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Kirton R, Sandford I, Raffan E, Hallsworth S, Burman OHP, Morgan R. The impact of restricted grazing systems on the behaviour and welfare of ponies. Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 39275860 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine obesity is a growing concern. Much of the current management advice centres on dietary restrictions, including the removal or limitation of grazing. Little is known about the impact of these approaches on the welfare of the horse. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the effect of two commonly used grazing systems advocated for the control of weight-the 'strip-grazing' and the 'track' systems-on the behaviour and welfare of outdoor-living ponies. STUDY DESIGN A within-subject cross-over experimental design with four groups of pasture-kept ponies experiencing each system for 4 weeks in a random order. METHODS Time budgets and behavioural indicators of welfare were measured using 24-h electronic surveillance, morphometric parameters including weight, body condition score and cresty neck score were measured weekly and activity levels were tracked. The effect of grazing system on movement and behaviour was tested using a general linear model. RESULTS Ponies moved more [median (IQR) % time spent moving, track: 3.23% (2.08%), strip: 2.02% (0.90%); p = 0.001] and travelled a greater distance [median (IQR) metres/24 h, track: 7013.47 m (1761.49 m), strip: 5331.91 m (494.16 m); p < 0.001] and engaged in less overt agonistic behaviour on the track system compared with the strip system [median (IQR) prevalence per hour; track: 0.14 (0.30), strip: 0.21 (0.37) p = 0.02]. MAIN LIMITATIONS A relatively short time period of exposure to each grazing system. CONCLUSIONS Ponies on strip systems moved less and exhibited increased agonistic interactions compared with the track system, maybe as a result of a perceived reduction in space or concentration of resources, although the accessible areas were matched. These results suggest that there may be physical as well as psychological health benefits to the track system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Kirton
- Redwings Horse Sanctuary, Norwich, UK
- School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Imogen Sandford
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eleanor Raffan
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Oliver H P Burman
- School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Ruth Morgan
- Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, UK
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
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Watney M, Lancaster B, Randle H. Horse Owners' Knowledge of Fundamental Care and their Perceptions on the Implementation of a Mandatory Certificate of Knowledge. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2024:1-20. [PMID: 39193831 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2024.2393124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to first determine the extent of owners' fundamental knowledge of equine care, second, gain their opinions on the implementation of a mandatory certificate of knowledge and third, to investigate the association of certification on horse owner knowledge. An online survey comprising 23 questions (18 closed, 5 open) was distributed worldwide via snowball sampling, and completed by 1847 horse owners who were all ≥18 years old from 17 different countries. Almost all (96%, n = 1781) completed surveys were usable. Just over half (52%) of participants held a current equine knowledge certification, and 59% believed a mandatory certificate of knowledge should be necessary to buy, own, or sell a horse. Horse owners with an equine certificate of knowledge were more likely to be in favor of a mandatory certificate (Pearson's Chi-squared = 50.79, df = 1, p < 0.0001). The mean correctly answered knowledge questions was 68%, indicating that approximately 1/3 of horse owners lacked fundamental horse care knowledge. Further examination indicated that participating horse owners showed the least understanding in the behavioral interactions domain (ANOVA F(4, 24) = 4.98, p < 0.01), specifically in relation to pain recognition and learning theory terminology. Arguably, this deficit in knowledge and likely correct application increases the risk of owners using misinformed or inappropriate techniques to manage horse behavior and training, predisposing the horse to experiencing a sub-optimal quality of life. Overall no significant difference was found between the total correct scores of horse owners with or without a certificate (ANOVA F(1, 56) = 0.78, p > 0.05); however, a series of Chi-squared tests revealed that for the more complex questions, horse owners with a certificate scored better than those without (all p < 0.05). Further work is needed to develop an evidence-based assessment framework if mandatory certification of horse owners is to become an effective tool for improving horse welfare and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Watney
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Hayley Randle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Ross M, Proudfoot K, Campbell Nishimura E, Morabito E, Merkies K, Mitchell J, Ritter C. 'It's more emotionally based': Prince Edward Island horse owner perspectives of horse weight management. Anim Welf 2024; 33:e14. [PMID: 38510426 PMCID: PMC10951667 DOI: 10.1017/awf.2024.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Horse obesity is a growing concern that can result in negative welfare. The role horse owners play in horse weight management is not well understood. This study aimed to: (1) explore the attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions of owners with overweight or obese horses regarding their horses' weight; and (2) understand the motivators and barriers for owners to implement, improve and maintain weight management-related strategies. A semi-structured interview guide based on the Theoretical Domains Framework was developed. