Sulfur dioxide and o-xylene co-treatment in biofilter: Performance, bacterial populations and bioaerosols emissions

Development of a flow-cell bioreactor for immobilized sulfidogenic sludge characterization using electrochemical H2S microsensors

The sulfate-reduction process plays a crucial role in the biological valorization of SOx gases. However, a complete understanding of the sulfidogenic process in bioreactors is limited by the lack of technologies for characterizing the sulfate-reducing activity of immobilized biomass. In this work, we propose a flow-cell bioreactor (FCB) for characterizing sulfate-reducing biomass using H2S microsensors to monitor H2S production in real-time within a biofilm. To replace natural immobilization through extracellular polymeric substance production, sulfidogenic sludge was artificially immobilized using polymers. Physical and sulfate-reducing activity studies were performed to select a polymer-biomass matrix that maintained sulfate-reducing activity of biomass while providing strong microbial retention and mechanical strength. Several operational conditions of the sulfidogenic reactor allowed to obtain a H2S profiles under different inlet sulfate loads and, additionally, 3D mapping was assessed in order to perform a hydraulic characterization. Besides, the effects of artificial immobilization on biodiversity were investigated through the characterization of microbial communities. This study demonstrated the appropriateness of immobilized-biomass for characterization of sulfidogenic biomass in FCB using H2S electrochemical microsensors, and beneficial microbiological communities shifts as well as enrichment of sulfate-reducing bacteria have been confirmed.

Characterization of sulfide oxidation and optimization of sulfate production by a thermophilic Paenibacillus naphthalenovorans LYH-3 isolated from sewage sludge composting

The sulfur-containing odor emitted from sludge composting could be controlled by sulfide oxidizing bacteria, yet mesophilic strains show inactivation during the thermophilic stage of composting. Aimed to investigate and characterize the thermotolerant bacterium that could oxidize sulfide into sulfate, a heterotrophic strain was isolated from sewage sludge composting and identified as Paenibacillus naphthalenovorans LYH-3. The effects of various environmental factors on sulfide oxidation capacities were studied to optimize the sulfate production, and the highest production rate (27.35% ± 0.86%) was obtained at pH 7.34, the rotation speed of 161.14 r/min, and the inoculation amount of 5.83% by employing Box-Behnken design. The results of serial sulfide substrates experiments indicated that strain LYH-3 could survive up to 400 mg/L of sulfide with the highest sulfide removal rate (88.79% ± 0.35%) obtained at 50 mg/L of sulfide. Growth kinetic analysis presented the maximum specific growth rate µ_m (0.5274 hr^-1) after 22 hr cultivation at 50°C. The highest enzyme activities of sulfide quinone oxidoreductase (0.369 ± 0.052 U/mg) and sulfur dioxygenase (0.255 ± 0.014 U/mg) were both obtained at 40°C, and the highest enzyme activity of sulfite acceptor oxidoreductase (1.302 ± 0.035 U/mg) was assessed at 50°C. The results indicated that P. naphthalenovorans possessed a rapid growth rate and efficient sulfide oxidation capacities under thermophilic conditions, promising a potential application in controlling sulfur-containing odors during the thermophilic stage of sludge composting.

A review on biofiltration techniques: Recent advancements in the removal of volatile organic compounds and heavy metals in the treatment of polluted water

Good quality of water determines the healthy life of living beings on this earth. The cleanliness of water was interrupted by the pollutants emerging out of several human activities. Industrialization, urbanization, heavy population, and improper disposal of wastes are found to be the major reasons for the contamination of water. Globally, the inclusion of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and heavy metals released by manufacturing industries, pharmaceuticals, and petrochemical processes have created environmental issues. The toxic nature of these pollutants has led researchers, scientists, and industries to exhibit concern towards the complete eradication of them. In this scenario, the development of wastewater treatment methodologies at low cost and in an eco-friendly way had gained importance at the international level. Recently, bio-based technologies were considered for environmental remedies. Biofiltration based works have shown a significant result for the removal of volatile organic compounds and heavy metals in the treatment of wastewater. This was done with several biological sources such as bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, yeasts, etc. The biofiltration technique is cost-effective, simple, biocompatible, sustainable, and eco-friendly compared to conventional techniques. This review article provides deep insight into biofiltration technologies engaged in the removal of volatile organic compounds and heavy metals in the wastewater treatment process.

Removal of odors and VOCs in municipal solid waste comprehensive treatment plants using a novel three-stage integrated biofilter: Performance and bioaerosol emissions

A novel three-stage integrated biofilter (TSIBF) composed of acidophilic bacteria reaction segment (ABRS), fungal reaction segment (FRS) and heterotrophic bacteria reaction segment (HBRS) was constructed for the treatment of odors and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)from municipal solid waste (MSW) comprehensive treatment plants. The performance, counts of predominant microorganisms, and bioaerosol emissions of a full-scale TSIBF system were studied. High and stable removal efficiencies of hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and VOCs could be achieved with the TSIBF system, and the emissions of culturable heterotrophic bacteria, fungi and acidophilic sulfur bacteria were relatively low. The removal efficiencies of different odors and VOCs, emissions of culturable microorganisms, and types of predominant microorganisms were different in the ABRS, FRS and HBRS due to the differences in reaction conditions and mass transfer in each segment. The emissions of bioaerosols from the TSIBF depended on the capture of microorganisms and their volatilization from the packing. The rational segmentation, filling of high-density packings and the accumulation of the predominant functional microorganisms in each segment enhanced the capture effect of the bioaerosols, thus reducing the emissions of microorganisms from the bioreactor.

