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PEREIRA RM, RIBAS RG, MONTANHEIRO TLDA, SCHATKOSKI VM, RODRIGUES KF, KITO LT, KOBO LK, CAMPOS TMB, BONFANTE EA, GIERTHMUEHLEN PC, SPITZNAGEL FA, THIM GP. An engineering perspective of ceramics applied in dental reconstructions. J Appl Oral Sci 2023; 31:e20220421. [PMID: 36820784 PMCID: PMC9972857 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2022-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The demands for dental materials continue to grow, driven by the desire to reach a better performance than currently achieved by the available materials. In the dental restorative ceramic field, the structures evolved from the metal-ceramic systems to highly translucent multilayered zirconia, aiming not only for tailored mechanical properties but also for the aesthetics to mimic natural teeth. Ceramics are widely used in prosthetic dentistry due to their attractive clinical properties, including high strength, biocompatibility, chemical stability, and a good combination of optical properties. Metal-ceramics type has always been the golden standard of dental reconstruction. However, this system lacks aesthetic aspects. For this reason, efforts are made to develop materials that met both the mechanical features necessary for the safe performance of the restoration as well as the aesthetic aspects, aiming for a beautiful smile. In this field, glass and high-strength core ceramics have been highly investigated for applications in dental restoration due to their excellent combination of mechanical properties and translucency. However, since these are recent materials when compared with the metal-ceramic system, many studies are still required to guarantee the quality and longevity of these systems. Therefore, a background on available dental materials properties is a starting point to provoke a discussion on the development of potential alternatives to rehabilitate lost hard and soft tissue structures with ceramic-based tooth and implant-supported reconstructions. This review aims to bring the most recent materials research of the two major categories of ceramic restorations: ceramic-metal system and all-ceramic restorations. The practical aspects are herein presented regarding the evolution and development of materials, technologies applications, strength, color, and aesthetics. A trend was observed to use high-strength core ceramics type due to their ability to be manufactured by CAD/CAM technology. In addition, the impacts of COVID-19 on the market of dental restorative ceramics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raíssa Monteiro PEREIRA
- Instituto Tecnológico de AeronáuticaLaboratório de Plasma e ProcessosSão José dos CamposBrasilInstituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), Laboratório de Plasma e Processos (LPP), São José dos Campos, Brasil
| | - Renata Guimarães RIBAS
- Instituto Tecnológico de AeronáuticaLaboratório de Plasma e ProcessosSão José dos CamposBrasilInstituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), Laboratório de Plasma e Processos (LPP), São José dos Campos, Brasil
| | - Thaís Larissa do Amaral MONTANHEIRO
- Instituto Tecnológico de AeronáuticaLaboratório de Plasma e ProcessosSão José dos CamposBrasilInstituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), Laboratório de Plasma e Processos (LPP), São José dos Campos, Brasil
| | - Vanessa Modelski SCHATKOSKI
- Instituto Tecnológico de AeronáuticaLaboratório de Plasma e ProcessosSão José dos CamposBrasilInstituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), Laboratório de Plasma e Processos (LPP), São José dos Campos, Brasil
| | - Karla Faquine RODRIGUES
- Instituto Tecnológico de AeronáuticaLaboratório de Plasma e ProcessosSão José dos CamposBrasilInstituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), Laboratório de Plasma e Processos (LPP), São José dos Campos, Brasil
| | - Letícia Terumi KITO
- Instituto Tecnológico de AeronáuticaLaboratório de Plasma e ProcessosSão José dos CamposBrasilInstituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), Laboratório de Plasma e Processos (LPP), São José dos Campos, Brasil
| | - Lucas Kazunori KOBO
- Instituto Tecnológico de AeronáuticaLaboratório de Plasma e ProcessosSão José dos CamposBrasilInstituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), Laboratório de Plasma e Processos (LPP), São José dos Campos, Brasil
| | - Tiago Moreira Bastos CAMPOS
- Instituto Tecnológico de AeronáuticaLaboratório de Plasma e ProcessosSão José dos CamposBrasilInstituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), Laboratório de Plasma e Processos (LPP), São José dos Campos, Brasil
| | - Estevam Augusto BONFANTE
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de Odontologia de BauruDepartamento de Prótese e PeriodontiaBauruSPBrasilUniversidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Prótese e Periodontia, Bauru, SP, Brasil.
| | - Petra Christine GIERTHMUEHLEN
- Heinrich-Heine-UniversityMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermanyHeinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Department of Prosthodontics, Germany.
| | - Frank Akito SPITZNAGEL
- Heinrich-Heine-UniversityMedical FacultyUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermanyHeinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Department of Prosthodontics, Germany.