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 24 owners in Prince Edward Island, Canada whose horse(s) were previously classified as overweight or obese by a veterinarian. Interviews were analysed using template analysis, organising patterns in the data into a codebook and overarching themes. Owners believed horse weight management was important, however, their perceived complexity of the issue made the implementation of the weight management practices difficult. Owners held conflicting perceptions, viewing overweight horses as well cared for, yet recognised these horses were at increased risk for negative health outcomes. Ultimately, participants felt emotionally torn about compromising their horse's mental well-being to address weight issues. Owners considered the practicality of weight-management strategies, the strategies' effectiveness, and whether recommended strategies aligned with their beliefs regarding good horse care practices. Knowledge was embedded into owners' understanding of horse weight, however, some highlighted that traditional knowledge dominates the equine industry hindering systemic industry change. Increased understanding of the effectiveness and impacts of weight management strategies on horses and fostering a society that recognises and accepts horses within a healthy weight range are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Ross
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEC1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Kathryn Proudfoot
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEC1A 4P3, Canada
| | | | - Emily Morabito
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEC1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Katrina Merkies
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ONN1G 2W1, Canada
- Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, University of Guelph, Guelph, ONN1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jean Mitchell
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEC1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Caroline Ritter
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEC1A 4P3, Canada
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Barnabé MA, Elliott J, Harris PA, Menzies-Gow NJ. Relationships between total adiponectin concentrations and obesity in native-breed ponies in England. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:264-272. [PMID: 37800870 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine metabolic syndrome is a collection of risk factors associated with an increased risk of endocrinopathic laminitis. All affected animals display insulin dysregulation and some may show adiponectin dysregulation and/or excessive adiposity. However, the relationship between obesity and hypoadiponectinaemia in equids remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between obesity and circulating plasma total adiponectin (TA) concentrations in native-breed ponies in England. STUDY DESIGN Secondary data analysis. METHODS Data collected for three previous studies were retrospectively analysed and cohorts were pooled where possible (maximum sample size: n = 734 ponies). Correlations between [TA], age, and morphometric measures were assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. [TA] was compared between animals of different body condition score (BCS) classification (ideal-weight, overweight, and obese), breed, and body shape using Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's post hoc tests, and sex using Mann-Whitney U test. The proportions of obese and ideal-weight ponies with basal hyperinsulinaemia and/or hypoadiponectinaemia were compared using a Chi-square test of homogeneity and post hoc z-test. Logistic regression was used to identify factors that may discriminate ponies with hypoadiponectinaemia. RESULTS [TA] was weakly positively correlated with BCS, height, weight, and weight:height ratio (Spearman's ρ = 0.14-0.29, p < 0.05). There were significant differences in [TA] in ponies with different BCS group classification, body shape, and breed. A greater percentage of obese (54.6%) than ideal-weight ponies (33.1%, p < 0.001) had both normal [TA] and [basal insulin], and a greater percentage of ideal-weight (38.6%) than obese ponies (16.5%, p < 0.001) showed hypoadiponectinaemia. Weight:height and BCS group were significant variables in a logistic regression of hypoadiponectinaemia but model fit and predictive accuracy were poor. MAIN LIMITATIONS Retrospective study design, only native-breed ponies included. CONCLUSIONS Morphometric measures such as BCS do not closely reflect [TA]. Circulating [TA] and [basal insulin] should be determined in all animals with predisposing factors, regardless of obesity status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine A Barnabé
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Nicola J Menzies-Gow
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
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Ward AB, Harris PA, Argo CM, Watson CA, Burns NM, Neacsu M, Russell WR, Grove-White D, Morrison PK. Confidence does not mediate a relationship between owner experience and likelihood of using weight management approaches for native ponies. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292886. [PMID: 37824555 PMCID: PMC10569591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Native ponies are at increased risk of obesity and metabolic perturbations, such as insulin dysregulation (ID), a key risk factor for endocrinopathic laminitis. Management and feeding practices can be adapted to maintain healthy body condition and support metabolic health, but owners may inadvertently provide their ponies with inappropriate management leading to obesity and exacerbating risk of metabolic disease. Adoption of preventative weight management approaches (WMAs), including regular monitoring of body condition, providing appropriate preserved forage, promoting seasonal weight loss, and using exercise accordingly, are key in supporting native ponies' metabolic health. The factors influencing the adoption of WMAs, such as owners' experience and confidence, require exploration. The aim of the current study was to understand factors influencing owners' likelihood to undertake certain WMAs, to