Biodegradation of gaseous xylene in a flat composite membrane bioreactor

The xylene is an important hydrophobic volatile organic compound (VOC) widely used as a solvent in different industries. Compared to the conventional bioreactors, the membrane bioreactor is more efficient for the degradation of hydrophobic VOCs. In this work, the degradation of gaseous xylene in a flat composite membrane bioreactor inoculated with activated sludge under different operating conditions was investigated. The maximum elimination capacities, EC_v of 289 g/(m³ h) and EC_m of 0.145 g/(m² h) were obtained at the gas residence time of 20 s and the loading rate of 475 g/(m³ h). Moreover, the membrane bioreactor is stable enough to suffer weak shock loading and short intermittent process shutdown. These results indicate that the membrane biotechnology shows great potentials in practical applications for xylene removal.

Styrene removal with an acidic biofilter with four packing materials: Performance and fungal bioaerosol emissions

The packing material used in acidic biofilters (ABFs) has a significant impact on styrene removal. The bioaerosol emission was rarely considered when evaluating the packing materials in the ABFs. Four ABFs packed with ceramsite, compost, lava and polyurethane (PU) were developed and compared for their styrene removal and fungal bioaerosol emissions characteristics over 529 days. The removal efficiencies of styrene in the ABFs were higher under the condition of longer empty bed residence time (EBRT) and lower inlet concentration. The maximum styrene elimination capacities of the ABFs with ceramsite, compost, lava and PU were 74.57, 87.81, 67.13 and 101.88 g/m³ h, respectively. A lower pressure drop and the highest fungi count were observed in the ABF packed with PU. The emissions concentrations of fungal bioaerosols at the humidity of 63.5% were lower than those at a humidity of 42.7% and it increased with the air velocity. Additionally, the concentrations of fungal bioaerosols emitted from the ABFs packed with PU were 2168 ± 145-3661 ± 257 CFU/m³, which was 33%-90% lower than those of the other three ABFs. The particle size distributions of the fungal bioaerosols emitted from the ABFs packed with PU and compost were mainly centered around large particles. Considering the removal of styrene and the fungal bioaerosols emissions, PU was the optimal packing material for ABF.

Comparison and application of biofilter and suspended bioreactor in removing gaseous o-xylene

Two bioreactors, suspended-growth bioreactors (SPB) and biofilter (BF), were compared for the performances in removing gaseous o-xylene. Their efficiencies were investigated by varying the o-xylene loadings, gas flow rates, and gas-water ratios. High-throughput techniques were applied for the microbial populations assay. The conversion rate of carbon in o-xylene was calculated, and the relationship between biomass and removal efficiencies was also analyzed. Results indicated that both the SPB and BF could effectively treat gases containing o-xylene. The average removal efficiencies were 91.8% and 93.5%, respectively. The elimination capacity of the BF was much higher than that of the SPB when the intake load was below 150 g m^-3 h^-1. When the o-xylene loadings were over 150 g m^-3 h^-1, both the SPB and BF achieved similar o-xylene removal rates. The maximum elimination capacities were 28.36 g m^-3 h^-1 for the SPB and 30.67 g m^-3 h^-1 for BF. The SPB was more sensitive to the changes in the gas flow rate. Results of microbial assay indicated that bacteria e.g. Mycobacterium sp. and Rhodanobacter sp. might play important roles in removing o-xylene in the SPB, while the bacteria Pseudomonas sp., Sphingomonas sp., and Defluviicoccus sp., and the fungi Aspergillus sp. and Scedosporium sp., were the o-xylene degraders in the BF. The successful application of the integrated bioreactor in treating gases containing o-xylene exhausted from the electroplating plant indicated that the integration of SPB and BF could be an effective method for removing VOCs with Henry coefficient in the range of 0.01-1.

A short review of bioaerosol emissions from gas bioreactors: Health threats, influencing factors and control technologies

Bioaerosols have widely been a concern due to their potential harm to human health caused by the carrying and spreading of harmful microorganisms. Biofiltration has been generally used as a green and effective technology for processing VOCs. However, bioaerosols can be emitted into the atmosphere as secondary pollutants from the biofiltration process. This review presents an overview of bioaerosol emissions from gas bioreactors. The mechanism of bioaerosols production and the effect of biofiltration on bioaerosol emissions were analyzed. The results showed that the bioaerosol emission concentrations were generally exceeded 10⁴ CFU m^-3, which would damage to human health. Biomass, inlet gas velocity, moisture content, temperature, and some other factors have significant influences on bioaerosol emissions. Moreover, as a result of the analysis done herein, different inactivation technologies and microbial immobilization of bioaerosols were proposed and evaluated as a potential solution for reducing bioaerosols emissions. The purpose of this paper is to make more people realize the importance of controlling the emissions of bioaerosols in the biofiltration process and to make the treatment of VOCs by biotechnology more environmentally friendly. Additionally, the present work intends to increase people's awareness in regards to the control of bioaerosols, including microbial fragment present in bioaerosols.

