1
|
Davis D, Hogan AA, Hart DJ. Myths of trauma memory: on the oversimplification of effects of attention narrowing under stress. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1294730. [PMID: 39105146 PMCID: PMC11298466 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1294730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The present article addresses claims commonly made by prosecution witnesses in sexual assault trials: that attention narrows under stress, and that these attended aspects of the event are encoded in a way that ensures accuracy and resistance to fading and distortion. We provide evidence to contradict such claims. Given that what is encoded is largely the gist of one's interpretation of experience, we discuss the way in which attention and emotion can bias the interpretation of experience. We illustrate with issues of memory reports in cases of acquaintance rape, where the primary issue is the presence or absence of consent. We provide some specific illustrations concerning effects of emotion on interpretation of sexual consent. Finally, based on what is known regarding priming effects on memory retrieval and judgment, we conclude with discussion of the potential of some "trauma-informed" interviewing strategies to promote false memories (such as FETI: Forensic Experiential Trauma Interview).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
McCartney J, Franczak J, Gonzalez K, Hall AT, Hochwarter WA, Jordan SL, Wikhamn W, Khan AK, Babalola MT. Supervisor off-work boundary infringements: Perspective-taking as a resource for after-hours intrusions. WORK AND STRESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/02678373.2023.2176945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob McCartney
- Haile College of Business, Department of Management, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Jennifer Franczak
- Graziadio Business School, Department of Organization Theory and Management, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, USA
| | - Katerina Gonzalez
- Sawyer Business School, Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Suffolk University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angela T. Hall
- School of Human Resources and Labor Relations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Wayne A. Hochwarter
- College of Business, Department of Management, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Samantha L. Jordan
- G. Brint Ryan College of Business, Department of Management, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Wajda Wikhamn
- Department of Leadership and Organizational Behaviour, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | - Abdul Karim Khan
- College of Business and Economics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mayowa T. Babalola
- College of Business and Law, Department of Management, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gehlbach H, Mu N. How We Understand Others: A Theory of How Social Perspective Taking Unfolds. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/10892680231152595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Social perspective taking—the process through which perceivers discern the thoughts, feelings, and motivations of a target—is foundational for navigating social interactions, building relationships, maintaining mental health, promoting well-being, and a wide array of other desired outcomes. Despite its importance, little is known about how discrete social perspective taking attempts unfold. We propose a theory that the social perspective taking process consists of up to four distinguishable phases: perception of the target, motivation to engage in social perspective taking, strategy selection, and evaluation of the attempt. Scholars have emphasized two proximal outcomes of this process—social perspective taking effort and accuracy. We review the literature in support of these phases, noting the relative maturity of each area of research. In doing so, we hope this theory provides a framework for contextualizing how existing studies relate to one another across different subfields of psychology, facilitates testable predictions, prioritizes future investigations, and guides applied research designed to improve real-world social perspective taking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Gehlbach
- Johns Hopkins University School of Education, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nan Mu
- Johns Hopkins University School of Education, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Help (Un)wanted: Why the most powerful allies are the most likely to stumble — and when they fulfill their potential. RESEARCH IN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riob.2022.100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
5
|
Vial AC, Cowgill CM. Heavier Lies Her Crown: Gendered Patterns of Leader Emotional Labor and Their Downstream Effects. Front Psychol 2022; 13:849566. [PMID: 36106035 PMCID: PMC9465331 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.849566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Women use power in more prosocial ways than men and they also engage in more emotional labor (i.e., self-regulate their emotions to respond and attend to the needs and emotions of other people in a way that advances organizational goals). However, these two constructs have not been previously connected. We propose that gendered emotional labor practices and pressures result in gender differences in the prosocial use of power. We integrate the literature on emotional labor with research on the psychology of power to articulate three routes through which this happens. First, women may be more adept than men at the intrapersonal and interpersonal processes entailed in emotional labor practices—a skill that they can apply at all hierarchical levels. Second, given women’s stronger internal motivation to perform emotional labor, they construe power in a more interdependent manner than men, which promotes a more prosocial use of power. As a result, female powerholders tend to behave in more prosocial ways. Third, when they have power, women encounter stronger external motivation to engage in emotional labor, which effectively constrains powerful women’s behaviors in a way that fosters a more prosocial use of power. We discuss how, by promoting prosocial behavior among powerholders, emotional labor can be beneficial for subordinates and organizations (e.g., increase employee well-being and organizational trust), while simultaneously creating costs for individual powerholders, which may reduce women’s likelihood of actually attaining and retaining power by (a) making high-power roles less appealing, (b) guiding women toward less prestigious and (c) more precarious leadership roles, (d) draining powerful women’s time and resources without equitable rewards, and (e) making it difficult for women to legitimize their power in the eyes of subordinates (especially men). Thus, emotional labor practices can help explain the underrepresentation of women in top leadership positions.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang X, Zheng XJ, Luo J, Zhao S. Are proactive employees proactive performers? the moderating role of supervisor-subordinate marital status similarity. The Journal of Social Psychology 2022:1-14. [DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2021.2025027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Tongji University
