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Qian B, Liu Y, Yang X, Zhang Z. The Effects of Posture on Mind Wandering. Exp Psychol 2024. [PMID: 39012308 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Using two executive tasks, we explored how body posture influences mind wandering, a universal internally self-generated activity. Specifically, participants were instructed to perform the Sustained Attention Response Task (SART) and the Flanker task under three postural conditions: lying supine, sitting, and standing upright. These tasks reflect the proactive and reactive modes of executive control, respectively. To measure the frequency of mind wandering, we employed the probe-caught technique, presenting prompts at irregular intervals. The results indicate that, compared to standing and sitting positions, lying supine significantly increased mind wandering, while posture had no effect on either measure of executive control. We suggest that changes in posture alter cognitive activity related to self-generated thoughts and external tasks, whereas the relationship between mind wandering and executive control requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Qian
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xinrui Yang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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Harmon-Jones E, Matis S, Angus DJ, Harmon-Jones C. Does effort increase or decrease reward valuation? Considerations from cognitive dissonance theory. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14536. [PMID: 38323360 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The present research tested the effect of manipulated perceived control (over obtaining the outcomes) and effort on reward valuation using the event-related potential known as the Reward Positivity (RewP). This test was conducted in an attempt to integrate two research literatures with opposite findings: Effort justification occurs when high effort leads to high reward valuation, whereas effort discounting occurs when high effort leads to low reward valuation. Based on an examination of past methods used in these literatures, we predicted that perceived control and effort would interactively influence RewP. Consistent with the effort justification literature (cognitive dissonance theory), when individuals have high perceived control, high effort should lead to more reward valuation than low effort should. Consistent with the effort discounting literature, when individuals have low perceived control, low effort should lead to more reward valuation than high effort should. Results supported these interactive and integrative predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sophie Matis
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Douglas J Angus
- School of Psychology, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cindy Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Harmon-Jones E, Harmon-Jones C. Individual differences in dissonance arousal/reduction relate to physical exercise: Testing the action-based model. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275990. [PMID: 36228024 PMCID: PMC9560602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present research was designed to test predictions derived from the action-based model of cognitive dissonance theory. These predictions were that dissonance arousal would be negatively related to effective behavior, and that dissonance reduction would be positively related to effective behavior. METHOD Dissonance arousal and reduction were measured using an individual differences questionnaire. Effective behavior was measured as amount of physical exercise obtained from an exercise app that measures exercise using GPS (cycling kilometers over one year; Study 1) and from self-reports (number of days during the previous week; Study 2-3). RESULTS Results suggested that individual differences in dissonance arousal relate to less exercise and that individual differences in dissonance reduction relate to more exercise. Statistically controlling for trait approach and avoidance motivation as well as satisfaction with life revealed that dissonance processes predicted exercise behavior over these traits. This pattern of results was generally consistent across the three studies. Moreover, results from Studies 2-3 suggested possible statistical mediators from the exercise commitment literature of the relationship between trait dissonance arousal/reduction and exercise behavior. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These results highlight the importance of considering dissonance processes as adaptive ones, and they suggest possible ways of increasing exercise behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Cindy Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Leaning forward to increase approach motivation! The role of joy, exercise, and posture in achieving goals. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Liu C, Liao J. Stand up to action: The postural effect of moral dilemma decision-making and the moderating role of dual processes. Psych J 2021; 10:587-597. [PMID: 33882619 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the possibility that when people are in standing rather than sitting postures, they have a stronger cognitive control propensity, making them inclined to agree more to sacrificing one innocent person and saving more people. Furthermore, this postural effect can be moderated by dual processes. In three studies, participants read dilemma scenarios followed by a proposed behavior to sacrifice one innocent person and save five or more people. The participants in sitting or standing postures were asked whether the described action was morally acceptable (moral judgment) and whether they would perform the described action (moral action). The results demonstrated that participants were more