1
|
Kent E, Coleman S, Bruemmer J, Casagrande RR, Levihn C, Romo G, Herkelman K, Hess T. Comparison of an Antioxidant Source and Antioxidant Plus BCAA on Athletic Performance and Post Exercise Recovery of Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 121:104200. [PMID: 36577471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant supplementation decreases postexercise oxidative stress but could also decrease muscle protein synthesis. This study compared the effects of three diets: low antioxidant (control, CON), high antioxidant (AO), and branched-chain amino acid high antioxidant (BCAO) supplementation on postexercise protein synthesis and oxidative stress. We hypothesized that supplementing antioxidants with branched-chain amino acids(BCAA) would reduce oxidative stress without hindering muscle protein synthesis. Eighteen mixed-breed polo horses (11 mares and 7 geldings, with age range between 5 and 18 years, were on CON diet for 30 days (from day -45 until day 0) and then were assigned to one of the treatments after the first lactate threshold test (day 0, LT). LT were also conducted on days 15 and 30 of supplemenation. Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring blood glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde concentrations before 2 and 4 hours after each LT. Muscle biopsies were taken before and 4 hours after each LT and analyzed for gene expression of protein synthesis by RTqPCR. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and compared by least-square means. A reduction in oxidative stress occurred over time (P < .05), from day 0 to day 30. An up-regulation in the abundance of muscle protein mRNA transcripts was found for CD36, CPT1, PDK4, MYF5, and MYOG (P < .05) after all lactate threshold tests, without a treatment effect. A treatment-by-exercise effect was observed for MYOD1 (P = .0041). Transcript abundance was upregulated in AO samples post exercise compared to other treatments. MYF6 exhibited a time-by-treatment effect (P = .045), where abundance increased more in AO samples from day 0 to day 15 and 30 compared to other treatments. Transcript abundance for metabolic and myogenic genes was upregulated in post exercise muscle samples with no advantage from supplementation of antioxidants with branched-chain amino acids compared to antioxidants alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kent
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO
| | - Stephen Coleman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO
| | - Jason Bruemmer
- USDA APHIS WS, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Regan R Casagrande
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO
| | - Christine Levihn
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO
| | - Grace Romo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO
| | | | - Tanja Hess
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Coelho CS, Sodre TDRP, Sousa LN, Siqueira RF, Manso Filho HC, Aragona F, Fazio F. How Much Energy Vaquejada Horses Spend in a Field Simulation Test? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123421. [PMID: 34944197 PMCID: PMC8698090 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaquejada is a high-intensity and short-duration exercise in which helper horses (HH) are responsible to keep a bull running in a line while pull horses (PH) work to put the bull down after 100 m of running. The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare energy expenditures (EE), transport costs (COT) and metabolic energy requirements (Pmet) of horses used in Vaquejada. Thus, eight Quarter Horses, in randomly formed pairs, performed a vaquejada simulation test (VST), which consisted of three races on a sand track (130-150 m), with a 5-min interval between them. All horses used an integrated heart rate (HR) and GPS monitoring system (V800, Polar Electro) and, from these data, EE, COT and Pmet were calculated using the formulas: EE (J/kg/min) = 0.0566 × HR1.9955, COT = (HR-35)/kg/m × 103 and Pmet = (HR-35)/min/kg. Blood samples were collected for lactate analysis at rest, immediately after the first, second and third race and after 30 min of recovery. Data obtained were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p ≤ 0.05). In VST, HH had higher EE and higher HR at trot; while PH presented higher EE and HR at canter. Finally, considering total VST, PH had higher EE and COT, while HH had higher Pmet. Lactate was higher in PH. Despite practicing the same sport, PH and HH should be considered distinct athletes, and these must be considered to set up appropriate physical and nutritional programs, which will lead to better performance and guarantees of well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse S. Coelho
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias (ULHT), Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Ticiane D. R. P. Sodre
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (T.D.R.P.S.); (L.N.S.)
| | - Lara N. Sousa
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (T.D.R.P.S.); (L.N.S.)
