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Malaluang P, Niazi A, Guo Y, Nagel C, Guimaraes T, Rocha A, Aurich C, Morrell JM. Bacterial diversity in semen from stallions in three European countries evaluated by 16S sequencing. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1409-1421. [PMID: 38305959 PMCID: PMC11147884 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The microbiome plays a significant role in shaping the health and functioning of the systems it inhabits. The seminal microbiome of stallions has implications for the health of the reproductive tract, sperm quality during preservation and antibiotic use in semen extenders. Diverse bacteria are present on the external genital tract and a mix of commensal microorganisms populates various parts of the reproductive tract, influencing the seminal bacterial content. Other sources of bacteria include the environment, semen collection equipment, and personnel. The bacterial load can adversely affect sperm quality and fertility, particularly in artificial insemination, where semen is extended and stored before use. Antibiotics are frequently used to inhibit bacterial growth, but their effectiveness varies depending on the bacterial strains present. The aim of this study was to assess the bacterial diversity in semen from 37 healthy stallions across three European nations (Germany, Portugal, and Sweden) using 16S sequencing. Semen samples were collected from individual stallions at three AI centers; DNA extraction, sequencing, and bioinformatic analysis were performed. Differences in bacterial diversity among the stallions were seen; although bacterial phyla were shared across the regions, differences were observed at the genus level. Climate, husbandry practices, and individual variability likely contribute to these differences. These findings underscore the importance of tailoring antibiotic strategies for semen preservation based on regional bacterial profiles. The study presents a comprehensive approach to understanding the intricacies of the stallion seminal microbiome and its potential implications for reproductive technologies and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pongpreecha Malaluang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 40000, Thailand
| | - Adnan Niazi
- SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-752 36, Sweden
| | - Yongzhi Guo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
| | - Christina Nagel
- Graf Lehndorff Institute for Equine Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tiago Guimaraes
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Sciences (CECA), ICETA, University of Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Antonio Rocha
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Sciences (CECA), ICETA, University of Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Christine Aurich
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jane M Morrell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, 75007, Sweden.
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Malaluang P, Wagner LH, Cojkic A, Spergser J, Aurich C, Morrell JM. Reduced bacterial load in stallion semen by modified single layer centrifugation or sperm washing. Theriogenology 2024; 216:111-117. [PMID: 38171197 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The presence of bacteria poses a significant challenge to the quality of stallion semen used in artificial insemination. The bacterial content of insemination doses arises from various sources, such as the healthy stallion, environment, and collection equipment, and is implicated in fertility problems as well as reduced sperm quality during storage. The conventional approach of adding antibiotics to semen extenders raises concerns about antimicrobial resistance and potential negative effects on sperm characteristics, and may not be effective in inhibiting all bacteria. The objective of this study was to determine whether an innovative alternative to antibiotic usage - centrifugation through a single layer of a low density colloid (SLC) - could reduce the bacterial load in stallion semen, and to compare sperm characteristics in samples arising from this procedure, or simple extension of the ejaculate in semen extender, or from sperm washing, i.e. adding extender and then centrifuging the sample to allow the removal of most of the seminal plasma and extender. Eighteen semen samples were collected from six stallions. The semen samples were split and extended prior to washing or SLC, or received no further treatment other than extension. After preparation aliquots from each type of sample were sent for bacteriological examination; the remaining samples were stored for up to 72 h, with daily checks on sperm quality. The low density colloid SLC outperformed sperm washing or extension for bacterial reduction, effectively removing several bacterial species. The bacterial load in the samples was as follows: extended semen, 16 ± 6.7 × 105; washed, 5.8 ± 2.0 × 105; SLC, 2.3 ± 0.88 × 105, p < 0.0001. In addition, SLC completely removed some bacterial species, such as Staphylococcus xylosus. Although there is no selection for robust spermatozoa with the low density colloid, sperm motility, membrane integrity, and DNA fragmentation were not different to washed sperm samples. These findings suggest that SLC with a low density colloid offers a promising method for reducing bacterial contamination in stallion semen without resorting to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pongpreecha Malaluang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007, Uppsala, Sweden; Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 40000, Thailand
| | - Lisa Helène Wagner
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aleksandar Cojkic
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Aurich
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jane M Morrell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Jakop U, Hensel B, Czirják GÁ, Quirino M, Schröter F, Jung M, Schulze M. Bacterial killing activity and lysozymes: A stable defence mechanism in stallion seminal plasma? Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:73-80. [PMID: 36107117 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
