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Yusuf HH, Pan X, Cai G, Cai J, Huang X, Ye ZL. Semi-solid anaerobic co-digestion of source-separated fecal slag and food waste: focusing on methane production, ecological risk assessment, and quality evaluation as fertilizer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:66578-66590. [PMID: 35504990 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Toilet revolution is driven by the urgent need for solutions to improve sanitation and access to high-quality organic fertilizer for rural areas, which is tagged "resource recovery from human waste." This study provides a possible solution via semi-solid anaerobic co-digestion (Aco-D) of source-separated fecal slag (SFS) and food waste (FW) (3:1). A comprehensive investigation of Aco-D at different inoculum/substrate ratios (ISR) was conducted. Results revealed that the reactor with ISR of 1:4 reached the highest methane yield (255.05 mL/gVS), which enhanced Methanosaetaceae, Methanomicrobiales, and Syntrophomonas. Additionally, the reactor with low feedstock (ISR of 1:2) showed higher removal efficiency of antibiotics (74.75%). The ecological risk of digestate decreased to an insignificant hazard quotient level, and the contents of nutrients and heavy metals were in line with the standard requirement for fertilizer. This study could serve as an alternative technology to support further research in SFS management and digestate utilization as fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Hassan Yusuf
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaofang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guanjing Cai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jiasheng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xuewei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Long Ye
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Kinhoun JJR, Li A, Lv M, Shi Y, Fan B, Qian T. Human Excreta and Food Waste of a Typical Rural Area in China: Characteristics and Co-Fermentation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084731. [PMID: 35457598 PMCID: PMC9028711 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human excreta (HE) and food waste (FW) are the primary contaminants in rural regions. Prior to treating these contaminants, mastering their properties is required. In this study, the characteristics of the HE leaving the body and FW leaving the kitchen to the subsequent respective fermentation were studied. Moreover, two kinds of co-fermentation processes for HE and FW were also investigated on the basis of mastering the properties. The results showed that, for a healthy adult, fresh feces, urine, and FW produced were about 163 g/cap/d (57.3 gCOD/cap/d), 1.6 L/cap/d (6.7 gN/cap/d), and 250 g/cap/d (35.0 gCOD/cap/d), respectively. In HE, about 75% of nitrogen and phosphorus were contained in urine. It takes at least three days for crushed FW discharged via water flushing to settle completely, and the COD removal efficiency after precipitation was around 75%. Mixing HE with FW after discharge, i.e., the initial unit of the process was 20% more efficient in fermentation than mixing after the respective pre-fermentation. This paper presents the characteristics of HE and FW and provides the optimized co-fermentation process, which provides technical support for the realization of environmental sanitation in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Joël Roland Kinhoun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.J.R.K.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (Y.S.); (B.F.)
- Water Pollution and Control Department, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.J.R.K.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (Y.S.); (B.F.)
- Water Pollution and Control Department, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghuan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.J.R.K.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (Y.S.); (B.F.)
- Water Pollution and Control Department, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunpeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.J.R.K.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (Y.S.); (B.F.)
- Water Pollution and Control Department, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.J.R.K.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (Y.S.); (B.F.)
- Water Pollution and Control Department, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingting Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.J.R.K.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (Y.S.); (B.F.)
- Water Pollution and Control Department, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence:
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Xu M, Zhang Y, Li Y, Lv M, Zhu S, Qian T, Fan B. Energy recovery potential in coupling of sanitation and agriculture: Techno-economic analysis on resource-oriented sanitation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 126:141-151. [PMID: 33756114 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of sanitation system and agriculture production is essential to mitigate the environmental burden and offset unsustainable fertilizer utilization by employing resource-oriented sanitation. Yet, the economic feasibility and energy recovery potential from domestic waste have rarely been investigated. To assess four scenarios (whether with kitchen waste separation; whether with energy recovery) in the resource-oriented sanitation system, an integrated assessment framework based on energy analysis and techno-economic analysis is employed to investigate the comprehensive sanitation system including both wastewater treatment and solid waste disposal. The results show that energy recovery from human excreta and kitchen waste can offset the energy consumption of the sanitation system and the energy surplus can even be 1067.70 kJ·PE-1·day-1. The optimum covering range of the regional recovery center was quantified from the balance between scale effect and spatial distribution, and the serving inhabitants need to be more than 2800.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Xu
- Laboratory of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yahui Li
- Laboratory of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghuan Lv
- Laboratory of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shikun Zhu
- Laboratory of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingting Qian
- Laboratory of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bin Fan