approving of the behavioral proposal in the moral action perspective than in the moral judgment perspective across the three studies. The hypothesized postural effect was found in a field study (Study 1) and replicated in a preregistered replication study (Study 2), and was further supported in an experimental study (Study 3). Compared with those in sitting postures, participants in standing postures expressed higher approval of the behavioral proposal compared to their sitting counterparts. Furthermore, the postural effect was dismissed when participants made moral decisions with a dual task to increase cognitive load, and it was reversed when they made moral decisions after deliberate consideration of the behavioral proposal (Study 3). The present research supports and extends the dual-process morality theory by demonstrating that body posture can affect moral decision-making; it also offers novel evidence revealing the moderating role of dual process on embodiment effects. It enriches our knowledge that morality is evolutionarily embodied in postures and that the dual process can moderate embodiment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjun Liu
- Department of Sociology and Psychology, School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangqun Liao
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Sun CK, Harmon-Jones E. Supine body posture reduces cognitive conflict processing: Evidence from N450 Stroop interference. Psychophysiology 2020; 58:e13693. [PMID: 32996615 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has revealed that a supine body posture, as compared to a sitting upright posture, decreases approach motivation and cognitive dissonance reduction. The present research was designed to test whether a supine body posture would decrease cognitive conflict processing, the process that occurs prior to cognitive dissonance reduction. Previous research using the Stroop task has found event-related potentials (N450, error-related negativity [ERN]) that are associated with cognitive conflict processing. In the current experiment, participants (N = 35) completed a color-naming Stroop task while sitting upright or supine (within-subjects, counterbalanced). Results revealed that as compared to the upright posture, the supine posture reduced the N450 Stroop interference effect but not the ERN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Kuang Sun
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eddie Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Harmon-Jones E, Willoughby C, Paul K, Harmon-Jones C. The effect of perceived effort and perceived control on reward valuation: Using the reward positivity to test a dissonance theory prediction. Biol Psychol 2020; 154:107910. [PMID: 32473260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Past psychological theory and research suggest two opposing relationships between effort and reward valuation. Cognitive dissonance theory and research suggest that increased effort is associated with increased reward valuation, whereas theory and research on effort discounting suggest that increased effort is associated with decreased reward valuation. The present study was designed to test these two opposing perspectives, by examining a potential moderator of the relationship between effort and reward valuation - the belief that the effort was necessary to obtain the reward. Results (n = 44) suggested that increased perceptions of effort following a task were associated with larger neural responses to rewards (as assessed by the event-related potential referred to as the reward positivity) when individuals believed that their effort led to the reward but not when they believed that their effort did not lead to the reward. Discussion considers the implications of these results.
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Harmon-Jones E, Clarke D, Paul K, Harmon-Jones C. The Effect of Perceived Effort on Reward Valuation: Taking the Reward Positivity (RewP) to Dissonance Theory. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:157. [PMID: 32477082 PMCID: PMC7241252 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research was designed to test whether the subjective experience of more effort related to more reward valuation as measured by a neural response. This prediction was derived from the theory of cognitive dissonance and its effort justification paradigm. Young adult participants (n = 82) engaged in multiple trails of a low or high effort task that resulted in a loss or reward on each trial. Neural responses to the reward (loss) cue were measured using EEG so that the event-related potential known as the Reward Positivity (RewP) could be assessed. Results revealed no significant differences between low and high effort conditions on the RewP. However, within the high effort condition, a more subjective experience of effort was associated with a larger RewP. This research extends past research on the effort justification paradigm of cognitive dissonance theory by suggesting that effort justification is associated with an implicit measure of reward valuation. It, therefore, challenges recent perspectives on dissonance processes that posit that these evaluative changes should only occur on explicit but not implicit measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Clarke
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katharina Paul
- Department of Experimental, Clinical, and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cindy Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
The action-based model of cognitive dissonance proposes an adaptive function for rationalization that differs from the one offered by Cushman. The one proposed by Cushman is concerned more with the cold construction of cognitions, whereas the one proposed by the action-based model is a motivated protection of a strongly held cognition.