Improved degradation of n-hexane vapours using a hybrid system, a photoreactor packed with TiO2 coated-scoria granules and a multilayer biofilter

Biofiltration of hydrophobic and/or recalcitrant volatile organic compounds such as n-hexane is imperfect. In the present study, we applied a hybrid system consisting of a photoreactor packed with scoria granules coated with TiO₂ and a biofilter to improve the removal efficiency of n-hexane from the air stream. The experimental results showed that the hybrid system provided higher removal efficiencies than the single biofilter process with an inlet n-hexane concentration range of 0.11-1 g^-3 for empty bed residence times (EBRTs) of 30-120 s in the hybrid system. The removal efficiency of the single biofilter in EBRTs of 30, 60 and 120 s was 10.06%, 21.45%, and 45.98%, respectively. When the photoreactor was included as a pretreatment system (with residence time of 7-27 s) and the overall EBRTs of the system was adjusted to 30, 60 and 120 s, the removal efficiency of the hybrid system was increased to 39.79%, 63.08%, and 92.6%, respectively. The mass ratio of carbon dioxide produced as an indicator for n-hexane degradation in the hybrid system and the biofilter alone was 1.9 and 1.28, respectively. Bacterial community analysis with sequence analysis of 16S rDNA in the biofilter biomass revealed that Pseudomonas and Bacillus as predominant bacterial species were responsible for n-hexane biodegradation. Therefore, the application of the hybrid system is advantageous in enhanced n-hexane removal from the air stream.

Hazardous waste treatment technologies

This is a review of the literature published in 2018 on topics related to hazardous waste management in water, soils, sediments, and air. The review covers treatment technologies applying physical, chemical, and biological principles for contaminated water, soils, sediments, and air. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The management of waters, wastewaters, and soils contaminated by various hazardous chemicals including inorganic (e.g., oxyanions, salts, and heavy metals), organic (e.g., halogenated, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, pesticides, and persistent organic chemicals) was reviewed according to the technology applied, namely, physical, chemical and biological methods. Physical methods for the management of hazardous wastes including adsorption, coagulation (conventional and electrochemical), sand filtration, electrosorption (or CDI), electrodialysis, electrokinetics, membrane (RO, NF, MF), photocatalysis, photoelectrochemical oxidation, sonochemical, non-thermal plasma, supercritical fluid, electrochemical oxidation, and electrochemical reduction processes were reviewed. Chemical methods including ozone-based, hydrogen peroxide-based, persulfate-based, Fenton and Fenton-like, and potassium permanganate processes for the management of hazardous were reviewed. Biological methods such as aerobic, anaerobic, bioreactor, constructed wetlands, soil bioremediation and biofilter processes for the management of hazardous wastes, in mode of consortium and pure culture were reviewed.

Shift of microbial diversity and function in high-efficiency performance biotrickling filter for gaseous xylene treatment

Xylene is the main component of many volatile industrial pollution sources, and the use of biotechnology to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has become a growing trend. In this study, a biotrickling filter for gaseous xylene treatment was developed using activated sludge as raw material to study the biodegradation process of xylene. Reaction conditions were optimized, and long-term operation was performed. The optimal pH was 7.0, gas-liquid ratio was 15:1 (v/v), and temperature was 25 °C. High-throughput sequencing technique was carried out to analyze microbial communities in the top, middle, and bottom layers of the reactor. Characteristics of microbial diversity were elucidated, and microbial functions were predicted. The result showed that the removal efficiency (RE) was stable at 86%-91%, the maximum elimination capacity (EC) was 303.61 g·m^-3·hr^-1, residence time was 33.75 sec, and the initial inlet xylene concentration was 3000 mg·m^-3, which was the highest known degradation concentration reported. Kinetic analysis of the xylene degradation indicated that it was a very high-efficiency-activity bioprocess. The r_max was 1059.8 g·m^-3·hr^-1, and K_s value was 4.78 g·m^-3 in stationary phase. In addition, microbial community structures in the bottom and top layers were significantly different: Pseudomonas was the dominant genus in the bottom layer, whereas Sphingobium was dominant in the top layer. The results showed that intermediate metabolites of xylene could affect the distribution of community structure. Pseudomonas sp. can adapt to high concentration xylene-contaminated environments. Implications: We combined domesticated active sludge and reinforced microbial agent on biotrickling filter. This system performed continuously under a reduced residence time at 33.75 sec and high elimination capacity at 303.61 g·m^-3·hr^-1 in the biotrickling reactor for about 260 days. In this case, predomestication combined with reinforcing of microorganisms was very important to obtaining high-efficiency results. Analysis of microbial diversity and functional prediction indicated a gradient distribution along with the concentration of xylene. This implied a rational design of microbial reagent and optimizing the inoculation of different sites of reactor could reduce the preparation period of the technology.