During insemination, bacterial contamination of the ejaculate can lead to reduced sperm quality and transmission of pathogens to the female, thus should be avoided. The semen of a variety of animal taxa possess antimicrobial properties against a wide range of bacterial species through antimicrobial molecules, such as lysozyme, but their variance and the factors influencing it are unknown for most species. In this study, the antibacterial defence (bacterial killing activity (BKA) against Escherichia (E.) coli and Staphylococcus (S.) aureus as well as lysozyme concentration) was studied in seminal fluid from two consecutive ejaculates of 18 stallions. All ejaculates showed BKA against the tested bacteria, which correlated between the two consecutive ejaculates (rS = 0.526, p = .025 for E. coli and rS = 0.656, p = .003 for S. aureus) and appeared to be stable over the tested period. The lysozyme concentration (LC) showed no significant correlation between the consecutive ejaculates (rS = 0.161, p = .681). However, LC had a positive correlation to the ratio of apoptotic spermatozoa within the ejaculates (rS = 0.426, p = .019). In contrast to other livestock (e.g., boar, bull), the BKA in stallion semen did not correlate significantly with the age of the animal nor sperm quality characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Jakop
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernau, Germany
| | - Britta Hensel
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernau, Germany
| | - Gábor Á Czirják
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monike Quirino
- Setor de Suínos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Filip Schröter
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, Bernau, Germany
| | - Markus Jung
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernau, Germany
| | - Martin Schulze
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernau, Germany
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Clulow J, Gibb Z. Liquid storage of stallion spermatozoa – Past, present and future. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 247:107088. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Usuga A, Gutiérrez V, López ME, Pérez LF, Jaramillo L, Rojano B, Restrepo G. Evaluation of the effect of conventional and natural antifungals on motility and kinetics of cooled stallion semen. Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 57:701-710. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Usuga
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Universidad CES Medellín Antioquia Colombia
| | - Víctor Gutiérrez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Universidad CES Medellín Antioquia Colombia
| | - María Elisa López
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Universidad CES Medellín Antioquia Colombia
| | - Luisa Fernanda Pérez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Universidad CES Medellín Antioquia Colombia
| | - Lorena Jaramillo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Universidad CES Medellín Antioquia Colombia
| | - Benjamín Rojano
- Faculty of Science Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín Antioquia Colombia
| | - Giovanni Restrepo
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín Antioquia Colombia
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Malaluang P, Wilén E, Lindahl J, Hansson I, Morrell JM. Antimicrobial Resistance in Equine Reproduction. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3035. [PMID: 34827768 PMCID: PMC8614435 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics following low-level "background" exposure to antimicrobial agents as well as from exposure at therapeutic levels during treatment for bacterial infections. In this review, we look specifically at antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the equine reproductive tract and its possible origin, focusing particularly on antibiotics in semen extenders used in preparing semen doses for artificial insemination. Our review of the literature indicated that AMR in the equine uterus and vagina were reported worldwide in the last 20 years, in locations as diverse as Europe, India, and the United States. Bacteria colonizing the mucosa of the reproductive tract are transferred to semen during collection; further contamination of the semen may occur during processing, despite strict attention to hygiene at critical control points. These bacteria compete with spermatozoa for nutrients in the semen extender, producing metabolic byproducts and toxins that have a detrimental effect on sperm quality. Potential pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa may occasionally cause fertility issues in inseminated mares. Antibiotics are added during semen processing, according to legislation, to impede the growth of these microorganisms but may have a detrimental effect on sperm quality, depending on the antimicrobial agent and concentration used. However, this addition of antibiotics is counter to current recommendations on the prudent use of antibiotics, which recommend that antibiotics should be used only for therapeutic purposes and after establishing bacterial sensitivity. There is some evidence of resistance among bacteria found in semen samples. Potential alternatives to the addition of antibiotics are considered, especially physical removal separation of spermatozoa from bacteria. Suggestions for further research with colloid centrifugation are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pongpreecha Malaluang
- Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7054, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; (P.M.); (E.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Elin Wilén
- Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7054, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; (P.M.); (E.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Johanna Lindahl
- Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7054, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; (P.M.); (E.W.); (J.L.)
