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Barton A, Lindenberg I, Einspanier A, Merle R, Gehlen H. Evaluation of the effect of tongue ties on stress parameters, behaviour and heart-rate variability in racehorses. Anim Welf 2022. [DOI: 10.7120/09627286.31.2.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fixation of the tongue to the mandible using so-called tongue ties (TTs) is common practice in Standardbred (SB) and Thoroughbred (TB) racing, but little is known about their impact on animal welfare. In this study, the influence of TTs on heart-rate variability (HRV), stress parameters
in plasma (cortisol, glucose, lactate) and behaviour was evaluated in 30 SBs and 29 TBs (n = 59) presenting with exercise insufficiency. Overall, 36/59 horses (24 SBs, 12 TBs) were familiar with TTs. Blood was taken at rest, after TT application and after racing in all horses, additionally
samples were taken without TT in SBs another day. HRV was calculated over 3 min before, during and after racing. Additionally, SBs' behaviour during TT application and racing was documented in real time. TT application did not increase cortisol levels significantly, while highly significant
increases in cortisol levels were found after racing. Lactate levels were not influenced by TT application, but also significantly increased after racing. No significant differences were found for glucose. Seventeen out of 30 SBs showed mild (n = 8), moderate (n = 8) and severe (n = 1) reactions
during TT application, none during or after race training. At rest, 23/30 SBs had a low/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio < 1.5 (1.05 [± 0.61], n = 30, dominating parasympathetic activity). After TT application, the LF/HF ratio increased to 1.4 (± 0.45) (increased sympathetic activity).
In TBs, sympathetic activity dominated at rest. No differences in LF, HF and LF/HF were found after TT application or comparing HRV after racing with/without TT. The stress response (blood parameters and HRV) was not influenced by horses' naivety to TTs, however an increased stress response
was observed in SB mares. Overall, obvious adverse behaviour, but only slight evidence of an increased systemic stress response, was found in this study. These results might provide objective evidence for future decisions from equine sports organisations concerning further regulations on TTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barton
- Equine Clinic, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - I Lindenberg
- Equine Clinic, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Einspanier
- Institute of Veterinary Physiological Chemistry, An den Tierkliniken 7/7a, University Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - R Merle
- Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - H Gehlen
- Equine Clinic, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Manu H, Lee S, Keyes MC, Cairns J, Baidoo SK. Behavioral and stress responses to feeding time in pregnant sows under limit-fed regime. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6218080. [PMID: 33834214 PMCID: PMC8158425 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of feeding time on behavior and stress responses in pregnant sows under isocaloric conditions. Twenty-four sows were balanced for parity and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 feeding times. Corn-soybean meal-based diet was fed once at: 0730 (Control, T1), 1130 (T2), and 1530 hours (T3). On average, sows received 7,062 kcal ME/d from 2.20 kg of diet formulated to contain SID Lys/ME of 1.71 g/Mcal. The study was conducted for 28 d (21 d acclimation to the feeding regime and 7 d data collection). Saliva samples were collected every 2 hr for 12 hr in stalls on day 52 of pregnancy. Behavior data were collected 24 hr for 7 d from day 53 of gestating by affixing a remote insights ear tag to each sow. Each sow had 120,960 data points categorized into: "Active," "Feed," or "Dormant". Due to housing constraint, all sows were housed in individual stalls in the same barn presenting a potential limitation of the study. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS 9.4 for cortisol and behavior data, respectively. Sow was the experimental unit. The area under the curve (AUC) is quantitative evaluation of response as threshold varies over all possible values. A 12-hr cortisol total AUC for sows fed once daily at 1130 hours was reduced relative to sow group fed at 1530 hours (P = 0.046) but similar compared with the control sows (P = 0. 323). The control sows (0730 hours) had reduced total (P < 0.001) and feeding (P = 0.001) activity AUCs relative to sows on 1130 hours but did not differ compared with sows on 1530 hours feeding schedules (P > 0.100). Sows on 1130 hours feeding schedule had greater feed anticipatory activity, 24-hr total activity count, total (P < 0.001) and feeding (P < 0.001) activity AUC compared with sows fed daily at 1530 hours. In conclusion, feeding pregnant sows earlier in the morning (0730 hours) appears to minimize sows' behavior but similar cortisol response. Sows on 1130 hours feeding schedule had greater activities but reduced cortisol concentration, suggesting that elevated sow activity might not necessarily indicate activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayford Manu
- Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN, USA
| | - Suhyup Lee
- Department of Swine and Poultry Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, South Korea
| | - Mike C Keyes
- Remote Insights Management Solutions (RIMS) Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jim Cairns
- Remote Insights Management Solutions (RIMS) Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Samuel K Baidoo
- Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN, USA
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Ferlazzo A, Cravana C, Fazio E, Medica P. The different hormonal system during exercise stress coping in horses. Vet World 2020; 13:847-859. [PMID: 32636578 PMCID: PMC7311877 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.847-859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The review discusses the hormonal changes during exercise stress. The exercise generally produces a rise of adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, glucagon, growth hormone, arginine vasopressine, etc., and a drop of insulin. The hormonal events during reestablishment of homeostasis due to exercise stress can be divided into a catabolic phase, with decreased tolerance of effort, and reversible biochemical, hormonal and immunological changes, and an anabolic phase, with a higher adaptive capacity, and enhanced performance. The two main hormonal axes activated in the catabolic phase are sympathetic–adrenal–medullary system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, while in the anabolic phase, growth hormone-insulin-like factor I axis, and gonadal axes. The hormonal responses during exercise and recovery can be regarded as regulatory and integrated endocrine responses. The increase of catecholamines and ACTH is dependent on the intensity of exercise; a marked increase in plasma A occurs during exercises with high emotional content. The response of cortisol is correlated with the duration of exercise, while the effect of exercise duration on b-endorphin changes is highly dependent on the type of exercise performed. Cortisol and b-endorphin changes usually occur in phase, but not during exercises with high emotional content. Glucocorticoids and iodothyronines are involved in meeting immediate energy demands, and a model of functional interactions between HPA axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis during exercise stress is proposed. A modulation of coping responses to different energy demanding physical activities required for sport activities could be hypothesized. This review supports the proposed regulation of hypophysiotropic TRHergic neurons as metabolic integrators during exercise stress. Many hormonal systems (ghrelin, leptin, glucose, insulin, and cortisol) are activated to control substrate mobilizations and utilization. The cardiovascular homeostasis, the fluid and electrolyte balance during exercise are highly dependent on vasoactive hormones (antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone, and prostaglandins) control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ferlazzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Cravana
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Pietro Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Ferlazzo A, Cravana C, Fazio E, Medica P. Is There an Interplay Between the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid and the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axes During Exercise-Stress Coping in Horses? J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bruschetta G, Medica P, Fazio E, Cravana C, Ferlazzo AM. The effect of training sessions and feeding regimes on neuromodulator role of serotonin, tryptophan, and β-endorphin of horses. J Vet Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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The Potential Role of Training Sessions on the Temporal and Spatial Physiological Patterns in Young Friesian Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Seminal plasma hormonal profile of Arabian stallions that are classified ‘good’ or ‘poor’ for semen freezing. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjr.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Comparative Exploration of the β-endorphin, Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone, and Cortisol Patterns' Response to Simulated and Conventional Transportations of Stallions ( Equus caballus ). J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fazio E, Medica P, Cravana C, Bruschetta G, Ferlazzo A. Seasonal thyroid and lipid profiles in Thoroughbred pregnant and nonpregnant mares ( Equus caballus ). Theriogenology 2016; 85:1582-1589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Fazio E, Medica P, Trifiletti C, Ferlazzo A. The outcome of the first stages of pregnancy on mares' bloodstream thyroid hormones. Theriogenology 2016; 86:1036-1041. [PMID: 27125693 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare in detail the total and free iodothyronines' pattern of mares from the first ovulation of the year over an extended period of 12 weeks. A total of 20 mares were used in the study. The mares were classified into two groups: mares mated at the ovulation (n = 10) used as observational group and mares unmated at the ovulation (n = 