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Díez-Álamo AM, Díez E, Alonso MA, Fernandez A. Absence of posture-dependent and posture-congruent memory effects on the recall of action sentences. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226297. [PMID: 31830104 PMCID: PMC6907800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In two experiments with large samples of participants, we explored contextual memory effects associated with body posture, which was considered a physical and proprioceptive context and, therefore, potentially relevant to the encoding and retrieval of information. In Experiment 1 (N = 128), we studied the effect of context dependence on memory by manipulating the body posture adopted by the participants during the incidental encoding and subsequent recall of a series of action sentences not intrinsically associated with particular body postures (e.g., “to put on a pair of glasses”, “to look at a postcard”). Memory performance was not affected by context manipulation, as reflected by the absence of significant differences between remembering while in the posture adopted at study or in a different posture. Experiment 2 (N = 85) was designed to analyze context congruency memory effects, and for that purpose we manipulated the participants' body posture during the recall of sentences that described actions usually performed in body postures that were congruent or incongruent with the posture of the participants (e.g., recalling the sentence “to travel by taxi” while sitting or while standing). A content-neutral posture (lying) was used for the incidental encoding phase. Memory performance was not affected by contextual congruency at the time of recall, as evidenced by the lack of significant differences between recalling in a posture congruent with the content to be recalled and recalling in an alternative posture. Bayesian analyses supported the strength of null findings in the two experiments, adding to the evidence that, when taken together, the results in this study clearly failed to show contextual memory effects of body posture on the recall of action-related verbal statements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M. Díez-Álamo
- Departamento de Psicología Básica, Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Integración en la Comunidad (INICO), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Emiliano Díez
- Departamento de Psicología Básica, Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Integración en la Comunidad (INICO), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María A. Alonso
- Instituto Universitario de Integración en la Comunidad (INICO), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Psicología Cognitiva, Social y Organizacional, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia (IUNE), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Angel Fernandez
- Departamento de Psicología Básica, Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Integración en la Comunidad (INICO), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Harmon-Jones C, Harmon-Jones E. A Broad Consideration of Motivation, with a Focus on Approach Motivation. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2019.1646043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eddie Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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12
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Left is "good": Observed action affects the association between horizontal space and affective valence. Cognition 2019; 193:104030. [PMID: 31472327 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
According to the body-specificity hypothesis, people will associate positive and negative emotional valence with the relative fluency of the left or right responding hand. Prior studies have shown that temporary changes in the fluency of the responding hand can influence the association of emotional valence with left or right, even under circumstances of action observation. But the reason why this change occurs is still controversial. The purpose of the present study was to replicate this finding and to identify the underlying mechanism. Experiment 1 duplicated a modified paradigm "Bob goes to the zoo" to verify the existence of space-valence association for Chinese right-handers. The results indicated that they had the same pattern of right-good/left-bad. However, after action training and observation in Experiment 2 that reduced the fluency of the right hand temporarily, both actors' and observers' space-valence associations were reversed as well. However, when observers' potential motor capacities were constrained by binding their responding hands behind them (Experiment 3) or in front of them (Experiment 4), the observers associated the positive affect with their dominant right hand instead of the left hand in Experiment 3, whereas the observers in Experiment 4 still showed the same association pattern as the actors and the observers in Experiment 2. This study provides further evidence that the effect of alternative motor fluency on space-valence association in the observer is mainly modulated by the connection between the outcomes and space, with body posture also influencing the association.
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Harmon-Jones C, Harmon-Jones E. Toward an Increased Understanding of Dissonance Processes: A Response to the Target Article by Kruglanski et al. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2018.1480691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eddie Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Harmon-Jones E, Harmon-Jones C, Summerell E. On the Importance of Both Dimensional and Discrete Models of Emotion. Behav Sci (Basel) 2017; 7:E66. [PMID: 28961185 PMCID: PMC5746675 DOI: 10.3390/bs7040066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We review research on the structure and functions of emotions that has benefitted from a serious consideration of both discrete and dimensional perspectives on emotion. To illustrate this point, we review research that demonstrates: (1) how affective valence within discrete emotions differs as a function of individuals and situations, and how these differences relate to various functions; (2) that anger (and other emotional states) should be considered as a discrete emotion but there are dimensions around and within anger; (3) that similarities exist between approach-related positive and negative discrete emotions and they have unique motivational functions; (4) that discrete emotions and broad dimensions of emotions both have unique functions; and (5) evidence that a "new" discrete emotion with discrete functions exists within a broader emotion family. We hope that this consideration of both discrete and dimensional perspectives on emotion will assist in understanding the functions of emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| | - Cindy Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Summerell
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
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Harmon‐Jones E, Gable PA. On the role of asymmetric frontal cortical activity in approach and withdrawal motivation: An updated review of the evidence. Psychophysiology 2017; 55. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Harmon‐Jones