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Hansson
- Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7036, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Jane M. Morrell
- Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7054, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; (P.M.); (E.W.); (J.L.)
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Viudes-de-Castro MP, Marco-Jimenez F, Vicente JS, Marin C. Antibacterial Activity of Some Molecules Added to Rabbit Semen Extender as Alternative to Antibiotics. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041178. [PMID: 33924203 PMCID: PMC8074584 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of two aminopeptidase inhibitors and chitosan-based nanoparticles in liquid-stored rabbit semen. This study reports that the aminopeptidase inhibitors used to prevent bacterial growth could be used in semen extender as a suitable alternative to antibiotics. Abstract Although great attention is paid to hygiene during semen collection and processing, bacteria are commonly found in the semen of healthy fertile males of different species. As the storage of extended semen might facilitate bacterial growth, extenders are commonly supplemented with antibiotics. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), bestatin and chitosan-based nanoparticles added to rabbit semen extender and their effect on reproductive performance under field conditions. Four different extenders were tested, supplemented with antibiotics (TCG+AB), with EDTA and bestatin (EB), with EDTA, bestatin and chitosan-based nanoparticles (QEB) or without antibiotics (TCG-AB). Extended semen was cooled at 15 °C for three days. Cooled samples were examined for bacterial growth and semen quality every 24 h for 3 days. The enterobacteria count increased considerably during storage at 72 h in semen extended with TCG+AB and TCG-AB, while extenders EB and QEB showed a bacteriostatic effect over time. After 24, 48 and 72 h, quality characteristics were retained in all groups, with no significant motility differences, either in acrosome integrity, membrane functionality or the viability of spermatozoa. Additionally, bacterial concentration present in fresh semen did not affect reproductive performance. In conclusion, EDTA and bestatin exerted a potent bacteriostatic effect over time and could be used as an alternative to conventional antibiotics in rabbit semen extenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pilar Viudes-de-Castro
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Animal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (CITA-IVIA), Polígono La Esperanza n° 100, 12400 Segorbe, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Francisco Marco-Jimenez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (F.M.-J.); (J.S.V.)
| | - José S. Vicente
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (F.M.-J.); (J.S.V.)
| | - Clara Marin
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Avenida Seminario s/n, 46113 Moncada, Spain;
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Microbiota of semen from stallions in Sweden identified by MALDI-TOF. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 10:100143. [PMID: 33145452 PMCID: PMC7593612 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria isolated from stallion semen vary in number and species found. Differences may depend on culture conditions and method of identification. 64% bacteria in stallion semen were cultured and identified by MALDI-TOF. The number of bacteria varied considerably among samples, even from the same stud. More information is needed on their effect on sperm quality.