develop our understanding of suitable intervention targets. A total of 571 responses to an online cross-sectional questionnaire were analysed. Mediation analysis revealed that whilst long term (≥20 years) experience caring for native ponies was associated with owners increased, self-reported confidence in identifying disease and managing their native ponies, this did not translate to an increased likelihood of implementing WMAs. Conversely, respondents who managed ponies with dietary requirements related to obesity, laminitis, or equine metabolic syndrome were more likely to use WMAs related to feeding, seasonal weight management and exercise. Owner confidence was assessed and rejected as a mediator of the relationship between experience and WMA use. These results highlight the need for further work that elucidates the pathways leading owners to undertake action against obesity without the need for ponies to develop overt disease, as well as suggesting a need for long term managers of native ponies to update management practices with preventative care as the focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B. Ward
- Scotland’s Rural College, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia A. Harris
- Equine Studies Group, Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Neil M. Burns
- Department of Rural Economy, Environment and Society, Scotland’s Rural College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Madalina Neacsu
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy R. Russell
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Dai Grove-White
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Wirral, United Kingdom
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Moore-Colyer M, Westacott A, Rousson L, Harris P, Daniels S. Where Are We Now? Feeds, Feeding Systems and Current Knowledge of UK Horse Owners When Feeding Haylage to Their Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081280. [PMID: 37106843 PMCID: PMC10135377 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite our improved understanding of equid digestive health and accurate rations formulations, obesity in the UK horse population remains high. Study aims: (1) to determine how owners are feeding their horses and what influences their choices, (2) to understand owners' knowledge of haylage and (3) to identify key areas that require additional education. Data were collected in 2020 from 1338 UK horse owners via two online surveys. Survey 1 was on general feeding practices, and Survey 2 was specifically on the feeding of haylage. Data were processed using chi square analyses + Bonferroni tests, with a significance p < 0.05. Equal numbers of leisure and performance horse owners completed both surveys. For Survey 1, 67% fed hay as the only forage, 30% fed forage (hay/haylage) + balancer, 36% fed haylage and hay to manage energy intake, 84% added a cube or coarse mix, 88% did not do forage analyses, 74% did not see the need for it and 16% did not know analyses could be done. In Survey 2, those who were not feeding haylage, 66% were not sure how to feed it, 68% worried about aerobic spoilage and 79% said the bale size was unsuitable. Body weight measurements (Survey 1 and Survey 2) were rarely performed (11%). Aspects of ration formulations, the value of feed analyses and how to interchange hay and haylage require additional education to owners for improved ration compilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriel Moore-Colyer
- School of Equine Management and Science, Royal Agricultural University, Stroud Road, Cirencester GL7 6JS, UK
| | - Amy Westacott
- School of Equine Management and Science, Royal Agricultural University, Stroud Road, Cirencester GL7 6JS, UK
| | | | - Patricia Harris
- Equine Studies Group, Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham-on-the Wolds, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Simon Daniels
- School of Equine Management and Science, Royal Agricultural University, Stroud Road, Cirencester GL7 6JS, UK
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Golding E, Al Ansari ASA, Sutton GA, Walshe N, Duggan V. Rate of obesity within a mixed-breed group of horses in Ireland and their owners' perceptions of body condition and useability of an equine body condition scoring scale. Ir Vet J 2023; 76:9. [PMID: 37024919 PMCID: PMC10077657 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-023-00237-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine obesity is a significant health and welfare concern. The proportion of domestic horse populations that are overweight are as high as 45%. As the primary decision-makers for their horses' care, owners are theoretically ideally placed to identify whether their horses are appropriately conditioned, however, research in other countries has shown that many owners are unable to accurately judge their horse's body condition. In this study, through the comparison of body condition scoring (BCS) performed by an expert and the horse owners and interviews with owners, we aimed to identify the proportion of horses that were overweight or obese, to assess the accuracy of horse owners' BCS assessment both prior to and after receiving information and instructions on body condition scoring, and to identify common themes amongst owners' views regarding BCS assessment and the Henneke BCS system. RESULTS Forty-five percent of the horses in this study were overweight or obese. The agreement between the owners and an equine veterinarian regarding the horses' BCS was fair to good both prior to (κ = .311, P < 0.001; ICC = .502, P < 0.001) and after (κ = .381, P < 0.001; ICC = .561, P < 0.001) receiving information and instructions on scoring. Three quarters of the owners who took part in the study did not use any method of monitoring their horse's body condition. Thematic analysis of owner responses was varied, with the most common theme being an awareness of the need to monitor or make changes to their horse's condition with responses in this theme split between owners who felt in control and those who did not. Owner feedback on the utility and useability of the scorning system was that it was useful however parts are too technical or need improvement. CONCLUSIONS Equine obesity is a significant problem in this population in Ireland. Horse owners' ability to accurately judge their horse's condition does not improve with provision of instructions on body condition scoring. These results combined with owners' feedback on the Henneke BCS system indicate that it is not a tool that can be reliably used by owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Golding
