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Brito LFC, Loomis PR, Klohonatz KM, Althouse GC. Penicillin and amikacin mixture has bactericidal activity equivalent to gentamicin, tylosin, lincomycin and spectinomycin mixture in equine frozen semen. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:349-357. [PMID: 36369673 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neat stallion semen can contain a variety of microorganisms, some of which may impair sperm quality and/or cause infection of the mares' reproductive tract. For this reason, antibiotics are commonly added to semen extenders. A combination of gentamicin, tylosin, lincomycin and spectinomycin (GTLS) has been recommended for use, but there are no reports on the use of this mixture in equine semen extender. Penicillin and amikacin (PA) are safe for preserving sperm quality while effectively controlling bacterial growth in equine cooled stored semen, but data on frozen semen are scarce. Therefore, a bioequivalence study was performed to assess the bactericidal activity of GTLS and PA in equine frozen semen. Nine mature, healthy stallions were used in the study. Split ejaculates were processed using media without antibiotics (Control) or with different antibiotics. For the GTLS group, centrifugation medium and freezing extender were prepared with gentamicin 250 μg/ml, tylosin 50 μg/ml, lincomycin 150 μg/ml and spectinomycin 300 μg/ml. For the PA group, the centrifugation medium was prepared with potassium penicillin G (PPG) 1200 units/ml and the freezing extender was prepared with PPG 1200 units/ml and amikacin 500 μg/ml. Semen processed in extenders without antibiotics had higher (p < .005) bacterial loads throughout all cryopreservation processing steps than semen samples processed using antibiotics. There were no differences in semen bacterial load after centrifugation, 15 and 30 min after final extension, and after thawing between GTLS and PA groups, but PA had faster (p < .05) kill-time kinetics than GTLS. Only minor differences in sperm kinetic parameters were observed among groups. In conclusion, this study demonstrated bioequivalence between GTLS and PA in mitigating end-point bacterial loads. Prudent concentrations of the antibiotic mixtures evaluated in this study can be considered both effective and sperm-safe for equine frozen semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo F C Brito
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, Kennett, USA
| | | | | | - Gary C Althouse
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, Kennett, USA
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Screening for Taylorella equigenitalis in Equine Semen: An Exploratory Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 119:104138. [PMID: 36244608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The study examined and compared the sensitivity of culture and a quantitative PCR assay for screening equine semen for the presence of Taylorella equigenitalis (CEMO). Chilled semen samples, both raw and treated with extender, from two stallions were spiked with the organism at seven or 23 days postejaculation and prepared in serial dilutions. Culture of the 7-day raw semen readily detected CEMO at all dilutions, but extended semen yielded counts that were two log cycles lower at equivalent dilutions, with the organism being nearly undetectable at the maximal dilutions. By contrast, PCR sensitivity was not affected by extender, but for 7-day-old raw semen, PCR detection declined abruptly three log dilutions earlier than detection by culture. The more aged 23-day-old semen proved less satisfactory for spiking, with detection of CEMO by culture failing in three of the four samples due to overgrowth with commensal organisms. However, PCR performance was similar in both the 23- and 7-day spiking series. The detection limit by PCR is estimated at between 104 and 105 cfu/mL. Typical CEMO concentrations in the semen of colonized stallions are not widely reported but where natural semen contamination has been investigated, the organism was present at this order of magnitude. The reliability of detecting CEMO infection using semen samples by either method is discussed.
