Evaluation of fatty acids and biogenic amines profiles in mullet and tuna roe during six months of storage at 4°C

Edible Coatings Based on a Furcellaran and Gelatin Extract with Herb Addition as an Active Packaging for Carp Fillets

This is the first such study in which a gelatin extract obtained from carp skins enriched with dry herbs (thyme or rosemary) has been prepared. Extracts prepared in such a manner were added to furcellaran coatings. Coatings were tested for their mechanical properties and the obtained results showed that the control coatings, and those with the addition of rosemary, had the best strength-related parameters. A new ready-to-cook product was evaluated with regard to the preservative effects of carp skin gelatin coatings containing rosemary and thyme extracts in terms of pH, biogenic amine formulation, microbial changes and sensorial characteristics. The coatings with added rosemary proved effective in inhibiting the formation of biogenic amines, and slowing down the microbial deterioration of carp fillets (reduction by 0.53 and 0.29 log cfu/g). The evaluated herb coatings changed the characteristic taste of fish. Interestingly, the coatings emphasized the natural saltiness of fish meat.

Occurrence of biogenic amines and their correlation with bacterial communities in the Ivorian traditional fermented fish adjuevan during the storage

Adjuevan is an Ivorian traditional fermented fish used as a condiment. However, the fermentation process and storage conditions may lead to the production of biogenic amines (BA) which can induce severe human toxicological effects. Thus, this study aimed to reveal the bacterial community diversity and the BA contents during the storage. Samples of adjuevan from the fish species Chloroscombrus chrysurus, Galeoides decadactylus, and Thunnus thynnus were collected from local producers, stored at ambient temperature (28-30 °C) and in a refrigerator (4 °C) over a period of 8 weeks. At 2-week intervals, BA were determined by HPLC and the bacterial communities analyzed using high-throughput sequencing (NGS) of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Results showed that histamine, cadaverine, putrescine, and tyramine were the major compounds. In adjuevan from T. thynnus, the level of histamine was over the maximum level of 200 mg/kg determined by Codex Alimentarius. For the other amines, no safety concerns are related. In total, 21 bacterial genera with a relative abundance ≥ 1% and belonging to 14 families and 5 phyla were detected. The Bacillaceae family was the most found at ambient temperature while Staphylococcaceae and Enterococcaceae were the most abundant in a refrigerator. The analysis of correlation showed that the increase of Lentibacillus leads to a decrease of the major BA at ambient temperature. On the contrary, the increase of Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, Psychrobacter, Peptostreptococcus, and Fusobacterium leads to an increase of these biogenic compounds. Thus, Lentibacillus acted as BA-oxidizing bacteria while the others were found as BA-producing bacteria during adjuevan storage.

Effect of big eye tuna (Thunnus obesus) head soup with different colloidal particle size on TG and TC deposition in FFA-exposed HepG2 cells

Micro/nanocolloidal is confirmed as a self-assembly structure in big eye tuna (Thunnus obesus) head soup, and lipids enriched with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are the major component. In this study, the effect of big eye tuna head soup (BETHS) with different particle size micro/nanocolloidal on lipid accumulation was initially evaluated. The original soup and microfiltration soup (with or without ginger; OGS/OGSG and MFS/MFSG) were prepared firstly. A free fatty acid-exposed (FFA-exposed) HepG2 cell model was built using sodium oleic acid (OA) and sodium palmitic acid (PA) (2:1). The triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in the FFA-exposed HepG2 cells were 8.6 ng/104 cells and 0.6 nM/104 cells, respectively, which were significantly different with control (p < .05). Both OGS and OGSG could significantly decline the TG deposition of FFA-exposed HepG2 cells with 31% and 40% (p < .05), and in MFS and MFSG were 23% and 26% (p ≥ .05). Meanwhile, OGS inhibited the deposition of TG mainly in 18-24 hr, and OGSG mainly in 12-18 hr. All the BETHS samples showed no inhibition effect on TC deposition (p ≥ .05). This research might help to understand the improving activity of natural or traditional food products on metabolic syndrome.