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | | | - Gila A Sutton
- Large Animal Department, Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nicola Walshe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Vivienne Duggan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Impacts of Adiposity on Exercise Performance in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040666. [PMID: 36830453 PMCID: PMC9951652 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is ample research describing the increased risk of health concerns associated with equine obesity, including insulin dysregulation and laminitis. For athletes, the negative effect of weight carriage is well documented in racing thoroughbreds (i.e., handicapping with weight) and rider weight has been shown to impact the workload of ridden horses and to some degree their gait and movement. In many groups of competitive and athletic horses and ponies, obesity is still relatively common. Therefore, these animals not only are at risk of metabolic disease, but also must perform at a higher workload due to the weight of their adipose tissue. Excess body weight has been documented to affect gait quality, cause heat stress and is expected to hasten the incidence of arthritis development. Meanwhile, many equine event judges appear to favor the look of adiposity in competitive animals. This potentially rewards horses and ponies that are at higher risk of disease and reinforces the owner's decisions to keep their animals fat. This is a welfare concern for these animals and is of grave concern for the equine industry.
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Pratt-Phillips S, Munjizun A, Janicki K. Visual Assessment of Adiposity in Elite Hunter Ponies. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 121:104199. [PMID: 36592663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a critical problem in the equine industry, with ponies being at particularly high risk of developing obesity-related conditions such as metabolic syndrome and laminitis. The purpose of this study was to estimate the level of adiposity in an elite level of competitive show ponies, and to determine if adiposity was related to performance based on their model score (judged on conformation and appearance). Two researchers visually evaluated the body condition score (BCS) and cresty neck score (CNS) of 377 ponies at a national hunter competition. Thirty five percent of the ponies in the competition were considered obese, with BCS scores of 7 or higher. Mean BCS of the ponies was 6.7 ± 0.6 with a range of 5.25 - 8.25 and mean CNS was 2.8 ± 0.6, with a range of 1.75 - 4.5. Medium ponies had higher BCS (P<0.0001) and higher CNS (P=0.015) than the large ponies. There was a tendency for a relationship between body condition score and the model score in all ponies (r = 0.08; P = 0.059), and this was stronger within the large ponies (r =0.20; P <0.01). These findings show that elite competition ponies are dangerously overweight and that adiposity may influence performance in a judged event. This is of grave concern to the horse industry and needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pratt-Phillips
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
| | - A Munjizun
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Mellor EL, Mendl M, Mason G, Davison C, van Zeeland Y, Cuthill IC. Validating owner-reporting of feather condition of pet Psittaciformes using photographs. Anim Welf 2022. [DOI: 10.7120/09627286.31.2.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Reporting of outcome variables by caregivers in welfare studies is commonplace but is open to subjective bias and so requires validation. Biases can occur in either direction: familiarity with an animal allows a deeper insight into welfare problems, but also can lead to reticence in
admitting that an animal in one's care is experiencing problems. Here, we aim to validate owner-reporting of plumage condition of pet parrots, including those with self-inflicted feather-damaging behaviour (FDB), by comparing owners' scores of feather condition with those of two independent
raters, blind to the owners' and each other's assessments. We surveyed pet parrot owners to collect data on basic demographics and feather condition, and requested four standardised photographs of birds. We received 259 responses (17% of the 1,521 people contacted); 78 sets of images of appropriate
quality for assessment by raters were provided. Mean percentage agreement between owners' and raters' scores was mostly fair to substantial using Cohen's kappa; however, raters scored a greater proportion of feather damage than did owners. Overall, our results indicate owner-reporting of feather
condition, including FDB, to be generally reliable and consistent with independent assessment of photographs. As the use of photographs can be limited by image quality, a failure to represent the long-term state of a parrot, and the potential for incorrect recording if assessed without relevant
information (eg on moulting), this evidence that owner-reports can be reliable opens the door for larger-scale surveys of the extent of welfare-relevant problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- EL Mellor
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - M Mendl
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - G Mason
- College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - C Davison
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Y van Zeeland
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - IC Cuthill