| | | | - Jin Luo
- School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Institute of Health Yangtze River Delta, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Decroix J, Ott L, Morgado N, Kalénine S. Can the early visual processing of others' actions be related to social power and dominance? PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 86:1858-1870. [PMID: 34802076 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-021-01617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although goals often drive action understanding, this ability is also prone to important variability among individuals, which may have its origin in individual social characteristics. The present study aimed at evaluating the relationship between the tendency to prioritize goal information over grip information during early visual processing of action and several social dimensions. Visual processing of grip and goal information during action recognition was evaluated in 64 participants using the priming protocol developed by Decroix and Kalénine (Exp Brain Res 236(8):2411-2426, 2018). Object-directed action photographs were primed by photographs sharing the same goal and/or the same grip. The effects of goal and grip priming on action recognition were evaluated for different prime durations. The same participants further fulfilled questionnaires characterizing the way individuals deal with their social environment, namely their sense of social power, dominance, perspective taking, and construal level. At the group level, results confirmed greater goal than grip priming effects on action recognition for the shortest prime duration. Regression analyses between the pattern of response times in the action priming protocol and scores at the questionnaires further showed that the advantage of goal over grip priming was associated with higher sense of social power, and possibly to lower dominance. Overall, data confirm that observers tend to prioritize goal-related information when processing visual actions but further indicate that this tendency is sensitive to individual social characteristics. Results suggest that goal information may not always drive action understanding and point out the connection between low-level processing of observed actions and more general individual characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Decroix
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193, SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Ott
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193, SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Morgado
- Univ. Paris Nanterre, LICAÉ-Laboratoire Sur Les Interactions Cognition-Action-Émotion, Nanterre, France
| | - Solène Kalénine
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193, SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, 59000, Lille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
How vertical elevation affects self-other integration as measured by the joint Simon effect. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 220:103404. [PMID: 34534898 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier findings suggest that positions of power decrease self-other integration and increase psychological distance to others. Until now, however, evidence for this relation rests exclusively on subjective measures. The current research instead employed a vertical joint Simon task to measure self-other integration. This task assesses the extent to which people represent their own actions in reference to their co-actor's, also referred to as the joint Simon effect. Building on cultural associations between power and vertical elevation, we manipulated whether participants were in an elevated (high-power) or lower (low-power) seating position. Experiments 1a and 1b reanalyzed existing datasets and found that elevated (vs. lower) seating position decreased the joint Simon effect, consistent with predictions. Experiment 2 provides a high-powered replication of this finding. Yet, further analyses revealed that feelings of power - measured as a manipulation check and indeed demonstrating that the manipulation was successful - did not mediate or moderate the effect of seating position on the joint Simon effect. Therefore, it is possible that the effect of seating elevation was driven through other aspects of that manipulation than feelings of power. We discuss these and suggest ways to test these alternative explanations.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lin E, Freydefont L, Schmid PC. Psychological power alters cognitive efficiency. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13773. [PMID: 33496973 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Power is known to promote cognitive processing in a goal-directed way. However, it is unknown whether powerful individuals invest more resources when pursuing their goals or whether they invest their resources more efficiently. We examined how experiencing high versus low power affects the efficient investment of cognitive resources using electroencephalography (EEG). Specifically, event-related desynchronization (ERD) in the upper alpha band (10.5-12.75 Hz) was used to quantify the use of cognitive resources during task completion. Results showed that high-power participants used fewer neural resources compared to low-power participants across the whole brain but task performance did not differ between groups. These findings demonstrate that, instead of investing more resources, high-power participants performed the task with greater cognitive efficiency compared to low-power participants. Performing tasks efficiently could help powerholders deal with their demanding jobs and responsibilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enru Lin
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laure Freydefont
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Petra C Schmid
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Y. When power increases perspective-taking: The moderating role of syncretic self-esteem. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
11
|
To C, Leslie LM, Torelli CJ, Stoner JL. Culture and social hierarchy: Collectivism as a driver of the relationship between power and status. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
12
|
Power and social information processing. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 33:42-46. [PMID: 31374370 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We review the scientific evidence concerning the relation between power and social information processing. Does having or obtaining power affect how we perceive and judge our social interaction partners and how accurately we do this? High power individuals perceive others as more agentic and tend to project characteristics of themselves onto others. People in power tend to stereotype others more and see them as less human and generally in a more negative way. Powerholders are not more or less accurate in assessing others; rather, the way they understand their power (as responsibility or opportunity) seems to make the difference: Power as responsibility results in better interpersonal accuracy. Our analysis shows that it is not so much being high or low in power that explains how we perceive others, but rather how we understand our power, whether our high power position is stable, and what our current interaction goals are.