| | - Gilmar Patrocínio THIM
- Instituto Tecnológico de AeronáuticaLaboratório de Plasma e ProcessosSão José dos CamposBrasilInstituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), Laboratório de Plasma e Processos (LPP), São José dos Campos, Brasil
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Bonfante EA, Calamita M, Bergamo ETP. Indirect restorative systems-A narrative review. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2023; 35:84-104. [PMID: 36688803 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The background and clinical understanding of the properties of currently available indirect restorative systems and fabrication methods is, along with manufacturer and evidence-based literature, an important starting point to guide the clinical selection of materials for tooth and/or implant supported reconstructions. Therefore, this review explores most indirect restorative systems available in the market, especially all-ceramic, along with aspects of manufacturing process, clinical survival rates, and esthetic outcomes. OVERVIEW Progressive incorporation of new technologies in the dental field and advancements in materials science have enabled the development/improvement of indirect restorative systems and treatment concepts in oral rehabilitation, resulting in reliable and predictable workflows and successful esthetic and functional outcomes. Indirect restorative systems have evolved from metal ceramics and polymers to glass ceramics, polycrystalline ceramics, and resin-matrix ceramics, aiming to improve not only biological and mechanical properties, but especially the optical properties and esthetic quality of the reconstructions, in attempt to mimic natural teeth. CONCLUSIONS Based on several clinical research, materials, and patient-related parameters, a decision tree for the selection of indirect restorative materials was suggested to guide clinicians in the rehabilitation process. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The pace of materials development is faster than that of clinical research aimed to support their use. Since no single material provides an ideal solution to every case, professionals must continuously seek information from well designed, long-term clinical trials in order to incorporate or not new materials and technological advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estevam A Bonfante
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Calamita
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences at the University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Edmara T P Bergamo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Luz JN, Kaizer MDR, Ramos NDC, Anami LC, Thompson VP, Saavedra GDSFA, Zhang Y. Novel speed sintered zirconia by microwave technology. Dent Mater 2021; 37:875-881. [PMID: 33715863 PMCID: PMC11283878 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Continuous efforts have been made to hasten the zirconia densification process without compromising properties. This study evaluated the long-term structural durability of microwave speed-sintered zirconia (MWZ) relative to a conventionally sintered zirconia (CZ). METHODS As-machined dental 3Y-TZP discs (Ø12 × 1.2 mm) were speed sintered at 1450 °C for 15 min using an industrial microwave oven, while conventional sintering was conducted in a standard dental furnace at 1530 °C for 2 h. Both were followed by natural cooling. The total sintering time was 105 min for MWZ and 600 min for CZ. Groups were compared regarding density, grain size, phase composition, and fracture resistance. Structural durability was investigated employing two fatigue protocols, step-stress and dynamic fatigue. RESULTS Compared to CZ, MWZ exhibited a slightly lower density (MWZ = 5.98 g/cm3, CZ = 6.03 g/cm3), but significantly smaller grain sizes (MWZ = 0.53 ± 0.09 μm, CZ = 0.89 ± 0.10 μm), lower cubic-zirconia contents (MWZ = 15.3%, CZ = 22.7%), and poorer translucency properties (TP) (MWZ = 13 ± 1, CZ = 29 ± 0.8). However, the two materials showed similar flexural strength (MWZ = 978 ± 112 MPa, CZ = 1044 ± 161 MPa). Additionally, step-stress testing failed to capture the fatigue effect in 3Y-TZP, whereas dynamic fatigue revealed structural degradation due to moisture-assisted slow-crack-growth (SCG). Finally, MWZ possessed a slightly higher Weibull modulus (MWZ = 7.9, CZ = 6.7) but similar resistance to SCG (MWZ = 27.5, CZ = 24.1) relative to CZ. SIGNIFICANCE Dental 3Y-TZP with similar structural durability can be fabricated six-times faster by microwave than conventional sintering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Nogueira Luz
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology of Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 777 Eng. Francisco Jose Longo Avenue, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP 12245-000, Brazil
| | | | - Nathália de Carvalho Ramos
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology of Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 777 Eng. Francisco Jose Longo Avenue, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Lilian Costa Anami
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology of Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 777 Eng. Francisco Jose Longo Avenue, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Van P Thompson
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, 433 1st Ave., New York, NY 10010, United States
| | - Guilherme de Siqueira Ferreira Anzaloni Saavedra
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology of Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 777 Eng. Francisco Jose Longo Avenue, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, University of Pennsylvanian, School of Dental Medicine, 240 S. 40th St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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Fathy SM, Al-Zordk W, E Grawish M, V Swain M. Flexural strength and translucency characterization of aesthetic monolithic zirconia and relevance to clinical indications: A systematic review. Dent Mater 2021; 37:711-730. [PMID: 33581910 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salma M Fathy
- Dental Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Walid Al-Zordk
- Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammed E Grawish
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Micheal V Swain
- Discipline of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Australia