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Challinor C, Randle H, Williams J. Understanding rider:horse bodyweight ratio trends, weight management practices and rider weight perceptions within leisure and amateur riders in the UK. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/cep200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Horse riders in the UK have a legal responsibility for the welfare of the horses in their care, outlined by the Animal Welfare Act (2006). Understanding weight management factors that influence rider: horse bodyweight (RHBW) ratio is key to safeguarding horse welfare as human obesity rates increase. Recent high-profile incidents have seen riders being asked to dismount for being too heavy, demonstrating an awareness of the possible impact of excessive rider weight, threatening the equestrian industry’s social licence to operate. This study investigated RHBW trends within the UK leisure and amateur rider population to understand rider perception of ‘ideal’ RHBW and factors influencing rider and horse weight management. An online survey (SurveyMonkey®) was distributed via UK equine-related Facebook™ groups and collected information on horse and rider demographics, rider weight management strategies and respondents’ views on the importance of rider weight on horse welfare. Kruskal-Wallis analyses with Mann Whitney U post-hoc tests identified whether differences in respondent views differed between RHBW groups. A total of 971 riders completed the survey; respondents were aged between 18-65+ years old and 88% (n=953) were experienced riders. RHBWs were calculated for 764 (79%) of respondents as 21.2% (n=206) did not know either their own and/or their horses’ weight. Weight tapes (44.5%; n=432) and weigh bridges (29.5%; n=286) were common horse weight estimation methods. RHBWs ranged from 4.9% to 21.88%, mean: 12.5%±2.7%. Riders with lower RHBW thought about their own weight less and measured their horses’ weight less often than those with higher ratios (P<0.005, P<0.0004, respectively). The majority of riders who participated were weight conscious and recognised potential detrimental impacts associated with increased rider weight. Development of RHBW guidelines supported by equestrian governing bodies would highlight the need for riders to consider the impact of weight and support them in choosing suitable horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.L. Challinor
- Hartpury University, Department of Animal Science, Hartpury, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - H. Randle
- Charles Sturt University, Veterinary School, Building 229 Room 151, Wagga Wagga, 2678, NSW, Australia
| | - J.M. Williams
- Hartpury University, Department of Animal Science, Hartpury, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
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Cameron A, Harris P, Longland A, Horseman S, Hockenhull J. UK Horse Carers' Experiences of Restricting Grazing When Aiming to Prevent Health Issues in Their Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 104:103685. [PMID: 34417001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Laminitis and obesity are leading welfare issues for UK leisure horses. Limiting grass intake is a common preventative measure but may result in other aspects of welfare being compromised. This study aimed to determine how commonly different restricted grazing methods are used in the UK, barriers limiting their accessibility, and the potential benefits and welfare issues associated with each. A cross-sectional online survey was distributed with questions relating to horse carers' opinions of different restricted grazing practices, which methods they used, and how they implemented these. Closed questions were analyzed using descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests. Free text questions underwent content analysis. 503 respondents completed the questionnaire, 468 (93.0%) had practiced restricted grazing. Strip grazing was the most commonly tried method (67.7% of restricted grazers), followed by grazing muzzles (61.3%), starvation paddocks (57.4%), stabling (49.9%), crew yards (27.5%) and track systems (15.3%). Perception of welfare impact differed significantly between methods for both those who had (P < .001) and had not (P < .001) restricted grazing. Both groups considered strip grazing best for welfare and stabling worst. Barriers (including ease of implementation [52.0%], yard restrictions [24.0%], cost/affordability [23.7%]) prevented some from using their preferred methods. Respondents had similar priorities when choosing a restricted grazing method but did not agree which methods met these criteria. Strip grazing was favored by the greatest proportion of respondents whilst grazing muzzles and stabling polarized opinion. This study has provided initial insights into the challenges faced by horse carers when aiming to restrict grazing to combat equine health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Cameron
- Animal Welfare and Behavior Group, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Pat Harris
- Equine studies Group, Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wold, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Annette Longland
- Equine Livestock and Nutrition Services, Tregaron, Ceredigion, Wales, UK
| | - Susan Horseman
- Animal Welfare and Behavior Group, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jo Hockenhull