10) used as control group. Serum total and free triiodothyronine (T3, fT3) and thyroxine (T4, fT4) levels were measured in baseline conditions at the first ovulation of year and once a week until 12 weeks later. For the experimental group, the first week of postovulation mating was considered as the first week of gestation. One-way analysis of variance showed a significant effect of time over 12 weeks for T3 (F = 2.44; P = 0.007) in pregnant mares, with the higher levels at the seventh and 12th weeks (P < 0.05) than baseline values, and for fT3 (F = 2.36; P = 0.009), with the higher levels at the 11th week (P < 0.05) than baseline values. Two-way analysis of variance showed a significant pregnancy effect compared with nonpregnancy stage for T3 (F = 15.82; P = 0.009), with the higher levels at the seventh and 12th weeks (P < 0.05) of pregnancy than that in nonpregnant values. Thus, it appears that, under similar environment, management and nutritional regime, the first trimester of pregnancy plays a dynamic role on the thyroid patterns by their anabolic activity; therefore, significant effects of time points on the T3 and fT3 concentrations probably may contribute to the control of early embryonic growth and development, before the onset of fetal thyroid activity. Considerable additional research, outwith the aim of this study, will be required to elucidate the mechanisms by which gestational age affects the physiological thyroid function in mares and/or fetus ratio in the first pregnancy stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - P Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - C Trifiletti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - A Ferlazzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Fazio E, Medica P, Cravana C, Ferlazzo A. Comparative Effects of Simulated and Conventional Transportations on the Thyroid Response of Stallions (Equus caballus). J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fazio E, Medica P, Cravana C, Pellizzotto R, Fragalà S, Ferlazzo A. Dynamics of Total and Free Iodothyronines of Jumping Horses on the Responses to Competition and Transport. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fazio E, Medica P, Cravana C, Molinari P, Ferlazzo A. Effect of Experience on Adrenocortical and Thyroid Responses of Arabian Horses to Gymkhana Games. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bruschetta G, Di Pietro P, Miano M, Zanghì G, Fazio E, Ferlazzo AM. Daily variations of plasma serotonin levels in 2-year-old horses. J Vet Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mendoza FJ, Perez-Ecija RA, Toribio RE, Estepa JC. Thyroid hormone concentrations differ between donkeys and horses. Equine Vet J 2012; 45:214-8. [PMID: 22909401 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Reference intervals for thyroid hormones (TH) concentrations have not been previously established for donkeys, leading to potential misdiagnosis of thyroid disease. OBJECTIVES To determine the normal values of TH in healthy adult donkeys and compare them to TH values from healthy adult horses. METHODS Thirty-eight healthy Andalusian donkeys and 19 healthy Andalusian horses from 2 different farms were used. Donkeys were divided into 3 age groups: <5, 5-10 and >11 years and into 2 gender groups. Serum concentrations of fT3, tT3, rT3, fT4 and tT4 were quantified by radioimmunoassay. All blood samples were collected the same day in the morning. None of the animals had received any treatment for 30 days prior to sampling or had any history of disease. Both farms were in close proximity and under similar management. Differences between groups were determined using a one-way ANOVA analysis followed by Fisher's LSD test. P<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Serum TH concentrations were higher in donkeys than in horses (P<0.01). Donkeys <5 years had higher serum rT3, fT4 and tT4 concentrations than donkeys >5 years (P<0.05). Furthermore, older donkeys (>11 years) had lower serum fT3 and tT3 concentrations than younger donkeys' groups (<5 and 5-10 years, P<0.05). TH concentrations were not different between genders (fT3: P = 0.06; tT3: P = 0.08; rT3: P = 0.15; fT4: P = 0.89; and tT4: P = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS Thyroid hormone concentrations are different between healthy adult donkeys and horses. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Establishing species-specific TH reference ranges is important when evaluating clinicopathologic data in equids in order to avoid the misdiagnosis of thyroid gland dysfunction. Further studies to elucidate the physiological mechanisms leading to these differences are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Mendoza
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universidad of Cordoba, Spain.
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Hemmann K, Raekallio M, Kanerva K, Hänninen L, Pastell M, Palviainen M, Vainio O. Circadian variation in ghrelin and certain stress hormones in crib-biting horses. Vet J 2012; 193:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Hormonal responses of Quarter Horses to a 6-week conventional Western-riding training programme. Livest Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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