| | - Renata F. Siqueira
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil;
| | - Helio C. Manso Filho
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Equina, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife 52171-900, Brazil;
| | - Francesca Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Francesco Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-09-0676-6516
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sodré TDRP, Sousa LN, Silva CA, Santos JM, Sampaio MQ, Coni ROS, Dantas RTS, Ferreira APG, Manso Filho HC, Fazio F, Coelho CS. Is There an Ideal Rest Interval Between Races During Vaquejada in Which It Would Be Possible to Associate Best Performance and Welfare? J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 91:103141. [PMID: 32684271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Vaquejada is an important Brazilian equine discipline. Understanding physiological adaptations of these athletes is crucial to improve properly performance, guaranteeing welfare. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of three vaquejada simulation tests (VST) on physiological parameters of horses and standardize a possible rest interval between races. Ten clinically healthy Quarter horses, 8.9 ± 4.3 year-old and 441.3 ± 25.0 kg, executed three VST, 5 days apart from each other. Vaquejada simulation tests consisted of two horses, a puller, and a helper, running with a bull on a soft sand track in which they must put the bull down. On M1, they ran three times with a 5-min rest between races; on M2, with a 10-min rest; and M3, with a 15-min rest. Clinical evaluation and blood sampling were made in all VST, before (T0), immediately after first run (T1), second run (T2), third run (T3) and at 30 minutes (T4), and 4 hours (T5) of recovery. Variables were statistically analyzed with a bifactorial comparison (P < .05). Exercise increased heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, body temperature (BT), lactate, triglycerides, packed cell volume, RBC, and hemoglobin concentration, with higher values in pull horses due to a more intense exercise. With 15-min of rest interval, helper horses showed lower values of glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, BT, and higher values of triglycerides, also working at the same speed and distance with a lower HRmax and HRmed. Pull and helper horses had shown modifications of biomarkers. Furthermore, 15-min rest interval between races improved performance of helper horses as they used properly energy sources and cardiovascular function, respecting precepts of welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ticiane D R P Sodré
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal nos Trópicos, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador-BA, Brazil
| | - Lara N Sousa
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (ESCMEV), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador-BA, Brazil
| | - Caroline A Silva
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (ESCMEV), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador-BA, Brazil
| | - Jorge M Santos
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (ESCMEV), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador-BA, Brazil
| | - Mariana Q Sampaio
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (ESCMEV), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador-BA, Brazil
| | - Renan O S Coni
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (ESCMEV), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador-BA, Brazil
| | - Roberta T S Dantas
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (ESCMEV), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador-BA, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula G Ferreira
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (ESCMEV), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador-BA, Brazil
| | - Helio C Manso Filho
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Equina, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - Francesco Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Clarisse S Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal nos Trópicos, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador-BA, Brazil; Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (ESCMEV), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador-BA, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Coelho CS, Adam GL, Agra de Omena E Silva G, Silva de Carvalho R, Cuña de Souza VR, Fazio F. Heart Rate Monitoring in Mangalarga Marchador Horses During a Field Marcha Test. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 79:50-53. [PMID: 31405500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of heart rate (HR) and velocity before, during, and after training exercises under field conditions indicates health and fitness level and intensity of imposed physical effort and allows rapid adjustments in training and nutritional protocols, improving welfare of athletic horses. The aim of this study was to monitor HR of Mangalarga Marchador horses during a marcha field test. Fifteen Mangalarga Marchador horses were evaluated during an aerobic exercise (marcha) for 40 minutes using a HR monitor system with GPS (Polar RS800CX-G3). Results were analyzed through Polar ProTrainer 5 to record maximal heart rate (HRmax), average HR (HRmed), maximal speed (Vmax), average speed (Vmed), distance and HR and V oscillations throughout the physical effort. After 30 minutes of recovery, all animals were clinically re-evaluated. Variables were analyzed for normality with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test followed by mean comparison using ANOVA and Tukey test, considering P < .05. During the 40-minute exercise, Vmax was 3.75 ± 0.39 m/s, in a distance of 7.15 ± 1.06 km. Marcha gait influenced significantly HR (P < .0001) and, after 2 minutes of exercise, all animals reached values for speed and HR that did not change until the end of exercise trial. Results also showed a predominance of aerobic activity as animals worked mainly using 60%-70% of HRmax (∼140 beats/min). Heart rate monitoring during marcha test was a useful method to evaluate physical conditioning of athletic horses and intensity of exercise, which is helpful to improve performance and guarantee welfare of athletic horses kept under tropical conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo Luiz Adam
- Veterinary Medicine School, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gomes C, Ribeiro Filho J, Silva L, Aranha R, Moraes Júnior F, Cardoso J, Monteiro L. Parâmetros fisiológicos e bioquímicos de equinos em treinamento de três tambores: pós-condicionamento, pós-percurso e pós-descanso. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Foram avaliados parâmetros fisiológicos e bioquímicos em equinos Quarto de Milha durante treinamento de três tambores, antes do condicionamento (T0), após o condicionamento (T1), após um percurso (T2), após descanso do percurso, por 20 minutos (T3) e após descanso do percurso, por 40 minutos (T4). Os parâmetros físicos avaliados foram: frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura retal (TR) e tempo de enchimento capilar (TEC); e os bioquímicos: sódio, potássio, cloreto, cálcio total, ureia, creatinina, osmolaridade, creatinaquinase, aspartato transaminase, proteínas totais (PT), glicose e lactato. A FC, a FR e a TR aumentaram após o percurso (T2), mas foram recompostas após 40 minutos de descanso. A concentração do lactato pouco aumentou após o condicionamento, mas altas concentrações ocorreram após o percurso (T2), e embora ele tenha diminuído após 20 (T3) e 40 minutos (T4) do percurso, ainda permaneceu acima dos limites normais. Nos demais parâmetros, não houve variações significativas. Concluiu-se que, ao final de um percurso de três tambores, o exercício sob máxima intensidade não ocasionou variações bioquímicas significativas nos equinos, exceto para o lactato, pois gerou uma hiperlactatemia que não foi restaurada até 40 minutos de descanso pós-percurso, mesmo com os parâmetros físicos já recompostos do esforço.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - R.M.C. Aranha
- Secretaria de Estado, Agricultura, Pecuária e Pesca, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Silva GA, Rodrigues LM, Monteiro BS, de Souza VR, Manso Filho HC, Coelho CS. Effect of a Marcha Field Test on Some Blood and Electrocardiographic Parameters of Mules. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
7
|
Santos P, Santos E, Reis A, Santos A, Kuster M, Trivilin L, Aptekmann K. Effect of exercise on cardiovascular parameters in search and rescue-trained dogs. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Physical activity alters the cardiovascular system of dogs, depending on the exercise characteristics and the animal’s physical conditioning. Little is known about the cardiovascular changes in rescue-trained dogs. This study evaluated the cardiovascular responses to a search and rescue exercise session to differentiate these alterations from cases of exhaustion or some possible pathology. Nine healthy rescue-trained dogs that trained for at least one year were used. Seven German Shepherds and two Belgian Shepherd Malinois were evaluated twice, immediately before exercise (M0) and immediately after a 20-minute training (M1). Electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and systemic blood pressure (SBP) measurements were performed at each evaluation. Heart rate was evaluated in three moments, M0, M1 and five minutes after the end of the physical activity (M2). The results indicated that training increased oxygen demand and significantly increased cardiac output, left ventricular volume in diastole and aortic artery diameter, and the contraction force with the increased mitral annular motion without impairing systolic and diastolic cardiac functions. Heart rate values immediately and five minutes after exercise were similar to baseline values. Training did not alter SBP and the electrocardiographic parameters. The present study indicated good cardiac performance to the physical effort of rescue-trained dogs and reduced the chances of poor performance and the occurrence of sudden death caused by exercise in response to the pattern of activity performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - E.A. Santos