- Animal Welfare and Behavior Group, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Johnson ACB, Biddle AS. A Standard Scale to Measure Equine Keeper Status and the Effect of Metabolic Tendency on Gut Microbiome Structure. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071975. [PMID: 34359102 PMCID: PMC8300108 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Horses with different metabolic tendencies are anecdotally referred to as “easy” or “hard” keepers. Easy keepers tend to gain weight easily while hard keepers require extra feed to maintain condition. Both easy and hard keeper horses carry a managerial and financial burden which can be a dissuading factor for horse shoppers. This research uses energy intake/need and body condition to develop a standard Equine Keeper Status Scale (EKSS) for assigning keeper status. The microbiome compositions based on EKSS assignments are then compared to explore microbiome differences based on metabolic tendencies of each group. The EKSS can be used by owners to accurately assess their horses’ metabolic tendencies and make improved feeding decisions to meet their horses’ needs. Understanding microbiome differences between easy, medium and hard keeper horses points to potential microbial roles in these metabolic tendencies. Abstract Thriftiness in horses has been associated with more efficient nutrient harvesting in digestion, absorption and/or utilization, but the relative contribution of the gut microbiome to host metabolic tendency is not well understood. Recognizing the unreliability of owner reported assignment of keeper status, this research describes a novel tool for calculating whether a horse is an easy (EK) or hard (HK) keeper and then characterizes microbiome differences in these groups. The Equine Keeper Status Scale (EKSS) was developed and validated based on data gathered from 240 horses. Estimates of dietary energy intakes and requirements to achieve the optimal BCS score of 5 were used in EKSS assignments. Sixty percent of owners’ characterizations disagreed with EKSS identified keeper assignments. Equine fecal 16S rRNA profiles (n = 73) revealed differences in α and β diversities and taxa abundances based on EKSS assignments. EK communities had more Planctomycetes and fewer Euryarcheaota, Spirochaetes and Proteobacteria than HK indicating functional differences in nutrient harvesting between groups. Differences in the gut microbiomes of horses based on keeper assignment point to host/microbial interactions that may underlie some differences in metabolic tendency. The EKSS enables robust, repeatable determination of keeper status which can be used by researchers and horse owners.
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14
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Ward AB, Stephen K, Argo CM, Harris PA, Watson CA, Neacsu M, Russell W, Grove-White DH, Morrison PK. COVID-19 impacts equine welfare: Policy implications for laminitis and obesity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252340. [PMID: 34048478 PMCID: PMC8162578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact human health and welfare on a global level. In March 2020, stringent national restrictions were enforced in the UK to protect public health and slow the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Restrictions were likely to have resulted in collateral consequences for the health and welfare of horses and ponies, especially those at risk of obesity and laminitis and this issue warranted more detailed exploration. The current study utilised qualitative methodology to investigate the implications of COVID-19 related policies upon equine management and welfare with a focus on horses and ponies at risk of laminitis and obesity. Twenty-four interviews with five sub-groups of key equestrian welfare stakeholders in the UK were conducted between May and July of 2020 to understand the challenges facing equine welfare in the context of laminitis and obesity susceptible animals. Thematic analysis revealed lockdown-associated factors with the potential to compromise welfare of horses and ponies at risk of obesity and laminitis. These included: disparate information and guidance, difficulties enacting public health measures in yard environments, and horses having reduced exercise during the pandemic. Positive examples of clear and consistent information sharing by farriers were reported to have improved horse owner understanding of routine hoof care during lockdown. Analysis suggested that the recommendations for supporting the management-based needs of horses under reduced supervision were not clearly defined, or were not sufficiently disseminated, across the equine industry. These findings support the development of guidelines specific to the care of horses and ponies at risk of obesity and laminitis through collaborative input from veterinary and welfare experts, to reduce the negative impacts of future lockdown events in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B. Ward
- Scotland’s Rural College, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Stephen
- Scotland’s Rural College, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patricia A. Harris
- Equine Studies Group, WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Madalina Neacsu
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Russell
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Dai H. Grove-White
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Wirral, United Kingdom
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15
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Hesta M, Shepherd M. How to Perform a Nutritional Assessment in a First-Line/General Practice. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:21-41. [PMID: 33820607 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate nutrition is a priority welfare challenge. Nutritional mistakes are common and can lead to adverse events, such as poor growth and performance, colic, laminitis, and obesity. A detailed nutritional assessment involving evaluating the equine patient, current diet/ration, and management is essential in creating an effective nutritional plan. Goal(s) should be established and used to inform the plan. Management or resource barriers should be considered. Effective communication and a team-based approach versus an authoritarian one are likely to enhance the success of the nutritional plan. Developing a plan should be an interactive process, adjusting as needed after intentional monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Hesta
- ECAN Equine and Companion Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
| | - Megan Shepherd
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Phase II Duck Pond Drive, Virginia Tech Mail Code 0442, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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16
