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Muko R, Sunouchi T, Urayama S, Toishi Y, Kusano K, Sato H, Muranaka M, Shin T, Oikawa MA, Ojima Y, Ali M, Nomura Y, Matsuda H, Tanaka A. Unique insertion/deletion polymorphisms within histidine-rich region of histidine-rich glycoprotein in Thoroughbred horses. Sci Rep 2023; 13:300. [PMID: 36609619 PMCID: PMC9822902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) is abundant plasma protein with various effects on angiogenesis, coagulation, and immune responses. Previously, we identified the base and amino acid sequences of equine HRG (eHRG) and revealed that eHRG regulates neutrophil functions. In this study, we first conducted a large-scale gene analysis with DNA samples extracted from 1700 Thoroughbred horses and identified unique insertion/deletion polymorphisms in the histidine-rich region (HRR) of eHRG. Here we report two types of polymorphisms (deletion type 1 [D1] and deletion type 2 [D2]) containing either a 45 bp or 90 bp deletion in the HRR of eHRG, and five genotypes of eHRG (insertion/insertion [II], ID1, ID2, D1D1, and D1D2) in Thoroughbred horses. Allele frequency of I, D1, and D2, was 0.483, 0.480, and 0.037 and the incidence of each genotype was II: 23.4%, ID1: 46.2%, ID2: 3.6%, D1D1: 23.1%, and D1D2: 3.7%, respectively. The molecular weights of each plasma eHRG protein collected from horses with each genotype was detected as bands of different molecular size, which corresponded to the estimated amino acid sequence. The nickel-binding affinity of the D1 or D2 deletion eHRG was reduced, indicating a loss of function at the site. eHRG proteins show a variety of biological and immunological activities in vivo, and HRR is its active center, suggesting that genetic polymorphisms in eHRG may be involved in the performance in athletic ability, productivity, and susceptibility to infectious diseases in Thoroughbred horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Muko
- grid.136594.c0000 0001 0689 5974Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sunouchi
- grid.136594.c0000 0001 0689 5974Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509 Japan
| | - Shuntaro Urayama
- grid.482817.00000 0001 0710 998XRace Horse Clinic, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuko Toishi
- Shadai Stallion Station, Shadai Corporation, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kanichi Kusano
- grid.482817.00000 0001 0710 998XRace Horse Clinic, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- grid.482817.00000 0001 0710 998XRace Integrity Section, Stewards Department, Japan Racing Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Muranaka
- grid.482817.00000 0001 0710 998XRace Horse Clinic, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Shiga, Japan
| | - Taekyun Shin
- grid.411277.60000 0001 0725 5207Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Masa-aki Oikawa
- grid.507451.20000 0004 7662 6210Diagnostic Laboratory, Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yoshinobu Ojima
- grid.136594.c0000 0001 0689 5974Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohammad Ali
- grid.507451.20000 0004 7662 6210Diagnostic Laboratory, Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yoshihiro Nomura
- grid.136594.c0000 0001 0689 5974Scleroprotein and Leather Research Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- grid.136594.c0000 0001 0689 5974Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509 Japan
| | - Akane Tanaka
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan. .,Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan. .,Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
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Lipid flippase dysfunction as a therapeutic target for endosomal anomalies in Alzheimer’s disease. iScience 2022; 25:103869. [PMID: 35243232 PMCID: PMC8857600 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomal anomalies because of vesicular traffic impairment have been indicated as an early pathology of Alzheimer’| disease (AD). However, the mechanisms and therapeutic targets remain unclear. We previously reported that βCTF, one of the pathogenic metabolites of APP, interacts with TMEM30A. TMEM30A constitutes a lipid flippase with P4-ATPase and regulates vesicular trafficking through the asymmetric distribution of phospholipids. Therefore, the alteration of lipid flippase activity in AD pathology has got attention. Herein, we showed that the interaction between βCTF and TMEM30A suppresses the physiological formation and activity of lipid flippase in AD model cells, A7, and AppNL−G-F/NL−G-F model mice. Furthermore, the T-RAP peptide derived from the βCTF binding site of TMEM30A improved endosomal anomalies, which could be a result of the restored lipid flippase activity. Our results provide insights into the mechanisms of vesicular traffic impairment and suggest a therapeutic target for AD. Interaction between βCTF and TMEM30A mediates endosomal anomalies Accumulated βCTF impairs lipid flippase function, a regulator of vesicle transport Age-dependent lipid flippase disorder can precede Aβ deposition in AD model mice βCTF interacting peptide, 'T-RAP′ can improve βCTF mediated endosomal anomalies
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