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Buser LI, Torelli N, Andreis S, Witte S, Spadavecchia C. Evaluation of the hoof centre-of-pressure path in horses affected by chronic osteoarthritic pain. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291630. [PMID: 37713390 PMCID: PMC10503732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Centre of Pressure (COP) is the single point summarising all forces transferred to the hoof during the stance phase of a stride. COP path (COPp) is the trajectory that COP follows from footstrike to lift-off. Aim of the present study was to characterize the COP and COPp in horses affected by osteoarthritis and chronic lameness. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventeen adult horses with a diagnosis of osteoarthritis and single limb chronic lameness were recruited. The COP was recorded using a wireless pressure measuring system (TekScan®) with sensors taped to the hooves (either fore- or hind limb, depending on lameness location). The COPp coordinates were further processed. Procrustes analysis was performed to assess the variability of single strides COPp and average COPp among strides, gaits, and limbs by calculating Procrustes distances (D-values). A linear mixed-effects model was run to analyse D-values differences for lame and sound limbs. Additionally, average COPp D-values and COPp hoofprint shape indices were compared for lame and sound limbs with the Signed Rank Test. RESULTS At walk and trot the single-stride COPp D-values were significantly lower in lame than in sound limbs (marginal effects p<0.001). Analysis of the average COPp D-values confirmed that each hoof COPp is highly consistent with itself over subsequent trials but is different from the contralateral. COPp and hoofprint shape indices did not differ between sound and lame limbs. Footstrike and lift-off within the hoofprint showed that most horses had lateral footstrike and lift-off, independently of the lameness location. CONCLUSION Our findings are in line with previous observations that COPp are highly repetitive and characteristic for each horse and limb. There seems to be a further decrease in COPp variability in the presence of a painful limb pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Irina Buser
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Torelli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zürich and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Andreis
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Claudia Spadavecchia
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Hagen J, Brouwer J, Lux S, Weiske F, Jung FT. Characteristics of Hoof Landing in Sound Horses and the Influence of Trimming and Shoeing Examined With Hoof-Mounted Inertial Sensors. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 128:104866. [PMID: 37419398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current in vivo, observational study was to investigate the effects of different hoof manipulations on landing duration (LandD), location (ICloc) and angle of initial contact (ICangle) in the front feet of horses. A novel, hoof-mounted, inertial measurement unit sensor system (IMU) was used. Ten sound, crossbred horses were fitted with an IMU sensor at the dorsal hoof wall and examined barefoot and after trimming. Additionally, the application of 120 g lateral weights and 5° medial side wedges as well as steel, aluminium, egg bar, and lateral extension shoes were tested. Horses were guided in a straight line on firm ground. The use of steel shoes increased LandD compared to barefoot and enhanced the individual ICloc in trot. Application of rolled toe shoes caused a longer LandD than use of plain shoes. None of the other modifications significantly influenced the timing or spatial variables of hoof landing. Trimming and shoeing have less impact on the landing pattern of horses than assumed in practice. Still, the use of steel shoes changes sliding properties of the hooves on firm ground and increases weight causing a longer LandD and reinforcement of the individual ICloc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Hagen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | - Stefan Lux
- Faculty of Computer Science and Media, Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Felix Weiske
- HTWK Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, IngFuL Weiske, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Theresa Jung
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Logan AA, Nielsen BD, Hallock DB, Robison CI, Popovich JM. Evaluation of within- and between- session 1 reliability of the TekscanTM Hoof System with a glue-on shoe. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 110:103862. [PMID: 34979263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A current trend in equine research is technology development to minimize the subjective nature of gait analysis. One such technology is the Tekscan Hoof System, which records force and area loaded by the hooves during motion. The objective of this study was to determine the test-retest reliability of the Tekscan Hoof System between two sessions, and the recordings within those sessions. Four mature Standardbred geldings wore Tekscan Hoof System sensors on both front hooves, secured by glue-on shoes (SoundHorse Technologies). Horses were exercised in AM and PM sessions. In each session, horses walked and trotted for 3 recordings of at least 10 steps. Statistical analysis was performed in SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of gait, horse, leg, and recording nested within session (significance at P ≤ 0.05). Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC; 3,k) and confidence intervals between AM and PM sessions and recordings were calculated with SPSS. Average force and area were higher in AM sessions than PM sessions (P < 0.0001). Between AM and PM sessions, ICC for the walk had good reliability (0.959, 95% CI = 0.797 - 0.992) and excellent reliability at the trot (0.982, 95% CI = 0.911-0.996). Within the AM and PM sessions, reliability was excellent at both the walk and trot (ICCs > 0.962). The Tekscan Hoof System has been found to have excellent reliability within sessions. Caution should be taken when comparing between sessions, as the system is found to have lower force and area output during later sessions due to potential sensor damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Logan