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Wallis N, Raffan E. The Genetic Basis of Obesity and Related Metabolic Diseases in Humans and Companion Animals. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1378. [PMID: 33233816 PMCID: PMC7699880 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most prevalent health conditions in humans and companion animals globally. It is associated with premature mortality, metabolic dysfunction, and multiple health conditions across species. Obesity is, therefore, of importance in the fields of medicine and veterinary medicine. The regulation of adiposity is a homeostatic process vulnerable to disruption by a multitude of genetic and environmental factors. It is well established that the heritability of obesity is high in humans and laboratory animals, with ample evidence that the same is true in companion animals. In this review, we provide an overview of how genes link to obesity in humans, drawing on a wealth of information from laboratory animal models, and summarise the mechanisms by which obesity causes related disease. Throughout, we focus on how large-scale human studies and niche investigations of rare mutations in severely affected patients have improved our understanding of obesity biology and can inform our ability to interpret results of animal studies. For dogs, cats, and horses, we compare the similarities in obesity pathophysiology to humans and review the genetic studies that have been previously reported in those species. Finally, we discuss how veterinary genetics may learn from humans about studying precise, nuanced phenotypes and implementing large-scale studies, but also how veterinary studies may be able to look past clinical findings to mechanistic ones and demonstrate translational benefits to human research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Wallis
- Anatomy Building, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Eleanor Raffan
- Anatomy Building, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
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17
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Knowles EJ, Grieve L. Clinical insights: Equine obesity. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:635-638. [PMID: 32748989 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Knowles
- Royal Veterinary College Clinical Services Division, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.,Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic, Maidstone, Kent, UK
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18
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Dittmann MT, Latif SN, Hefti R, Hartnack S, Hungerbühler V, Weishaupt MA. Husbandry, Use, and Orthopedic Health of Horses Owned by Competitive and Leisure Riders in Switzerland. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 91:103107. [PMID: 32684252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of horses in competitive sports receives increasing criticism from the public, mainly due to the potential for injury. However, it is unclear if orthopedic and other health issues are more common in competition horses than those in leisure horses. The aim of this study was to assess husbandry, use, and orthopedic health in Swiss riding horses and to compare these aspects between horses owned by self-identified competitive riders (CR) and leisure riders (LR) in Switzerland. A total of 237 owners completed an online survey providing information on their athletic ambitions, their horse's husbandry, health, training, and tack. Two experienced veterinarians assessed gait irregularities, muscular development, and back pain in the horses and evaluated saddle fit. Compared with horses owned by competitive riders (CH), a higher proportion of horses kept by leisure riders (LH) were kept unshod, under more natural conditions, and turned out with other horses. LH were exercised less frequently, and LR trained less frequently with instructors. CR reported less time since the last saddle check and the use of more training aids during riding. No differences between the two groups could be found in orthopedic health, muscular development, or back pain, but LH had higher body condition scores and a slightly higher proportion of saddles with at least one fit problem. Our data revealed no increased prevalence of the assessed health problems in competition horses compared with leisure horses in Switzerland. However, suboptimal saddle fit and muscular development, back pain, and gait irregularity are frequent in both groups and deserve more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie T Dittmann
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Selma N Latif
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ramona Hefti
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael A Weishaupt
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Harris PA, Bamford NJ, Bailey SR. Equine metabolic syndrome: evolution of understanding over two decades: a personal perspective. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an19386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There has been a marked increase in the incidence of equine obesity globally, especially in countries where there has been a shift away from the horse having an economically essential working role. This change in its core role, plus the increasing numbers of individual horse owners without access to traditional knowledge of animal and land management, have helped fuel this equine obesity ‘epidemic’. Other important potential contributory factors include increased availability of good grazing and/or forage, as well as supplementary feeds. Obesity now presents a major welfare issue for horses and ponies, not only because of the direct weight-associated effects, but also due to the increased risk it poses for certain clinical conditions, in particular laminitis. For many owners and veterinarians, obesity and the equine metabolic syndrome are synonymous, but this is not necessarily the case. Furthermore, as we understand more about this syndrome and the causes of endocrinopathic laminitis, the emphasis has shifted from tissue or peripheral insulin resistance to insulin dysregulation. The present paper outlines how our knowledge of equine metabolic syndrome arose and continues to develop, as well as the authors’ personal involvement in some of these advances.
