); (T.P.-R.); (T.V.)
| | - Teresa Vinuesa
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (F.-R.A.); (T.P.-R.); (T.V.)
| | - María-Ángeles Serrera-Figallo
- Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain; (J.-L.G.-P.); (M.-Á.S.-F.)
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Azizan NF, Mohd N, Nik Azis NM, Baharin B. Effectiveness of Salvadora persica toothbrush and Salvadora persica chewing stick in plaque and gingivitis control: a randomized control trial. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:456. [PMID: 38098022 PMCID: PMC10720088 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The values of plant-based products have taken on an expanding relevance in dentistry. Salvadora persica chewing stick (miswak) has been practiced for centuries and is recommended by the World Health Organization as a customary oral hygiene tool. The therapeutic effects of S. persica chewing stick are contributed by its mechanical cleansing action, active chemicals released, or the combination of these two actions. However, the S. persica chewing stick in its natural form can be difficult to maneuver in certain parts of the mouth. This concern has inspired the innovation of the S. persica toothbrush that is designed to merge the ease of use of a toothbrush with the beneficial natural properties of S. persica preserved in its bristle. The present study aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness between S. persica toothbrush, S. persica chewing stick and the standard toothbrush in plaque and gingivitis control. METHODS In this single-blinded and parallel randomized controlled trial, 78 participants were randomly divided into three groups to either use (i) S. persica toothbrush (MTB); (ii) S. persica chewing stick (MCS); or (iii) standard toothbrush (STB) in a standardized manner for three weeks. Plaque Index (PI) and Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area (PISA) values, measuring plaque levels and severity of gingivitis, respectively, were evaluated at baseline, one- and three-week post-interventions. RESULTS The MCS group showed a significant improvement in the mean PISA values of the anterior teeth compared to the MTB and STB groups (MCS: from 16.35 ± 10.03 to 3.41 ± 1.14; MTB: from 25.20 ± 14.01 to 3.57 ± 1.19; STB: from 26.54 ± 8.64 to 6.17 ± 0.86; p < .050). All three groups reported significant improvements (p < .001) in the plaque levels and the severity of gingivitis from baseline to three weeks after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS Following correct techniques, S. persica toothbrush and chewing sticks are as effective as the standard toothbrush in plaque control and gingival health, which represent the reputed anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis properties of S. persica. TRIAL REGISTRATION This clinical trial was prospectively registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with registration NCT04650685 (25/11/2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Fatin Azizan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurulhuda Mohd
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Nik Madihah Nik Azis
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Badiah Baharin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Arumuganainar D, Subramaniam G, Kurumathur Vasudevan A, Subbusamy Kanakasabapathy B. An In Vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Efficacy of Solanum xanthocarpum Extracts on Bacteria From Dental Plaque Biofilm. Cureus 2023; 15:e45202. [PMID: 37842394 PMCID: PMC10576197 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The focus of research has recently shifted toward developing herbal-based medicines due to the emerging bacterial resistance and side effects of antibiotics. Solanum xanthocarpum (Sx) is a medicinal plant with potent pharmacological properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of its crude extracts on bacteria isolated from dental plaque in patients with gingivitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous, ethyl acetate, hexane, chloroform, and ethanolic extracts were prepared from Sx. Dental plaque samples were collected from patients with plaque-induced gingivitis. Disk diffusion assay was performed to determine the antibacterial activity of the extracts at concentrations of 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, and 75 mg/ml with ampicillin 200 mg/ml as a positive control. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the aqueous extract was also evaluated by broth dilution test against bacteria isolated from dental plaque biofilm. RESULTS The antibacterial activity was estimated by measuring the zones of inhibition through the disc diffusion method. The Kruskal Wallis with Dunn post hoc test performed for intergroup comparison between the various extracts showed a statistically significant difference in inhibition of bacterial growth between 25 mg/ml and 75 mg/ml concentrations. There was no significant difference between the 75 mg/ml Sx concentration and the positive control. In addition, the MIC was elucidated to be 0.625 g/ml, at which there was maximum inhibition of bacterial growth. CONCLUSION The Sx extract exhibited antibacterial activity against periodontal pathogens. Thus, it can be concluded that optimum concentrations of Sx could be used in therapeutic strategies to prevent and manage periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gopinath Subramaniam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
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