Stallion semen is known to contain environmental bacteria and normal commensals, and in some cases may contain opportunistic pathogens. These bacteria may negatively influence sperm quality during storage before artificial insemination. The bacteria isolated depend on the culture conditions and method of identification; therefore, the aim of this study was to identify as many of the bacteria present in stallion semen as possible by culturing aliquots of semen under a variety of conditions. Eleven semen samples were available: five extended semen samples from one stud together with a sample of the extender, and six raw semen samples from another stud. Aliquots of semen samples were cultured on different agars and under specialized conditions; individual bacterial colonies were identified using Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Approximately 55% of the bacteria could be identified, with 20 bacterial taxa being isolated from semen samples from the five stallions on the first stud and 11 taxa from the semen samples from six stallions on the second stud. Staphylococcus spp. were present in all samples, and Micrococcus spp. were present in all of the extended semen samples although they were also isolated from the extender. The number of bacteria in colony forming units per mL varied considerably among samples. Only one microbe known to be associated with equine infertility, Pseudomonas spp., was isolated from three samples, albeit in low numbers. In conclusion, bacterial culture followed by MALDI-TOF does not identify all bacteria present in stallion semen samples. In-depth knowledge of which microbes are likely to be present is useful in determining their effects on sperm quality and, where appropriate, developing protocols for effectively controlling microbial growth.
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Hernández-Avilés C, Love CC, Serafini R, Ramírez-Agámez L, Kelley DE, de Andino EM, Teague SR, LaCaze KA, Brinsko SP, Varner DD. Inclusion of supplemental antibiotics (amikacin - penicillin) in a commercial extender for stallion semen: Effects on sperm quality, bacterial growth, and fertility following cooled storage. Theriogenology 2020; 158:209-217. [PMID: 32971438 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effectiveness of supplementing INRA-96® extender (INRA-Control; original antibiotic formulation: potassium penicillin G = 38 μg/mL; gentamicin sulfate = 105 μg/mL; amphotericin B = 0.315 μg/mL) with amikacin sulfate and potassium penicillin G (AP) was determined. In Exp. 1, two sources of amikacin (INRA-AP-Sigma or INRA-AP-GoldBio) in combination with penicillin G were compared with ticarcillin/clavulanate (INRA-Tim) or no-supplemental antibiotics (INRA-Control) to examine effects on sperm quality and commensal bacterial growth. No differences were detected in semen quality among treatments after 30 min of exposure (Time 30min) or 24 h of cooled storage (Time 24 h; P > 0.05). At both time periods, commensal bacterial growth was significantly lower in Groups INRA-AP-GoldBio and INRA-AP-Sigma than in INRA-Tim or INRA-Control (P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, increasing doses of amikacin sulfate (GoldBio) plus potassium penicillin G (Sigma) - AP (AP-1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 or 5000 μg-IU/mL, respectively) were added to INRA-96® extender and their effects on sperm quality and commensal bacterial growth were evaluated at Time 30min and Time 24 h. Slight reductions in progressive motility and viability were observed at Time 30min in Groups AP-4000 and AP-5000 as compared to other treatment groups (P < 0.05); however, no differences in sperm quality were detected among treatment groups at Time 24 h (P > 0.05). At both time periods, commensal bacterial growth was significantly lower in Groups AP-3000, AP-4000 and AP-5000 than in AP-1000 and AP-2000 (P < 0.05). In Exp. 3, a breeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of adding a high dose of AP (AP-5000) to INRA-96® extender on resulting pregnancy rates of mares bred with cool-stored semen (Time 24 h). Numerical, but not statistical differences, were observed in pregnancy rates between the mares bred with INRA-Control (6/11; 55%) or INRA-AP-5000 (9/11; 82%; P > 0.05). Supplementation of INRA-96® extender with two different concentrations of AP (AP-1000 or AP-5000) was tested in two clinical cases of stallions where semen was moderately to heavily contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or both Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In both cases, addition of AP resulted in a considerable decrease on bacterial growth in cool-stored semen when compared to the use of the original INRA-96® extender without supplemental antibiotics. In conclusion, the addition of amikacin sulfate and potassium penicillin G to INRA-96® extender allowed for effective control of commensal bacteria without affecting sperm quality. Higher doses of amikacin and penicillin can be safely added to INRA-96® extender to improve the antibacterial activity of this extender against commensal, and potentially pathogenic bacteria, while sperm quality and fertility of cooled semen remains unaffected. Based on the results of the present study, we currently recommend that INRA-96® extender can be safely supplemented with amikacin/penicillin by using a conventional dose of 1000 μg/mL - 1000 IU/mL as a prophylactic measure in cases where contamination of the ejaculates with commensal bacteria is evident. Alternatively, a high dose (5000 μg/mL - 5000 IU/mL) can be used as a control method for potentially pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Hernández-Avilés
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845-4475, TX, USA.