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Usuga A, Gutiérrez V, López ME, Pérez LF, Jaramillo L, Rojano B, Restrepo G. Evaluation of the effect of conventional and natural antifungals on motility and kinetics of cooled stallion semen. Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 57:701-710. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Usuga
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Universidad CES Medellín Antioquia Colombia
| | - Víctor Gutiérrez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Universidad CES Medellín Antioquia Colombia
| | - María Elisa López
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Universidad CES Medellín Antioquia Colombia
| | - Luisa Fernanda Pérez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Universidad CES Medellín Antioquia Colombia
| | - Lorena Jaramillo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Universidad CES Medellín Antioquia Colombia
| | - Benjamín Rojano
- Faculty of Science Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín Antioquia Colombia
| | - Giovanni Restrepo
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín Antioquia Colombia
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Hernández-Avilés C, Love CC, Serafini R, Ramírez-Agámez L, Kelley DE, de Andino EM, Teague SR, LaCaze KA, Brinsko SP, Varner DD. Inclusion of supplemental antibiotics (amikacin - penicillin) in a commercial extender for stallion semen: Effects on sperm quality, bacterial growth, and fertility following cooled storage. Theriogenology 2020; 158:209-217. [PMID: 32971438 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effectiveness of supplementing INRA-96® extender (INRA-Control; original antibiotic formulation: potassium penicillin G = 38 μg/mL; gentamicin sulfate = 105 μg/mL; amphotericin B = 0.315 μg/mL) with amikacin sulfate and potassium penicillin G (AP) was determined. In Exp. 1, two sources of amikacin (INRA-AP-Sigma or INRA-AP-GoldBio) in combination with penicillin G were compared with ticarcillin/clavulanate (INRA-Tim) or no-supplemental antibiotics (INRA-Control) to examine effects on sperm quality and commensal bacterial growth. No differences were detected in semen quality among treatments after 30 min of exposure (Time 30min) or 24 h of cooled storage (Time 24 h; P > 0.05). At both time periods, commensal bacterial growth was significantly lower in Groups INRA-AP-GoldBio and INRA-AP-Sigma than in INRA-Tim or INRA-Control (P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, increasing doses of amikacin sulfate (GoldBio) plus potassium penicillin G (Sigma) - AP (AP-1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 or 5000 μg-IU/mL, respectively) were added to INRA-96® extender and their effects on sperm quality and commensal bacterial growth were evaluated at Time 30min and Time 24 h. Slight reductions in progressive motility and viability were observed at Time 30min in Groups AP-4000 and AP-5000 as compared to other treatment groups (P < 0.05); however, no differences in sperm quality were detected among treatment groups at Time 24 h (P > 0.05). At both time periods, commensal bacterial growth was significantly lower in Groups AP-3000, AP-4000 and AP-5000 than in AP-1000 and AP-2000 (P < 0.05). In Exp. 3, a breeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of adding a high dose of AP (AP-5000) to INRA-96® extender on resulting pregnancy rates of mares bred with cool-stored semen (Time 24 h). Numerical, but not statistical differences, were observed in pregnancy rates between the mares bred with INRA-Control (6/11; 55%) or INRA-AP-5000 (9/11; 82%; P > 0.05). Supplementation of INRA-96® extender with two different concentrations of AP (AP-1000 or AP-5000) was tested in two clinical cases of stallions where semen was moderately to heavily contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or both Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In both cases, addition of AP resulted in a considerable decrease on bacterial growth in cool-stored semen when compared to the use of the original INRA-96® extender without supplemental antibiotics. In conclusion, the addition of amikacin sulfate and potassium penicillin G to INRA-96® extender allowed for effective control of commensal bacteria without affecting sperm quality. Higher doses of amikacin and penicillin can be safely added to INRA-96® extender to improve the antibacterial activity of this extender against commensal, and potentially pathogenic bacteria, while sperm quality and fertility of cooled semen remains unaffected. Based on the results of the present study, we currently recommend that INRA-96® extender can be safely supplemented with amikacin/penicillin by using a conventional dose of 1000 μg/mL - 1000 IU/mL as a prophylactic measure in cases where contamination of the ejaculates with commensal bacteria is evident. Alternatively, a high dose (5000 μg/mL - 5000 IU/mL) can be used as a control method for potentially pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Hernández-Avilés
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845-4475, TX, USA.
| | - Charles C Love
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845-4475, TX, USA
| | - Rosanna Serafini
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845-4475, TX, USA
| | - Luisa Ramírez-Agámez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845-4475, TX, USA
| | - Dale E Kelley
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845-4475, TX, USA
| | - Elena Martínez de Andino
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845-4475, TX, USA
| | - Sheila R Teague
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845-4475, TX, USA
| | - Katrina A LaCaze
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845-4475, TX, USA
| | - Steven P Brinsko
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845-4475, TX, USA
| | - Dickson D Varner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845-4475, TX, USA
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Hernández-Avilés C, Love CC, Serafini R, Teague SR, Varner DD. Supplemental Antibiotics in a Commercial Extender for Stallion Semen. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 80:33-35. [PMID: 31443830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Commonly marketed semen extenders contain various antibiotic types and concentrations to control bacterial growth from stallion's external genitalia. An experiment was conducted to test the effects of supplemental amikacin disulfate (1,000 μg/mL) + potassium penicillin G (1,000 IU/ML: INRA-AP), or ticarcillin-clavulanate (1,000 μg/mL: INRA-TIM) in the INRA 96 extender, on sperm function and antimicrobial activity, compared with extender without supplemental antibiotics (INRA-C). In freshly extended semen (Time 30m), no differences were observed among the three treatment groups for sperm motion characteristics or plasma membrane intactness (P > .05). Following cooled storage (Time 24h), sperm progressive motility and straightness were higher in INRA-AP, as compared to INRA-C or INRA-TIM (P < .05). For both time points, INRA-AP yielded lower bacterial colony-forming units (CFU/mL) than INRA-TIM or INRA-C (P < .05). In addition, INRA-AP yielded a higher proportion of culture plates with no growth (59%), than INRA-TIM (14%) or INRA-C (22%; P < .05). These findings suggest that INRA 96 extender can be supplemented with the tested concentrations of amikacin disulfate + potassium penicillin G to improve its antimicrobial effectiveness without impairing sperm quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Hernández-Avilés