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20
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Gruyaert M, Pollard D, Dyson SJ. An investigation into the occurrence of, and risk factors for, concurrent suspensory ligament injuries in horses with hindlimb proximal suspensory desmopathy. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Gruyaert
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Newmarket Suffolk UK
| | - D. Pollard
- Centre for Preventative Medicine Animal Health Trust Newmarket Suffolk UK
| | - S. J. Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Newmarket Suffolk UK
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21
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Catalano DN, Coleman RJ, Hathaway MR, Neu AE, Wagner EL, Tyler PJ, McCue ME, Martinson KL. Estimation of Actual and Ideal Bodyweight Using Morphometric Measurements of Miniature, Saddle-Type, and Thoroughbred Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 78:117-122. [PMID: 31203974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adding breed type, height, and neck circumference to body length and girth circumference improves bodyweight (BW) estimation in different breeds of horses; however, equations have not been developed for all breed types. The objectives were to develop BW estimation equations for Miniature, saddle-type, and Thoroughbred horses using morphometric measurements. Measurements were collected on adult (≥3 years, nonpregnant) saddle-type (n = 209), adult (n = 249) and juvenile (<3 years, n = 61) Miniatures, and adult Thoroughbreds (n = 100). Personnel determined body condition score (BCS), measured withers height and girth circumference at the third thoracic vertebra, body length from the point of the shoulder to the point of the buttock and to a line perpendicular to the point of the buttock, and neck circumference at the midway point between the poll and withers. Each horse was weighed using a livestock scale. Bodyweight estimations equations were developed using linear regression modeling and log transformation. Mean (±standard deviation) BCS was 6.1 (±0.8), 5.4 (±0.6), 6.0 (±1.0), and 5.0 (±0.6) for adult and juvenile Miniatures, saddle-type, and Thoroughbreds, respectively. Bodyweight estimation equations developed through the current research were within 4% of the scale BW and offered improvements over previous BW estimation equations and weight tapes, which were off by 5%-25%. Owner-estimated BW was within 8%-15% of scale BW. Morphometric measurements were successfully used to develop BW equations for Miniature, saddle-type, and Thoroughbred horses. The equations will assist owners and professionals with managing horse BW and will be added to the Healthy Horse application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devan N Catalano
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Robert J Coleman
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | - Abby E Neu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | | | - Patty J Tyler
- Department of Animal Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Molly E McCue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
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22
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Rendle D, McGregor Argo C, Bowen M, Carslake H, German A, Harris P, Knowles E, Menzies-Gow N, Morgan R. Equine obesity: current perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.12968/ukve.2018.2.s2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Rendle
- David is a director at Rainbow Equine Hospital, North Yorkshire, and splits his time between leading the internal medicine and critical care services and running the referral laboratory
| | - Caroline McGregor Argo
- Caroline graduated from the University of Aberdeen with Honours in Zoology and received the Kilgour Scholarship to fund PhD studies at the Rowett Research Institute
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23
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Jaqueth AL, Iwaniuk ME, Burk AO. Characterization of the Prevalence and Management of Over-Conditioned Ponies and Horses in Maryland. J Equine Vet Sci 2018; 68:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Lynden J, Ogden J, Hollands T. Contracting for care - the construction of the farrier role in supporting horse owners to prevent laminitis. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:658-666. [PMID: 29665061 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging research highlights how, due to demographic changes in horse owner populations in Western societies, complex owner-horse relationships are leading to inappropriate horse care, including overnutrition, which in turn can lead to laminitis. Farriers, due to their regular visits, may be in a position to support owners in dealing with this problem. OBJECTIVES This study explored whether UK farriers have a role in working with horse owners to support horse welfare and prevent laminitis. STUDY DESIGN Grounded theory analysis, a qualitative methodology. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 farriers and 11 horse owners. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and systematically analysed, using an inductive coding approach. RESULTS The analysis of the farrier and horse owner interview data revealed farriers and horse owners undertake a contracting process leading to either a task-focussed or holistic care-focussed approach. Either approach can be satisfactory, but the evidence from this study suggests that when horses are at risk of laminitis, a task-focussed approach misses important opportunities to prevent it. MAIN LIMITATIONS This analysis, based on a small sample of participants, was not able to identify the frequency of farriers or horse owners orientating towards different approaches in a way that can be generalised to a wider population. However, the power of grounded theory lies in its inductive design to develop new theory, which can be subsequently tested. CONCLUSIONS Farriers are in a perfect position to support horse owners to prevent laminitis through providing feedback, guidance and advice. However, not all farriers adopt this role and it is not necessary in all contexts. The evidence presented in this study has implications for equine veterinarians and welfare officers in educating horse owners about the value of holistic care-focussed farriery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lynden
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - J Ogden
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - T Hollands
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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