- Laboratory of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Zhu P, Shen Y, Pan X, Dong B, Zhou J, Zhang W, Li X. Reducing odor emissions from feces aerobic composting: additives. RSC Adv 2021; 11:15977-15988. [PMID: 35481176 PMCID: PMC9031696 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00355k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic composting is a reliable technology for treating human and animal feces, and converting them into resources. Odor emissions in compost (mainly NH3 and VSCs) not only cause serious environmental problems, but also cause element loss and reduce compost quality. This review introduces recent progresses on odor mitigation in feces composting. The mechanism of odor generation, and the path of element transfer and transformation are clarified. Several strategies, mainly additives for reducing odors proven effective in the literature are proposed. The characteristics of these methods are compared, and their respective limitations are analyzed. The mechanism and characteristics of different additives are different, and the composting plant needs to be chosen according to the actual situation. The application of adsorbent and biological additives has a broad prospect in feces composting, but the existing research is not enough. In the end, some future research topics are highlighted, and further research is needed to improve odor mitigation and element retention in feces compost. Aerobic composting is a reliable technology for treating human and animal feces, and converting them into resources. The addition of additives can reduce the production of odor during the composting process.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Shen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 People's Republic of China
| | - Xusheng Pan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University 1239 Siping Road Shanghai 200092 PR China +86-021-66137747
| | - John Zhou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney 15 Broadway Sydney NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Weidong Zhang
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology 30 Guanghua Street, Hongwei District Liaoyang City Liaoning Province 111003 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 People's Republic of China
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Cunha JR, Schott C, van der Weijden RD, Leal LH, Zeeman G, Buisman C. Recovery of calcium phosphate granules from black water using a hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge bed and gas-lift reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 178:108671. [PMID: 31520821 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Adding calcium during anaerobic digestion of vacuum collected black water (BW) in an up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor increased the retention of total phosphorus (P) in the reactor from 51% to 87%. However, the insufficient mixing in the reactor caused cementation and relatively high content of organics in the recovered calcium phosphate (CaP) granules, limiting the P recovery. In this study, the UASB reactor was mixed with an internal gas-lift (UASB-GL) to prevent cementation and to enhance the P content in CaP granules. The novel UASB-GL reactor operated for 300 days, treating concentrated BW. At steady state, the removal of total COD and P was 92% and 90%, respectively. The gas injection created a sludge bed with an average total suspended solids concentration of 73 ± 16 g/L at the bottom and 31 ± 5 g/L at the top of the reactor. The concentration of solid P at the bottom of the reactor was 4.58 ± 1.34 gP/L, while at the top a much lower concentration was obtained (0.75 ± 0.32 gP/L). 89% of the CaP granules was found at the bottom of the reactor. The harvested CaP granules (>0.4 mm diameter) contained on average 7.8 ± 0.6 wt% of P. A potential recovery of 57% of P in BW as CaP granules was calculated, considering actual application of the UASB-GL reactor in source separated sanitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ricardo Cunha
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O: Box 1113, 8900CC, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands; Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V., (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Chris Schott
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O: Box 1113, 8900CC, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands; Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Renata D van der Weijden
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O: Box 1113, 8900CC, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands; Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Lucía Hernández Leal
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O: Box 1113, 8900CC, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
| | - Grietje Zeeman
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Cees Buisman
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O: Box 1113, 8900CC, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands; Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Aslam A, Khan SJ, Shahzad HMA. Impact of sludge recirculation ratios on the performance of anaerobic membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 288:121473. [PMID: 31129515 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The performance of a lab scale anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) was evaluated for wastewater treatment. The efficacy of the system was determined at different operating conditions in terms of fluxes and recirculation ratios (R); 10.28 L/m2 h (R = 1, Phase I), 8.8 L/m2 h (R = 2, Phase II and R = 3, Phase III) and 6 L/m2 h (R = 2, Phase IV and R = 3, Phase V), respectively. In comparison with all the operating conditions tested, optimum efficacy of the system was found at flux of 6 L/m2 h and R of 3 in terms of highest COD removal (96.7%), and maximum biogas yield (0.44 L/g CODremoved). The MLSS and MLVSS concentrations under optimum phase were 6.23 and 4.83 g/L, respectively at OLR of 0.46 kg COD/m3 day. The system also exhibited significant reduction of foulants i.e. extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and soluble microbial products (SMP) resulting in longer membrane runs in optimized phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Aslam
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sher Jamal Khan
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Aamir Shahzad
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Khan MA, Ngo HH, Guo W, Liu Y, Nghiem LD, Chang SW, Nguyen DD, Zhang S, Luo G, Jia H. Optimization of hydraulic retention time and organic loading rate for volatile fatty acid production from low strength wastewater in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 271:100-108. [PMID: 30265949 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from low strength wastewater at various hydraulic retention time (HRT) and organic loading rate (OLR) in a continuous anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) using glucose as carbon source. This experiment was performed without any selective inhibition of methanogens and the reactor pH was maintained at 7.0 ± 0.1. 48, 24, 18, 12, 8 and 6 h-HRTs were applied and the highest VFA concentration was recorded at 8 h with an overall VFA yield of 48.20 ± 1.21 mg VFA/100 mg CODfeed. Three different ORLs were applied (350, 550 and 715 mg CODfeed) at the optimum 8 h-HRT. The acetic and propanoic acid concentration maximums were (1.1845 ± 0.0165 and 0.5160 ± 0.0141 mili-mole/l respectively) at 550 mg CODfeed. The isobutyric acid concentration was highest (0.3580 ± 0.0407 mili-mole/l) at 715 mg CODfeed indicating butyric-type fermentation at higher organic loading rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Atiqueuzzaman Khan
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia.
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia
| | - Long Duc Nghiem
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinh Duc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui Jia
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
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