Collapse
|
13
|
Pike BE, Galinsky AD. Power leads to action because it releases the psychological brakes on action. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 33:91-94. [PMID: 31404768 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Why does power lead to action? Theories of power suggest it leads to action because it presses the psychological gas pedal. A review of two decades of research finds, instead, that power releases the psychological brakes on action. Power releases the psychological brakes on action by making failure seem less probable and feel less painful, thereby decreasing the downside risks of action. Power releases the psychological brakes on action by shrouding the feelings and thoughts of others, thereby diminishing the perceived social costs of action. Power releases the psychological brakes on action by limiting goal-inhibiting distractions, thereby promoting greater goal focus and focusing the mind on action. By removing these psychological barriers to action, power leads to action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Pike
- Columbia Business School, Management Department, 3022, Broadway, Manhattan, NY 10027, United States
| | - Adam D Galinsky
- Columbia Business School, Management Department, 3022, Broadway, Manhattan, NY 10027, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fleischmann A, Lammers J. Power and moral thinking. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 33:23-27. [PMID: 31340194 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This review synthesizes research on how feelings of power affect the processing of moral information. Although power is typically viewed as a potentially corruptive force that reduces our morality, we propose that power amplifies moral thinking - but does so in different ways that potentially run in opposite directions. Building on the Moral Orientation Scale framework [1•], we propose that power increases the tendency to deliberate about moral questions, increases the tendency to integrate feelings and cognitions, and increases the adherence to principles and rules. Feelings of power do not corrupt, but lead to a more rich, mature, and multifaceted form of morality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joris Lammers
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Direct replications of Ottati et al. (2015): The earned dogmatism effect occurs only with some manipulations of expertise. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
16
|
Weick M, Vasiljevic M, Sedikides C. Taming the Lion: How Perceived Worth Buffers the Detrimental Influence of Power on Aggression and Conflict. Front Psychol 2018; 9:858. [PMID: 29962980 PMCID: PMC6010583 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrary to conventional wisdom, there is little empirical evidence that elevated power, by default, fuels conflict and aggression. Instead, previous studies have shown that extraneous factors that decrease powerholders' perceived worth, making powerholders feel inferior or disrespected, seem to be necessary to 'unleash' power's dark side and trigger aggression and conflict. However, this past work has largely neglected that power boosts individuals' perceptions of worth, and as such these variables are not independent. The present research sought to address this oversight, thereby providing a more nuanced account of how perceived worth stifles aggression and conflict tendencies in powerholders. Focusing on self-esteem (Study 1) and status (Study 2) as two interrelated facets of perceived worth, we report primary and secondary data indicating that perceived worth acts as buffer and counters aggression as well as more general conflict tendencies in powerholders. By providing evidence for a suppression effect, the present findings go beyond the moderations identified in prior work and demonstrate that perceptions of worth are critical to understanding the link between power on the one hand, and aggression and conflict on the other. We conclude by discussing the social regulatory function of perceived worth in hierarchical relations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Weick
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Milica Vasiljevic
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- Centre for Research on Self and Identity, Psychology Department, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huang H, Liu Y, Chen Y. Preservice Preschool Teachers' Responses to Bullying Scenarios: The Roles of Years of Study and Empathy. Front Psychol 2018; 9:175. [PMID: 29515492 PMCID: PMC5826316 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is aim to examine whether preservice preschool teachers' respond differently to physical, verbal and relational bullying, and how their years of study and trait empathy related their responses. There were 242 preservice teachers in the present study. Empathy was measured with the self-report Interpersonal Reactive Index; the Bullying Attitude Questionnaire was used to assess their perceptions of incident seriousness, their sympathy toward the victim of the bullying, and their possibility to intervene in the situation. The results revealed that the participants responded most to physical bullying and least to relational bullying. Interestingly, responses to relational bullying tended to decrease during the university period. The empathy dimensions played different roles in the participants' responses to bullying, while cognitive empathy have little relationship with the participants' responses to bullying, emotional empathy played a more complex role in the participants' responses to bullying: empathic concerns moderated the relationship between years of study and responses to bullying, and personal distress negatively predicted the participants' responses to all types of bullying. The implications for bullying intervention and the suggestion for teacher education are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heqing Huang
- Laboratory of Infant and Child Learning and Development, College of Preschool Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchun Liu
- Department of Psychology, College of Educational Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
| | - Yulu Chen
- Department of Psychology, Teachers' College, Beijing Union University, Chaoyang, China
| |
Collapse
|