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
| | - Brian D Nielsen
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | | | - Cara I Robison
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - John M Popovich
- Department of Osteopathic Surgical Specialties, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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Logan AA, Nielsen BD, Robison CI, Hallock DB, Manfredi JM, Hiney KM, Buskirk DD, Popovich JM. Impact of Gait and Diameter during Circular Exercise on Front Hoof Area, Vertical Force, and Pressure in Mature Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3581. [PMID: 34944357 PMCID: PMC8697886 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular exercise can be used at varying gaits and diameters to exercise horses, with repeated use anecdotally relating to increased lameness. This work sought to characterize mean area, mean vertical force, and mean pressure of the front hooves while exercising in a straight line at the walk and trot, and small (10-m diameter) and large circles (15-m diameter) at the walk, trot, and canter. Nine mature horses wore TekscanTM Hoof Sensors on their forelimbs adhered with a glue-on shoe. Statistical analysis was performed in SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of leg, gait, and exercise type (PROC GLIMMIX) and p < 0.05 as significant. For all exercise types, the walk had greater mean pressure than the trot (p < 0.01). At the walk, the straight line had greater mean area loaded than the large circle (p = 0.01), and both circle sizes had lower mean vertical force than the straight line (p = 0.003). During circular exercise at the canter, the outside front limb had greater mean area loaded than at the walk and trot (p = 0.001). This study found that gait is an important factor when evaluating circular exercise and should be considered when exercising horses to prevent injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A. Logan
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S. Shaw Ln., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (B.D.N.); (C.I.R.); (D.D.B.)
| | - Brian D. Nielsen
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S. Shaw Ln., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (B.D.N.); (C.I.R.); (D.D.B.)
| | - Cara I. Robison
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S. Shaw Ln., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (B.D.N.); (C.I.R.); (D.D.B.)
| | | | - Jane M. Manfredi
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson, Rd., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Kristina M. Hiney
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 201J Animal Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA;
| | - Daniel D. Buskirk
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S. Shaw Ln., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (B.D.N.); (C.I.R.); (D.D.B.)
| | - John M. Popovich
- Department of Osteopathic Surgical Specialties, Michigan State University, 909 Fee Rd., B405, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
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Hagen J, Geburek F, Kathrinaki V, Naem MA, Roecken M, Hoffmann J. Effect of Perineural Anesthesia on the Centre of Pressure (COP) Path During Stance Phase at Trot in Sound Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 101:103429. [PMID: 33993942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine how short-term loss of proprioception in the equine foot influences the individual COP path during the stance phase of the trot in sound horses. Ten horses were evaluated to be objectively non-lame using the 'Equinosis Q System and subsequently examined using a portable pressure measuring system with pressure foils fixed directly underneath both front hooves prior to and after perineural anesthesia of the palmar digital nerves. The individual COP paths of both forelimbs was assessed prior to and after unilateral and bilateral abaxial sesamoid nerve blocks. COP from initial contact to mid stance and breakover as well as the inter-stride variability were descriptively evaluated for each horse and limb. The individual COP path for each horse and limb during stance was shown to be highly repeatable without significant inter-stride variability. Location of initial contact, COP during midstance and breakover are not affected by unilateral or bilateral short-term loss of sensory feedback from the foot after perineural anesthesia. Anesthesia of the foot with an abaxial sesamoid nerve block does not affect the foot's COP during stance at a trot, therefore, sudden changes in gait pattern after perineural anesthesia should be interpreted with caution and warrant further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Hagen
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Florian Geburek
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vasiliki Kathrinaki
- Clinic for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mohamad Al Naem
- Clinic for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Michael Roecken
- Clinic for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Johanna Hoffmann
- Clinic for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Gießen, Germany