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - A.C. Reis
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Energy metabolism and physical performance are dependent on sufficient iron metabolism. Therefore, studies evaluating the iron profile are necessary to elucidate this trace mineral requirements and its role in the equine exercise physiology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of barrel racing exercise on serum iron profile of Quarter horses. Twenty-two regularly trained Quarter horses (8 females and 14 males, 4.8 ± 2.4 years old, mean body weight 431.7 ± 33.9 kg) were enrolled in this study with the owner’s informed consent. All horses were evaluated at T0 (at rest), T1 (immediately after barrel racing trial), T2 (30 min after trial) and T3 (2 h after trial). At these time points, blood samples were taken to determine the packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), total protein (TP), serum iron (SI), total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and transferrin saturation (TSAT). Variables were analyzed for normality through Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and comparisons were made using Tukey test, considering P < 0.05. The imposed exercise challenge significantly altered PCV, RBC, haemoglobin concentration, TP, SI and TSAT, with higher values were recorded at T1. These findings can be linked to an increased demand as a result of physical activity. Significant changes occurred in the iron status in physically well-conditioned Quarter horses during the barrel racing exercise. Better understanding of iron metabolism in horses will help determine the actual necessity of supplementation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Souza L, Hunka M, Nery P, Coelho C, Manso H, Filho HM. The effect of repeated barrel racing on blood biomarkers and physiological parameters in Quarter Horses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate barrel horses undergoing a field test with one repetition. Quarter-Horses were used (14 males and females; average age: 6.5 years old), and they ran two times for 5 min in the same field. Six different periods were evaluated: rest (T-0), immediately after the first (T-1) and second races (T-2), and after 15 (T-15), 30 (T-30) and 240 min (T-240) of recovery. Heart rate (HR), speed, distance and duration were measured using a HR monitor with GPS during the races. Blood was collected to determinate glucose, lactate, total proteins (TP), albumin, globulin, urea, creatinine, uric acid (UA), triglycerides, cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), gammaglutamyltransferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK), and cortisol concentrations, as well as to perform a haemogram. The results were analysed using ANOVA and Tukey’s tests using a P-value of 5%, and they showed a maximum HR>200 bpm after both races. The largest %HR>>170 bpm occurred in the second race (P<0.05). Glucose and lactate concentrations were elevated at T-2 (P<0.05). TP, creatinine, UA and triglycerides concentrations remained elevated at T-1, T-2 and T-30 (P<0.05). TP and creatinine concentrations returned to basal concentrations at T-30 (P>0.05), and UA and triglycerides returned to base concentrations at T-240 (P>0.05). NEFA, cholesterol, GGT and CK concentrations did not change (P>0.05). Cortisol concentrations were higher at T-2 (P<0.05) but at T-240 were similar to T-0 (P>0.05). Red blood cell concentrations and haematocrits had higher values after the second race (P<0.05). These results showed that barrel horses had intense exercise and that two races with a short rest interval between them produced similar metabolic and physiologic adaptations between races, showing that the proposed protocol may be a useful tool for field characterisation of horses’ training and may contribute to the implementation of adequate training and nutritional programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L.A. Souza
- Equine Research Center, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, Recife, 52171-900 PE, Brazil
| | - M.M. Hunka
- Equine Research Center, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, Recife, 52171-900 PE, Brazil
| | - P.C.R. Nery
- UNINASSAU, Rua Joaquim Nabuco 778, Recife, 50010-480 PE, Brazil
| | - C.S. Coelho
- Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Rua Barão de Jeremoabo s/n., Salvador, 40170-115 BA, Brazil
| | - H.E.C.C.C. Manso
- Equine Research Center, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, Recife, 52171-900 PE, Brazil
| | - H.C. Manso Filho
- Equine Research Center, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, Recife, 52171-900 PE, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Macedo LP, Binda MB, Teixeira FA, Carvalho RS, Conti LM, Manso Filho HC, Coelho CS. Electrocardiographic and Blood Parameters in Show Jumping Horses Submitted to a Field Test Under Tropical Conditions. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|