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
| | - Charles C Love
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Rosanna Serafini
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Sheila R Teague
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Dickson D Varner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Delerue M, Breuil MF, Duquesne F, Bayon-Auboyer MH, Amenna-Bernard N, Petry S. Acute Endometritis due to Taylorella equigenitalis Transmission by Insemination of Cryopreserved Stallion Semen. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 78:10-13. [PMID: 31203971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.03.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Taylorella equigenitalis can be transmitted during artificial insemination. This report describes clinical T. equigenitalis transmission by cryopreserved stallion semen. T. equigenitalis isolates from a mare's vaginal discharge and semen from the same batch of the cryopreserved semen used for the insemination gave identical API ZYM, antibiotic susceptibility, and multilocus sequence typing results (ST-46); furthermore, the multilocus sequence typing lineage ST-46 is known to circulate in the country of semen collection. These results support the need for strict contagious equine metritis screening of processed semen before use for artificial insemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Delerue
- IFCE, La jumenterie du Pin, Exmes, Gouffern-en-Auge, France
| | - Marie-France Breuil
- ANSES, Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases, Bacteriology Unit, Dozulé, France
| | - Fabien Duquesne
- ANSES, Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases, Bacteriology Unit, Dozulé, France
| | | | | | - Sandrine Petry
- ANSES, Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases, Bacteriology Unit, Dozulé, France.
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May CE, Guthrie AJ, Keys B, Joone C, Monyai M, Schulman ML. Polymerase chain reaction-based national surveillance programme to determine the distribution and prevalence of Taylorella equigenitalis in South African horses. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:307-11. [PMID: 25764125 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The response to the first outbreak of contagious equine metritis in South Africa included pioneering a web-based platform to coordinate key aspects of a national, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based stallion screening programme to determine the distribution and prevalence of Taylorella equigenitalis in stallions and exposed mares. OBJECTIVES To define the hypothesised pre-existing status of T. equigenitalis in the South African equine population and progression of the epidemiological investigation via the implementation of a molecular diagnostic-based surveillance programme. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Screening for T. equigenitalis was via a qPCR assay on genital swabs obtained from predilection sites in stallions and mares with subsequent confirmation using bacterial culture according to prescribed methods. RESULTS The initial outbreak investigation identified 4 horses including the index stallion and mare. Traceback of in-contact horses identified 26 horses, including a subpopulation focus at the South African Lipizzaner Centre where 24/33 resident stallions tested positive for T. equigenitalis on qPCR. The national screening programme identified an additional 9 stallions. A total of 39 horses (36 stallions and 3 mares) tested positive for T. equigenitalis by qPCR and T. equigenitalis was isolated from 23 of these stallions and 2 of these mares. In addition to the index property, an artificial breeding centre where the index case was first identified, an additional 12 properties with infected horses were identified in 3/9 provinces. Horses on 11 of these 12 properties were directly linked to the index property. Two incidents of T. equigenitalis transmission associated with artificial insemination were recorded. CONCLUSIONS T. equigenitalis was present in a subpopulation focus within the South African horse population prior to the outbreak identification in April 2011. Horizontal fomite-associated spread was the most probable route of transmission between stallions. The targeted surveillance of stallions and exposed mares using a qPCR-based screening programme expedited investigation of the distribution and prevalence of T. equigenitalis infection in South African horses. The application of qPCR provided a sensitive and practical screening test for identification of T. equigenitalis-positive animals as part of an emergency response to the first identified cases of T. equigenitalis infection in South African horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E May
- Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - A J Guthrie
- Equine Research Centre, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - B Keys
- Companion Animal Clinical Studies Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - C Joone
- Equine Research Centre, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - M Monyai
- Equine Research Centre, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - M L Schulman
- Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Schulman ML, May CE, Keys B, Guthrie AJ. Contagious equine metritis: Artificial reproduction changes the epidemiologic paradigm. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:2-8. [PMID: 23332460 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Dean CJ, Hobgood AM, Blodgett GP, Love CC, Blanchard TL, Varner DD. The addition of ticarcillin-clavulanic acid to INRA 96 extender for stallion semen cooling. Equine Vet J 2012:95-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Dean
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences; College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Texas Tech University; Texas USA
| | | | | | - C. C. Love
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; Texas USA
| | - T. L. Blanchard
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; Texas USA
| | - D. D. Varner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; Texas USA
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