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Smith R, Parsons J, Dixon J. Risk of intra-articular injection with longitudinal ultrasound-guided injection of collateral ligaments of the equine distal interphalangeal joint. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 61:67-76. [PMID: 31574572 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmopathy of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint is a common cause of equine foot lameness and carries a poor prognosis with conservative management. Intralesional injections may improve healing, although accuracy of radiographically guided injections is significantly less than when guided by MRI, which requires special needles. Longitudinal ultrasound-guided injection of the distal collateral ligament has not been evaluated objectively. In this prospective, anatomic study, seven equine cadaver limbs (14 collateral ligaments) were injected with methylene blue dye and radiographic contrast medium using ultrasound to guide the needle longitudinally into the collateral ligaments until contacting bone. The insertion site of the needle proximal to the coronary band was measured on the limb and the needles left in place for radiography and CT to evaluate the needle angulation, location of the contrast medium, and whether the contrast entered the distal interphalangeal joint. The limbs were frozen and sectioned with a band saw to identify the location of the dye. Fifty percentage of injections were in or around the collateral ligaments. However, the percentage of "successful" injections, defined as in the collateral ligament but not in the joint, was only 36%. All legs had dye and contrast in the joint after both ligaments had been injected. There were no significant differences between the needle angle and entry site for "successful" and "unsuccessful" injections. Findings from this study indicates that the success rate is low for injecting the distal portions of the distal interphalangeal joint collateral ligaments using ultrasound guidance alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Jennifer Parsons
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Jonathon Dixon
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
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Oehme B, Grund S, Munzel J, Mülling CKW. Kinetic effect of different ground conditions on the sole of the claws of standing and walking dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:10119-10128. [PMID: 31495627 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, we analyzed the direct kinetic effects of concrete and rubber flooring on the soles of live dairy cows' claws while standing and walking. Ten adult dairy cows were equipped with foil-based pressure sensors (HoofSystem, Tekscan Inc., Boston, MA) under their left hind leg using a leather claw shoe. These sensors captured parameters of pressure distribution and vertical ground reaction forces while the cows walked on the 2 tested flooring types. The mean pressure was 15.1 to 21.1% lower on rubber flooring compared with concrete; mean pressure values (± standard deviation) were 36.32 ± 7.77 N/cm2 for static measures and 57.33 ± 11.77 N/cm2 for dynamic measures. We observed an even more obvious relief on rubber flooring in the maximum pressure loads, which were 30.1 to 32.7% lower on rubber flooring compared with concrete; mean pressure values (± standard deviation) were 98.79 ± 14.49 N/cm2 for static measures and 150.45 ± 20.87 N/cm2 for dynamic measures). The force-time curves of the dynamic measures essentially showed biphasic curve progression, with local peaks at 29 and 79% of the stance phase. However, we found considerable differences in curve progression between individuals and between the lateral and medial claws, which may be verified in further investigations with more animals. The study showed a noticeable reduction in mechanical load during standing and walking on rubber flooring compared with concrete.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Oehme
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Germany 04103
| | - S Grund
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Germany 04103
| | - J Munzel
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Germany 04103
| | - C K W Mülling
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Germany 04103.
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Oehme B, Geiger SM, Grund S, Hainke K, Munzel J, Mülling CKW. Effect of different flooring types on pressure distribution under the bovine claw - an ex vivo study. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:259. [PMID: 30170581 PMCID: PMC6119319 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical interactions between hard floorings and the sole of bovine claws can be reasonable to cause traumatic claw lesions. In this ex vivo study, the direct kinetic impact of concrete and three types of rubber mats on the sole of dairy cattle claws was analyzed. In order to apply uniform loads, isolated distal hind limbs of adult Holstein Friesian dairy cows were functionally trimmed according to the Dutch method and attached to a load applicator. Kinetic data were recorded using a thin, foil-based pressure measurement system (Hoof™ System, Tekscan®). RESULTS On concrete, the load distribution between the lateral and medial claw was less balanced than on the rubber floorings. The loaded area was significantly smaller on concrete (32.2 cm2) compared to all rubber mats (48.3-58.0 cm2). Average pressures (Pav) and maximum pressures (Pmax) were significantly higher on concrete (Pav 44.7 N/cm2; Pmax 130.3 N/cm2) compared to the rubber floorings (Pav 24.9-29.7 N/cm2; Pmax 71.9-87.2 N/cm2). Pressure peaks occurred mainly in plantar and abaxial parts of the lateral claw and in apical and plantar regions of the medial claw. Load distribution displayed a widely unloaded slope region, but considering the pressure distribution under the claw, none of the zones showed a generally lower pressure exposure. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, rubber floorings lead to a significant mechanical relief of the sole compared to concrete. Furthermore, relevant differences between the tested rubber mats could be determined. Therefore the used system may be applied to compare further flooring types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Oehme
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - S M Geiger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Topographic Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Grund
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - K Hainke
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Munzel
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - C K W Mülling
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Modifying the Height of Horseshoes: Effects of Wedge Shoes, Studs, and Rocker Shoes on the Phalangeal Alignment, Pressure Distribution, and Hoof-Ground Contact During Motion. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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