- School of PsychologyThe University of New South WalesSydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Philip A. Gable
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of AlabamaTuscaloosa Alabama
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16
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Harmon‐Jones E, Gable PA. On the role of asymmetric frontal cortical activity in approach and withdrawal motivation: An updated review of the evidence. Psychophysiology 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12879 doi:10.1111/psyp.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Harmon‐Jones
- School of PsychologyThe University of New South WalesSydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Philip A. Gable
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of AlabamaTuscaloosa Alabama
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Abstract
Progress in understanding the relation between brain profiles and emotions is being slowed by the belief in a collection of basic emotional states, with the names: fear, anger, joy, disgust, and sadness, that do not specify the species or age of the experiencing agent, the origin of the state, or the evidence used to infer it. This article evaluates critically the premise that decontextualized emotional words refer to natural kinds. It also suggests that investigators set aside the currently popular words and search for relations, in humans and animals, between patterns of measures to varied incentives presented in distinctive contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Kagan
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, USA
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Briñol P, Petty RE, Requero B. Aggressive primes can increase reliance on positive and negative thoughts affecting self-attitudes. SELF AND IDENTITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2016.1255251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Thibault RT, Raz A. Imaging Posture Veils Neural Signals. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:520. [PMID: 27818629 PMCID: PMC5073137 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereas modern brain imaging often demands holding body positions incongruent with everyday life, posture governs both neural activity and cognitive performance. Humans commonly perform while upright; yet, many neuroimaging methodologies require participants to remain motionless and adhere to non-ecological comportments within a confined space. This inconsistency between ecological postures and imaging constraints undermines the transferability and generalizability of many a neuroimaging assay. Here we highlight the influence of posture on brain function and behavior. Specifically, we challenge the tacit assumption that brain processes and cognitive performance are comparable across a spectrum of positions. We provide an integrative synthesis regarding the increasingly prominent influence of imaging postures on autonomic function, mental capacity, sensory thresholds, and neural activity. Arguing that neuroimagers and cognitive scientists could benefit from considering the influence posture wields on both general functioning and brain activity, we examine existing imaging technologies and the potential of portable and versatile imaging devices (e.g., functional near infrared spectroscopy). Finally, we discuss ways that accounting for posture may help unveil the complex brain processes of everyday cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Thibault
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amir Raz
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada; The Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research at the Jewish General HospitalMontreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Community and Family Psychiatry, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
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Chalabaev A, Radel R, Masicampo EJ, Dru V. Reducing Stereotype Threat With Embodied Triggers: A Case of Sensorimotor-Mental Congruence. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016; 42:1063-76. [PMID: 27277283 DOI: 10.1177/0146167216651407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In four experiments, we tested whether embodied triggers may reduce stereotype threat. We predicted that left-side sensorimotor inductions would increase cognitive performance under stereotype threat, because such inductions are linked to avoidance motivation among right-handers. This sensorimotor-mental congruence hypothesis rests on regulatory fit research showing that stereotype threat may be reduced by avoidance-oriented interventions, and motor congruence research showing positive effects when two parameters of a motor action activate the same motivational system (avoidance or approach). Results indicated that under stereotype threat, cognitive performance was higher when participants contracted their left hand (Study 1) or when the stimuli were presented on the left side of the visual field (Studies 2-4), as compared with right-hand contraction or right-side visual stimulation. These results were observed on math (Studies 1, 2, and 4) and Stroop (Study 3) performance. An indirect effect of congruence on math performance through subjective fluency was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aïna Chalabaev
- Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Nanterre cedex, France Université Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - Rémi Radel
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice cedex, France
| | | | - Vincent Dru
- Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Nanterre cedex, France
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22
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Price TF, Harmon‐Jones E. Embodied emotion: the influence of manipulated facial and bodily states on emotive responses. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2015; 6:461-73. [DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom F. Price
- Army Research LaboratoryAberdeen Proving GroundAberdeenMDUSA
| | - Eddie Harmon‐Jones
- Department of PsychologyThe University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
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Harmon-Jones E, Harmon-Jones C, Levy N. An Action-Based Model of Cognitive-Dissonance Processes. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721414566449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The action-based model extends the original theory of cognitive dissonance by proposing why cognitive inconsistency causes both dissonance and dissonance reduction. The model begins by assuming that many perceptions and cognitions automatically impel us to act in specific ways. It then posits that the negative affective state of dissonance is aroused not by all cognitive conflict but, specifically, when cognitions with action implications are in conflict with each other, making it difficult to act. The dissonance signals to the organism that there is a problem and that the cognitive inconsistency needs to be resolved so that behavior can occur. After presenting the action-based model, we review results from behavioral and neuroscience experiments that have tested predictions derived from it.
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