Comparison of the Fatty Acid and Triglyceride Profiles of Big Eye Tuna (Thunnus obesus), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Bighead Carp (Aristichthysnobilis) Heads

Big eye tuna (Thunnus obesus), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) are three representative marine and fresh water fishes. In this study, the content of total lipids (TL), triglyceride (TG) fraction, and the fatty acid profiles in the corresponding fish heads were analyzed. Meanwhile, their complicated TG molecular species were further characterized. The results showed that TG was the major lipid in these three fish heads (60.58–86.69%). Compared with other two fish heads, big eye tuna head was the most abundant in polyunsaturated fatty acids, among which eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) accounted for 64.29% and 32.77% in the TL and TG fraction, respectively. It is also worth noting that EPA+DHA/total fatty acid (TFA) value of TL and TG fraction from bighead carp head showed no significant difference with Atlantic salmon head, a typical marine fish. There were 146 TG molecules detected in big eye tuna head, 90 in Atlantic salmon and 87 in bighead carp heads. DHA or EPA accounted for 56.12%, 22.88%, and 5.46% of the total TG molecules in these three fish heads, respectively. According to principal component analysis, orthogonal projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis and the constructed heat map, the three samples could be completely differentiated based on their TG molecule fingerprints. This study is the first to compare marine and fresh water fish from the perspective of their heads’ fatty acid and TG molecule profiles.

Biogenic Amines Formation Mechanism and Determination Strategies: Future Challenges and Limitations

The evolution in foodstuff-monitoring processes has increased the number of studies on biogenic amines (BAs), in recent years. This trend with future perspective needs to be assembled to address the associated health risks. Thus, this study aims to cover three main aspects of BAs: (i) occurrence, physiology, and toxicological effects, most probable formation mechanisms and factors controlling their growth; (ii) recent advances, strategies for determination, preconcentration steps, model technique, and nature of the matrix; and (iii) milestone, limitations with existing methodologies, future trends, and detailed expected developments for clinical use and on-site ultra-trace determination. The core of the ongoing review will discuss recent trends in pre-concentration toward miniaturization, automation, and possible coupling with electrochemical techniques, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, spectrofluorimetry, and lateral flow protocols to be exploited for the development of rapid, facile, and sensitive on-site determination strategies for BAs.

Biogenic amines profile and concentration in commercial milks for infants and young children

Commercial milks for infants and young children (CMIYC) received much attention during last years for their impact on the nutritional status, health and development of the new-born and babies. Among possible contaminants contained in these foods, biogenic amines (BAs) have rarely been determined although they can exert toxic effects in humans if ingested at high concentrations. Spermine, spermidine, putrescine, histamine, tyramine, β-phenylethylamine and cadaverine have been quantified in CMIYC samples by LC-UV after derivatisation with dansyl-chloride. Once optimised in terms of linearity (R² ≥ 0.989), recovery percentages (92.9-97.3), LOD (0.2-0.4 μg g^-1 or 0.03-0.05 μg mL^-1 depending on the samples), LOQ (0.5-1.0 μg g^-1 and 0.08-0.13 μg mL^-1 depending on the samples) and repeatability (0.1-0.2 intra-day; 0.2-0.4 inter-day), the method has been applied to real samples. Very low total BAs concentrations have been found in reconstituted (1.18-3.12 mg L^-1) and liquid milks (0.33-2.30 mg L^-1), with different biogenic amine profiles and distributions. A risk assessment based on the available information regarding Acute Reference Doses of histamine and tyramine, as well as the application of common Biogenic Amine Indexes, showed that none of the analysed samples represented a possible risk for babies, also considering a worst case evaluation. These findings confirmed the strict safety and quality protocols adopted during the production of CMIYC. Chemical compounds studied in this article: Ammonium chloride (PubChem CID: 25517); Cadaverine hydrochloride (PubChem CID: 5351467); Hydrochloridric acid (PubChem CID: 313); Histamine dihydrochloride (PubChem CID: 5818); Phenylethylamine hydrochloride (PubChem CID: 9075); Putrescine dihydrochloride (PubChem CID: 9532); Sodium hydroxide (PubChem CID: 14798); Spermine tetrahydrochloride (PubChem CID: 1103); Spermidine trihydrochloride (PubChem CID: 1102); Tyramine hydrochloride (PubChem CID: 66449).

The impact of cultivar on polyphenol and biogenic amine profiles in Calabrian red grapes during winemaking

In this study, during winemaking, was evaluated the influence of cultivar on bioactive compounds (organic acids, d-(+)-glucose, d-(-)-fructose, biogenic amines (BAs), anthocyanins, polyphenols and flavonoids) and antioxidant activity of Calabrian (Southern Italy) autochthonous grapes (Arvino, Gaglioppo, Greco Nero, Magliocco Canino, Magliocco Dolce and Nocera). Phenolic compounds increased from grapes to wine for all varieties. Arvino grapevine showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, while a promising inhibition of the lipid peroxidation was observed with Greco Nero grapes. BAs were mostly formed during alcoholic fermentation and Arvino always showed the lowest BAs amounts, while Magliocco Canino generally exhibited the highest. Collectively, the results demonstrated that Calabrian autochthonous grapevines were rich in sugars, organic acids and phenolic compounds thus allowing the production of high quality wines.