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Zhao Y, Qin H, Wang Z, Wang H, He Y, Tian Q, Luo Q, Xu P. Facile synthesis of cadmium-doped graphite carbon nitride for photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline under visible light irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:74062-74080. [PMID: 35633459 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, using semiconductor photocatalysts for antibiotic contaminant degradation under visible light has become a hot topic. Herein, a novel and ingenious cadmium-doped graphite phase carbon nitride (Cd-g-C3N4) photocatalyst was successfully constructed via the thermal polymerization method. Experimental and characterization results revealed that cadmium (Cd) was well doped at the g-C3N4 surface and exhibited high intercontact with g-C3N4. Additionally, the introduction of cadmium significantly improved the photocatalytic activity, and the optimum degradation efficiency of tetracycline (TC) reached 98.1%, which was exceeded 2.0 times that of g-C3N4 (43.9%). Meanwhile, the Cd-doped sample presented a higher efficiency of electrical conductivity, light absorption property, and photogenerated electron-hole pair migration compared with g-C3N4. Additionally, the quenching experiments and electron spin-resonance tests exhibited that holes (h+), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), superoxide radicals (•O2-) were the main active species involved in TC degradation. The effects of various conditions on photocatalytic degradation, such as pH, initial TC concentrations, and catalyst dosage, were also researched. Finally, the degradation mechanism was elaborated in detail. This work gives a reasonable point to synthesizing high-efficiency and economic metal-doped photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangzhuo He
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Quyang Tian
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianlan Luo
- Changsha Liuyang Eco-environmental Monitoring Station, No. 1 Fuxing Middle Road in Liuyang, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Piao Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
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Fung CM, Er CC, Tan LL, Mohamed AR, Chai SP. Red Phosphorus: An Up-and-Coming Photocatalyst on the Horizon for Sustainable Energy Development and Environmental Remediation. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3879-3965. [PMID: 34968051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is a perennial solution that promises to resolve deep-rooted challenges related to environmental pollution and energy deficit through harvesting the inexhaustible and renewable solar energy. To date, a cornucopia of photocatalytic materials has been investigated with the research wave presently steered by the development of novel, affordable, and effective metal-free semiconductors with fascinating physicochemical and semiconducting characteristics. Coincidentally, the recently emerged red phosphorus (RP) semiconductor finds itself fitting perfectly into this category ascribed to its earth abundant, low-cost, and metal-free nature. More notably, the renowned red allotrope of the phosphorus family is spectacularly bestowed with strengthened optical absorption features, propitious electronic band configuration, and ease of functionalization and modification as well as high stability. Comprehensively detailing RP's roles and implications in photocatalysis, this review article will first include information on different RP allotropes and their chemical structures, followed by the meticulous scrutiny of their physicochemical and semiconducting properties such as electronic band structure, optical absorption features, and charge carrier dynamics. Besides that, state-of-the-art synthesis strategies for developing various RP allotropes and RP-based photocatalytic systems will also be outlined. In addition, modification or functionalization of RP with other semiconductors for promoting effective photocatalytic applications will be discussed to assess its versatility and feasibility as a high-performing photocatalytic system. Lastly, the challenges facing RP photocatalysts and future research directions will be included to propel the feasible development of RP-based systems with considerably augmented photocatalytic efficiency. This review article aspires to facilitate the rational development of multifunctional RP-based photocatalytic systems by widening the cognizance of rational engineering as well as to fine-tune the electronic, optical, and charge carrier properties of RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-May Fung
- Multidisciplinary Platform of Advanced Engineering, Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chen-Chen Er
- Multidisciplinary Platform of Advanced Engineering, Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Lling-Lling Tan
- Multidisciplinary Platform of Advanced Engineering, Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Mohamed
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang 14300, Malaysia
| | - Siang-Piao Chai
- Multidisciplinary Platform of Advanced Engineering, Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
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Ahmed SN, Haider W. Heterogeneous photocatalysis and its potential applications in water and wastewater treatment: a review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:342001. [PMID: 29786601 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aac6ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
There has been a considerable amount of research in the development of sustainable water treatment techniques capable of improving the quality of water. Unavailability of drinkable water is a crucial issue especially in regions where conventional drinking water treatment systems fail to eradicate aquatic pathogens, toxic metal ions and industrial waste. The research and development in this area have given rise to a new class of processes called advanced oxidation processes, particularly in the form of heterogeneous photocatalysis, which converts photon energy into chemical energy. Advances in nanotechnology have improved the ability to develop and specifically tailor the properties of photocatalytic materials used in this area. This paper discusses many of those photocatalytic nanomaterials, both metal-based and metal-free, which have been studied for water and waste water purification and treatment in recent years. It also discusses the design and performance of the recently studied photocatalytic reactors, along with the recent advancements in the visible-light photocatalysis. Additionally, the effects of the fundamental parameters such as temperature, pH, catalyst-loading and reaction time have also been reviewed. Moreover, different techniques that can increase the photocatalytic efficiency as well as recyclability have been systematically presented, followed by a discussion on the photocatalytic treatment of actual wastewater samples and the future challenges associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nabeel Ahmed
- School of Engineering & Technology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, United States of America
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