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Digital dentistry: The new state of the art - Is it disruptive or destructive? Dent Mater 2019; 36:9-24. [PMID: 31526522 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.08.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Summarizing the new state of the art of digital dentistry, opens exploration of the type and extent of innovations and technological advances that have impacted - and improved - dentistry. The objective is to describe advances and innovations, the breadth of their impact, disruptions and advantages they produce, and opportunities created for material scientists. METHODS On-line data bases, web searches, and discussions with industry experts, clinicians, and dental researchers informed the content. Emphasis for inclusion was on most recent publications along with innovations presented at trade shows, in press releases, and discovered through discussions leading to web searches for new products. RESULTS Digital dentistry has caused disruption on many fronts, bringing new techniques, systems, and interactions that have improved dentistry. Innovation has spurred opportunities for material scientists' future research. SIGNIFICANCE With disruptions intrinsic in digital dentistry's new state of the art, patient experience has improved. More restoration options are available delivering longer lifetimes, and better esthetics. Fresh approaches are bringing greater efficiency and accuracy, capitalizing on the interest, capabilities, and skills of those involved. New ways for effective and efficient inter-professional and clinician-patient interactions have evolved. Data can be more efficiently mined for forensic and epidemiological uses. Students have fresh ways of learning. New, often unexpected, partnerships have formed bringing further disruption - and novel advantages. Yes, digital dentistry has been disruptive, but the abundance of positive outcomes argues strongly that it has not been destructive.
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Eldafrawy M, Nguyen J, Mainjot A, Sadoun M. A Functionally Graded PICN Material for Biomimetic CAD-CAM Blocks. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1324-1330. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034518785364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to introduce a functionally graded (FG) polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) block, characterized by a gradient of mechanical properties, as a biomimetic material for computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD-CAM) prostheses. FG-PICN blocks were manufactured from a slurry of glass-ceramic powder, which was subsequently centrifuged and sintered. The ceramic network was infiltrated with urethane dimethacrylate and polymerized under high temperature-pressure. Blocks were sectioned into 9 layers, and each layer was subsequently cut into 3 samples. Samples were loaded into a 3-point bending device and tested for flexural strength, flexural load energy, and flexural modulus. The volume percentage of glass-ceramic, hardness, and brittleness index were also measured and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations were performed. Katana translucent zirconia (HT-ZIR) and e.max-CAD (EMX) were tested for comparison. Flexural strength, flexural load energy, and Weibull modulus of FG-PICN were shown to increase from the first (enamel-like zone) to the ninth layer (dentin-like zone), while, on the contrary, flexural modulus, hardness, brittleness index, and ceramic volume percentage decreased. SEM characterization highlighted a higher porosity in layer 9 than in layer 1. Flexural strength of the dentin-like zone (372.7 ± 27.8 MPa) was similar to EMX and lower than HT-ZIR. Flexural modulus was shown to vary from 41.9 ± 5.1 to 28.6 ± 2.0 GPa from surface to depth. Flexural load energy in the dentin-like zone (27.1 ± 4.9 mJ) was significantly superior to EMX and HT-ZIR. Hardness gradient was shown to be close to tooth tissues. This work introduces FG-PICN blocks, with a gradient of mechanical and optical properties through the entire thickness of the block designed to mimic dental tissues. FG-PICN demonstrated a favorable gradient of flexural strength, elastic modulus, and, most of all, flexural load energy and hardness compared to other CAD-CAM materials, which can promote the biomechanical behavior of single-unit restorations on teeth and implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Eldafrawy
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit (d-BRU), Institute of Dentistry, University of Liège (ULiège), Liège, Belgium
| | - J.F. Nguyen
- UFR d’Odontologie, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech-CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Paris, France
| | - A.K. Mainjot
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit (d-BRU), Institute of Dentistry, University of Liège (ULiège), Liège, Belgium
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Liège Hospital (CHU), Liège, Belgium
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Madfa AA, Yue XG. Dental prostheses mimic the natural enamel behavior under functional loading: A review article. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2016; 52:2-13. [PMID: 28408950 PMCID: PMC5382785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alumina- and zirconia-based ceramic dental restorations are designed to repair functionality as well as esthetics of the failed teeth. However, these materials exhibited several performance deficiencies such as fracture, poor esthetic properties of ceramic cores (particularly zirconia cores), and difficulty in accomplishing a strong ceramic–resin-based cement bond. Therefore, improving the mechanical properties of these ceramic materials is of great interest in a wide range of disciplines. Consequently, spatial gradients in surface composition and structure can improve the mechanical integrity of ceramic dental restorations. Thus, this article reviews the current status of the functionally graded dental prostheses inspired by the dentino-enamel junction (DEJ) structures and the linear gradation in Young's modulus of the DEJ, as a new material design approach, to improve the performance compared to traditional dental prostheses. This is a remarkable example of nature's ability to engineer functionally graded dental prostheses. The current article opens a new avenue for recent researches aimed at the further development of new ceramic dental restorations for improving their clinical durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Madfa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Thamar, Yemen
- Corresponding author at: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Thamar, Dhamar, Yemen. Tel.: +967 6503255.