| | - Charles C Love
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845-4475, TX, USA
| | - Rosanna Serafini
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845-4475, TX, USA
| | - Luisa Ramírez-Agámez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845-4475, TX, USA
| | - Dale E Kelley
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845-4475, TX, USA
| | - Elena Martínez de Andino
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845-4475, TX, USA
| | - Sheila R Teague
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845-4475, TX, USA
| | - Katrina A LaCaze
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845-4475, TX, USA
| | - Steven P Brinsko
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845-4475, TX, USA
| | - Dickson D Varner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77845-4475, TX, USA
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10
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Update on Seminal Vesiculitis in Stallions. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103234. [PMID: 33077096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Seminal vesiculitis in stallions reduces fertility and is often underdiagnosed. The most common cause is infection of seminal vesicles by bacteria capable of forming biofilms and a propensity for tissue persistence, for example, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Achieving a clinical cure is challenging because of a high rate of recurrence. Systemic antibiotic therapy does not reach adequate therapeutic concentrations within the seminal vesicles; one alternative is endoscopy-guided, local antibiotic infusion into the gland lumen, with or without concurrent systemic antibiotics. Current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for seminal vesiculitis are less than fully satisfactory, and several studies have been conducted to improve them. This review covers traditional and newer concepts regarding seminal vesiculitis, including diagnostic and treatment methods, management of stallions with this disorder, and authors' experience with clinical cases.
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Oliveira SN, Andrade LRP, Silva LFMC, Araujo EAB, Rayashi RM, Segabinazzi LGTM, Alvarenga MA, Dell'Aqua CP, Dell'Aqua JA, Papa FO. Fractionated semen collection as a tool to rescue fertility in stallions with seminal vesiculitis. Theriogenology 2020; 157:110-120. [PMID: 32810788 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Treatments for seminal vesiculitis have poor outcomes in stallions; thus, the development of alternative strategies is warranted. This study aimed to evaluate fractionated semen collection as a method to restore the fertility of stallions diagnosed with seminal vesiculitis. Eighteen ejaculates from six stallions (three ejaculates/stallion) diagnosed with seminal vesiculitis were harvested in fractions, as follows: Fraction A (FA), the first two jets; Fraction B (FB), the third and fourth jets; and Fraction C (FC), the fifth and remaining jets of the ejaculate. All fractions were subject to standard semen evaluations that were performed in addition to cytology and bacterial aerobic cultures. Fractions were extended and cooled to 5 °C. As a proof of concept, 20 mares (48 estrous cycles, ∼8 cycles/stallion) were bred with 1 billion sperm from FA (cooled at 5 °C for 24 h). In our study, FA had negative bacterial cultures, absent macroscopic or microscopic abnormalities; FB had positive bacterial cultures in two stallions and presence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in all samples, but with no macroscopic abnormalities; and FC had positive bacterial cultures, purulent appearance, and the presence of degenerated PMNs, just as noted in the whole semen. Overall, post-cooling sperm motility results were superior (P < 0.05) for FA in comparison with FB and FC. First cycle pregnancy rates using FA varied from 66% to 86%. None of the non-pregnant mares developed endometritis. In conclusion, fractionated semen collection can be used to obtain semen free of contamination and to achieve satisfactory pregnancy rates from stallions with seminal vesiculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidnei N Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil.
