1
|
Vergara-Hernandez FB, Nielsen BD, Popovich JM, Panek CL, Logan AA, Robison CI, Ehrhardt RA, Johnson TN, Chargo NJ, Welsh TH, Bradbery AN, Leatherwood JL, Colbath AC. Clodronate disodium does not produce measurable effects on bone metabolism in an exercising, juvenile, large animal model. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300360. [PMID: 38626145 PMCID: PMC11020481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are commonly used to treat and prevent bone loss, but their effects in active, juvenile populations are unknown. This study examined the effects of intramuscular clodronate disodium (CLO) on bone turnover, serum bone biomarkers (SBB), bone mineral density (BMD), bone microstructure, biomechanical testing (BT), and cartilage glycosaminoglycan content (GAG) over 165 days. Forty juvenile sheep (253 ± 6 days of age) were divided into four groups: Control (saline), T0 (0.6 mg/kg CLO on day 0), T84 (0.6 mg/kg CLO on day 84), and T0+84 (0.6 mg/kg CLO on days 0 and 84). Sheep were exercised 4 days/week and underwent physical and lameness examinations every 14 days. Blood samples were collected for SBB every 28 days. Microstructure and BMD were calculated from tuber coxae (TC) biopsies (days 84 and 165) and bone healing was assessed by examining the prior biopsy site. BT and GAG were evaluated postmortem. Data, except lameness data, were analyzed using a mixed-effects model; lameness data were analyzed as ordinal data using a cumulative logistic model. CLO did not have any measurable effects on the skeleton of sheep. SBB showed changes over time (p ≤ 0.03), with increases in bone formation and decreases in some bone resorption markers. TC biopsies showed increasing bone volume fraction, trabecular spacing and thickness, and reduced trabecular number on day 165 versus day 84 (p ≤ 0.04). These changes may be attributed to exercise or growth. The absence of a treatment effect may be explained by the lower CLO dose used in large animals compared to humans. Further research is needed to examine whether low doses of bisphosphonates may be used in active juvenile populations for analgesia without evidence of bone changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando B. Vergara-Hernandez
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Natural Resources and Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Santo Tomas, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Brian D. Nielsen
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - John M. Popovich
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Clinical Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Char L. Panek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Alyssa A. Logan
- School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Cara I. Robison
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Ehrhardt
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Tyler N. Johnson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Chargo
- Department of Physiology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Thomas H. Welsh
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amanda N. Bradbery
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, College of Agriculture, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Leatherwood
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aimee C. Colbath
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vergara-Hernandez FB, Nielsen BD, Colbath AC. Is the Use of Bisphosphonates Putting Horses at Risk? An Osteoclast Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131722. [PMID: 35804621 PMCID: PMC9265010 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bisphosphonates are a group of drugs that intervene in the bone resorption process, producing cellular death of osteoclasts. These drugs are used for skeletal conditions, such as osteoporosis in humans, and are available for veterinary medical use. Clodronate and tiludronate are bisphosphonates approved for the treatment of navicular syndrome in horses over four years old. However, these drugs are sometimes used in juvenile animals under exercise, where osteoclast activity is higher. Bisphosphonate use in juvenile and/or exercising animals could have adverse effects, including maladaptation to exercise or accumulation of microdamage. Furthermore, bisphosphonates can be bound to the skeleton for several years, resulting in a prolonged effect with no pharmaceutical reversal available. This review presents an overview of osteoclast function and a review of bisphosphonate characteristics, mechanisms of action, and side effects in order to contextualize the potential for adverse/side effects in young or exercising animals. Abstract Osteoclasts are unique and vital bone cells involved in bone turnover. These cells are active throughout the individual’s life and play an intricate role in growth and remodeling. However, extra-label bisphosphonate use may impair osteoclast function, which could result in skeletal microdamage and impaired healing without commonly associated pain, affecting bone remodeling, fracture healing, and growth. These effects could be heightened when administered to growing and exercising animals. Bisphosphonates (BPs) are unevenly distributed in the skeleton; blood supply and bone turnover rate determine BPs uptake in bone. Currently, there is a critical gap in scientific knowledge surrounding the biological impacts of BP use in exercising animals under two years old. This may have significant welfare ramifications for growing and exercising equids. Therefore, future research should investigate the effects of these drugs on skeletally immature horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando B. Vergara-Hernandez
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S. Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (F.B.V.-H.); (B.D.N.)
| | - Brian D. Nielsen
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S. Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (F.B.V.-H.); (B.D.N.)
| | - Aimee C. Colbath
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Ave, East Lansing, MI 48864, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Camassa JA, Diogo CC, Sousa CP, Azevedo JT, Viegas CA, Reis RL, Dourado N, Dias IR. Bone turnover markers in sheep and goat: A review of the scientific literature. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2017; 89:231-245. [PMID: 28273244 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720160407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone turnover markers (BTMs) are product of bone cell activity and are generally divided in bone formation and bone resorption markers. The purpose of this review was to structure the available information on the use of BTMs in studies on small ruminants, especially for monitoring their variations related to diet, exercise, gestation and metabolic lactation state, circadian and seasonal variations, and also during skeletal growth. Pre-clinical and translational studies using BTMs with sheep and goats as animal models in orthopaedic research studies to help in the evaluation of the fracture healing process and osteoporosis research are also described in this review. The available information from the reviewed studies was systematically organized in order to highlight the most promising BTMs in small ruminant research, as well as provide a wide view of the use of sheep and goat as animal models in orthopaedic research, type of markers and commercial assay kits with cross-reactivity in sheep and goat, method of sample and storage of serum and urine for bone turnover markers determination and the usefulness and limitations of bone turnover markers in the different studies, therefore an effective tool for researchers that seek answers to different questions while using BTMs in small ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José A Camassa
- 1Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences School/ ECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro/ UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Camila C Diogo
- 1Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences School/ ECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro/ UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Cristina P Sousa
- Center Hospitalar of Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge T Azevedo
- Department of Animal Sciences/ ECAV, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.,Centre for Animal Sciences and Veterinary Studies/ CECAV, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos A Viegas
- 1Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences School/ ECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro/ UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.,Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences/ CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco GMR, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/ ICVS, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Dourado
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minho, Azurém Campus, 4804-533 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Isabel R Dias
- 1Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences School/ ECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro/ UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.,Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences/ CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|