| | - Xiao-Guang Yue
- Department of Safety Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, China
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Srikanth R, Kosmac T, Della Bona A, Yin L, Zhang Y. Effects of cementation surface modifications on fracture resistance of zirconia. Dent Mater 2015; 31:435-42. [PMID: 25687628 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of glass infiltration (GI) and alumina coating (AC) on the indentation flexural load and four-point bending strength of monolithic zirconia. METHODS Plate-shaped (12 mm × 12 mm × 1.0 mm or 1.5 or 2.0 mm) and bar-shaped (4 mm × 3 mm × 25 mm) monolithic zirconia specimens were fabricated. In addition to monolithic zirconia (group Z), zirconia monoliths were glass-infiltrated or alumina-coated on their tensile surfaces to form groups ZGI and ZAC, respectively. They were also glass-infiltrated on their upper surfaces, and glass-infiltrated or alumina-coated on their lower (tensile) surfaces to make groups ZGI2 and ZAC2, respectively. For comparison, porcelain-veneered zirconia (group PVZ) and monolithic lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (group LiDi) specimens were also fabricated. The plate-shaped specimens were cemented onto a restorative composite base for Hertzian indentation using a tungsten carbide spherical indenter with a radius of 3.2mm. Critical loads for indentation flexural fracture at the zirconia cementation surface were measured. Strengths of bar-shaped specimens were evaluated in four-point bending. RESULTS Glass infiltration on zirconia tensile surfaces increased indentation flexural loads by 32% in Hertzian contact and flexural strength by 24% in four-point bending. Alumina coating showed no significant effect on resistance to flexural damage of zirconia. Monolithic zirconia outperformed porcelain-veneered zirconia and monolithic lithium disilicate glass-ceramics in terms of both indentation flexural load and flexural strength. SIGNIFICANCE While both alumina coating and glass infiltration can be used to effectively modify the cementation surface of zirconia, glass infiltration can further increase the flexural fracture resistance of zirconia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanathan Srikanth
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Tomaz Kosmac
- Engineering Ceramics Department, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alvaro Della Bona
- Post-graduation Program in Dentistry, Dental School, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Ling Yin
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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Ren L, Zhang Y. Sliding contact fracture of dental ceramics: Principles and validation. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:3243-53. [PMID: 24632538 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ceramic prostheses are subject to sliding contact under normal and tangential loads. Accurate prediction of the onset of fracture at two contacting surfaces holds the key to greater long-term performance of these prostheses. In this study, building on stress analysis of Hertzian contact and considering fracture criteria for linear elastic materials, a constitutive fracture mechanics relation was developed to incorporate the critical fracture load with the contact geometry, coefficient of friction and material fracture toughness. Critical loads necessary to cause fracture under a sliding indenter were calculated from the constitutive equation, and compared with the loads predicted from elastic stress analysis in conjunction with measured critical load for frictionless normal contact-a semi-empirical approach. The major predictions of the models were calibrated with experimentally determined critical loads of current and future dental ceramics after contact with a rigid spherical slider. Experimental results conform with the trends predicted by the models.
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Zhang Y. Overview: Damage resistance of graded ceramic restorative materials. JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY 2012; 32:2623-2632. [PMID: 22778494 PMCID: PMC3390941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Improving mechanical response of materials is of great interest in a wide range of disciplines, including biomechanics, tribology, geology, optoelectronics, and nanotechnology. It has been long recognized that spatial gradients in surface composition and structure can improve the mechanical integrity of a material. This review surveys recent results of sliding-contact, flexural, and fatigue tests on graded ceramic materials from our laboratories and elsewhere. Although our findings are examined in the context of possible applications for next-generation, graded all-ceramic dental restorations, implications of our studies have broad impact on biomedical, civil, structural, and an array of other engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- 345 East 24th Street, Room 813C, New York, NY 10010, USA, Tel.: +1 212 998 9637; Fax: +1 212 995 4244.
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