| | - Luiz R P Andrade
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luis F M C Silva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Endrigo A B Araujo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Rafaella M Rayashi
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Lorenzo G T M Segabinazzi
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Marco A Alvarenga
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Camila Pf Dell'Aqua
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Jose A Dell'Aqua
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Frederico O Papa
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
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12
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Novello G, Podico G, Segabinazzi LGTM, Lima FS, Canisso IF. Stallion Semen Cooling Using Native Phosphocaseinate-based Extender and Sodium Caseinate Cholesterol-loaded Cyclodextrin-based Extender. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 92:103104. [PMID: 32797772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare semen parameters and embryo recovery rates of cooled stallion semen extended with INRA 96 or BotuSemen Gold. In experiment 1, 45 ejaculates from nine mature stallions were collected, assessed, and equally split between both extenders and then extended to 50 million sperm/mL. Then, the extended semen was stored in three passive cooling containers (Equitainer, Equine Express II, and BotuFlex) for 48 hours. In experiment 2, the same ejaculates extended in experiment 1 were cushion-centrifuged, the supernatant was discarded, and the pellets were resuspended at 100 million sperm/mL with their respective extender. Semen was then cooled and stored as in experiment 1. In both experiments, sperm motility parameters, plasma membrane integrity, and high mitochondrial membrane potential were assessed at 0, 24, and 48 hours post cooling. For experiment 3, 12 mares (n = 24 cycles) were bred with 48 hour-cooled semen from one stallion. Semen was processed as described in experiment 1. Mares had embryo flushing performed by 8-day post-ovulation. In experiment 1, BotuSemen Gold displayed superior total and progressive motility relative to INRA 96 (P < .05). There were no significant differences between the types of containers in any experiment. In experiment 2, INRA 96 and BotuSemen Gold extenders had similar total and progressive motility, but BotuSemen Gold had superior sperm velocity parameters at all timepoints. Embryo recovery was identical for both extenders (50%). Finally, the results obtained herein suggest that BotuSemen Gold is a suitable alternative to be included in semen cooling tests against INRA 96 in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Novello
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Giorgia Podico
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Lorenzo G T M Segabinazzi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Fabio S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Igor F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL.
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13
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Sancler-Silva YFR, Monteiro GA, Ramires-Neto C, Freitas-Dell'aqua CP, Crespilho AM, Franco MMJ, Silva-Junior ER, Cavalero TMS, Scheeren VFC, Papa FO. Does semen quality change after local treatment of seminal vesiculitis in stallions? Theriogenology 2019; 144:139-145. [PMID: 31940505 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation of the seminal vesicle interferes with fertility and is a persistent problem that is difficult to treat. The aim of this study was to evaluate the semen quality of 5 stallions with seminal vesiculitis before and after local treatment. All stallions were endoscopically treated for seminal vesiculitis during 10 consecutive days. The glandular lumen was accessed and flushed with a Ringer Lactate solution prior to antibiotic infusion. The antibiotic was selected based on the antibiogram from bacterial culture of samples previously collected from the seminal vesicles. The kinetic parameters (total motility - TM; progressive motility - PM; and rapid sperm - RAP), plasma membrane integrity (PMI), percentage of leukocyte (LEUK) and colony forming units (CFU) of fresh semen samples were evaluated. Additionally, nitric oxide (NO) content in seminal plasma was measured. All parameters were assessed before (T0), one week after treatment (T1) and one month after therapy (T2). The sperm kinetics and plasma membrane integrity showed an improvement in T1 that didn't last until T2. Percentage of leukocytes and CFU decreased on fresh semen and NO decreased on seminal plasma at T1 but were similar between T0 and T2. The results demonstrate that one week (T1) of local treatment leads to an improvement in sperm quality. However, this was not maintained one month (T2) after therapy, as seminal parameters at this time are similar to the pre-treatment values (T0), indicating the recurrence of the disease one month after therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F R Sancler-Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, UFV, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - G A Monteiro
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - C Ramires-Neto
- Sao Paulo State University, Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - C P Freitas-Dell'aqua
- Sao Paulo State University, Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - M M J Franco
- Sao Paulo State University, Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - E R Silva-Junior
- Sao Paulo State University, Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - T M S Cavalero
- Sao Paulo State University, Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - V F C Scheeren
- Sao Paulo State University, Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - F O Papa
- Sao Paulo State University, Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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14
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Hernández-Avilés C, Love CC, Serafini R, Teague SR, Varner DD. Supplemental Antibiotics in a Commercial Extender for Stallion Semen. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 80:33-35. [PMID: 31443830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Commonly marketed semen extenders contain various antibiotic types and concentrations to control bacterial growth from stallion's external genitalia. An experiment was conducted to test the effects of supplemental amikacin disulfate (1,000 μg/mL) + potassium penicillin G (1,000 IU/ML: INRA-AP), or ticarcillin-clavulanate (1,000 μg/mL: INRA-TIM) in the INRA 96 extender, on sperm function and antimicrobial activity, compared with extender without supplemental antibiotics (INRA-C). In freshly extended semen (Time 30m), no differences were observed among the three treatment groups for sperm motion characteristics or plasma membrane intactness (P > .05). Following cooled storage (Time 24h), sperm progressive motility and straightness were higher in INRA-AP, as compared to INRA-C or INRA-TIM (P < .05). For both time points, INRA-AP yielded lower bacterial colony-forming units (CFU/mL) than INRA-TIM or INRA-C (P < .05). In addition, INRA-AP yielded a higher proportion of culture plates with no growth (59%), than INRA-TIM (14%) or INRA-C (22%; P < .05). These findings suggest that INRA 96 extender can be supplemented with the tested concentrations of amikacin disulfate + potassium penicillin G to improve its antimicrobial effectiveness without impairing sperm quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Hernández-Avilés
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
| | - Charles C Love
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Rosanna Serafini
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Sheila R Teague
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Dickson D Varner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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15
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Hernández-Avilés C, Serafini R, Love C, Teague S, LaCaze K, Lawhon S, Wu J, Blanchard T, Varner D. The effects of antibiotic type and extender storage method on sperm quality and antibacterial effectiveness in fresh and cooled-stored stallion semen. Theriogenology 2018; 122:23-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Al-Kass Z, Spergser J, Aurich C, Kuhl J, Schmidt K, Morrell JM. Effect of presence or absence of antibiotics and use of modified single layer centrifugation on bacteria in pony stallion semen. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 54:342-349. [PMID: 30351456 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria contaminate semen during collection and handling. The objective of this study was to identify the bacteria in pony stallion semen, the effects of antibiotics included in commercial semen extenders (lincomycin and spectinomycin) and the effect of modified single layer centrifugation (MSLC), on bacterial load. Ejaculates from six pony stallions, 3 ejaculates per animal, were extended in EquiPlus extender either with or without antibiotics. Aliquots were processed by MSLC to form four treatment groups: control and MSLC with antibiotics (CA and SA, respectively) and control and MSLC without antibiotics (CW and SW, respectively). Bacteriological examinations were carried out within 2 hr. Thirty-one species of bacteria were isolated from one or more ejaculates, with Corynebacterium spp. being the most frequently detected. Corynebacterium spp. were present in all ejaculates. The MSLC resulted in a significantly lower total bacterial count than controls (CA vs. SA, p < 0.001; CW vs. SW, p < 0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyad Al-Kass
- Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Surgery and Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Aurich
- Department for Small Animals and Horses, Center for Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juliane Kuhl
- Department for Small Animals and Horses, Center for Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Schmidt
- Department for Small Animals and Horses, Center for Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jane M Morrell
- Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
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