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Kholif OT, Sebaei AS, Eissa FI, Elhamalawy OH. Determination of aflatoxins in edible vegetable oils from Egyptian market: Method development, validation, and health risk assessment. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhang K, Banerjee K. A Review: Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Technologies for Detection of Aflatoxins in Foods. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E539. [PMID: 32825718 PMCID: PMC7551558 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a class of mycotoxins with regulatory and public health significance, aflatoxins (e.g., aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2) have attracted unparalleled attention from government, academia and industry due to their chronic and acute toxicity. Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of various Aspergillus species, which are ubiquitous in the environment and can grow on a variety of crops whereby accumulation is impacted by climate influences. Consumption of foods and feeds contaminated by aflatoxins are hazardous to human and animal health, hence the detection and quantification of aflatoxins in foods and feeds is a priority from the viewpoint of food safety. Since the first purification and identification of aflatoxins from feeds in the 1960s, there have been continuous efforts to develop sensitive and rapid methods for the determination of aflatoxins. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on advances in aflatoxins analysis and highlights the importance of sample pretreatments, homogenization and various cleanup strategies used in the determination of aflatoxins. The use of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), solid phase extraction (SPE) and immunoaffinity column clean-up (IAC) and dilute and shoot for enhancing extraction efficiency and clean-up are discussed. Furthermore, the analytical techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), mass spectrometry (MS), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) are compared in terms of identification, quantitation and throughput. Lastly, with the emergence of new techniques, the review culminates with prospects of promising technologies for aflatoxin analysis in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- US Food and Drug Administration/Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- National Reference Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune 412307, India;
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AlFaris NA, Wabaidur SM, Alothman ZA, Altamimi JZ, Aldayel TS. Fast and efficient immunoaffinity column cleanup and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative analysis of aflatoxins in baby food and feeds. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2079-2087. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Abdullah AlFaris
- Nutrition and Food ScienceDepartment of Physical Sport SciencePrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Jozaa Zaidan Altamimi
- Nutrition and Food ScienceDepartment of Physical Sport SciencePrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahany Saleh Aldayel
- Nutrition and Food ScienceDepartment of Physical Sport SciencePrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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Turksoy S, Kabak B. Determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in wheat from different regions of Turkey by HPLC with fluorescence detection. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1556/066.2020.49.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the occurrence of aflatoxins (AFS) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in bread and durum wheat samples. A total of 141 samples were collected from eleven different regions of Turkey. An analytical method based on liquid extraction, immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the determination of AFs and OTA levels. As a result, AFs and OTA were detected in 2% and 9.2% of wheat samples at concentrations varying from 0.21 to 0.44 µg kg−1 and from 0.1 to 3.2 µg kg−1, respectively. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) were found positive in samples ranging between 0.21–0.35 µg kg−1 and 0.094 µg kg−1, respectively. However, none of the samples contained aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2). The study also recommended that contamination levels in wheat and wheat-based products should be routinely monitored in greater sample numbers to insure food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Turksoy
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Engineering, Hitit University, 19030, Corum, Turkey
| | - B. Kabak
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Engineering, Hitit University, 19030, Corum, Turkey
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Jiménez Medina ML, Lafarga T, Garrido Frenich A, Romero-González R. Natural Occurrence, Legislation, and Determination of Aflatoxins Using Chromatographic Methods in Food: A Review (from 2010 to 2019). FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1701009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Jiménez Medina
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Tomas Lafarga
- Processed Fruits & Vegetables, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), XaRTA-Postharvest, Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Taravati Javad M, Vahidinia A, Samiee F, Elaridi J, Leili M, Faradmal J, Rahmani A. Analysis of aluminum, minerals and trace elements in the milk samples from lactating mothers in Hamadan, Iran. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 50:8-15. [PMID: 30262320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present cross-sectional study is aimed at analyzing the breast milk of lactating mothers in Hamadan, Iran for aluminum and several minerals and trace elements. Ten governmental health care centers were utilized to facilitate collection of breast milk samples. The breast milk samples were collected at 1, 2, 6, 7, and 12 months postpartum from one hundred healthy lactating women, who delivered full-term newborns. Detection of sodium (Na), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg) and aluminum (Al) levels was conducted with the use of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). This method has shown high accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and linearity for the wide range of concentrations. The accumulated data were not normally distributed; thus, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used in the statistical analysis of the results. Mean concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, Ca, Mg, and Na were 0.75, 1.38, 0.35, 255, 34.58, and 155.72 μg/mL, respectively. The mean level of Al, a well-known neurotoxic metal, was determined to be an alarming 0.191 μg/mL. Moreover, 95% of participants contained very harmful concentrations of Al in their milk. This study also revealed Zn deficiency in about 50% of milk samples. Further investigation is needed to elucidate sources of exposure and factors that may influence maternal and fetal exposure to aluminum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Taravati Javad
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Aliasghar Vahidinia
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Nutrition Health Research Center, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Fateme Samiee
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Jomana Elaridi
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Mostafa Leili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Javad Faradmal
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Alireza Rahmani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Oulkar D, Goon A, Dhanshetty M, Khan Z, Satav S, Banerjee K. High-sensitivity direct analysis of aflatoxins in peanuts and cereal matrices by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection involving a large volume flow cell. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2018; 53:255-260. [PMID: 29278977 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1410416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a sensitive and cost effective method of analysis for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2. The sample preparation method was primarily optimised in peanuts, followed by its validation in a range of peanut-processed products and cereal (rice, corn, millets) matrices. Peanut slurry [12.5 g peanut + 12.5 mL water] was extracted with methanol: water (8:2, 100 mL), cleaned through an immunoaffinity column and thereafter measured directly by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence (UPLC-FLD) detection, within a chromatographic runtime of 5 minutes. The use of a large volume flow cell in the FLD nullified the requirement of any post-column derivatisation and provided the lowest ever reported limits of quantification of 0.025 for B1 and G1 and 0.01 μg/kg for B2 and G2. The single laboratory validation of the method provided acceptable selectivity, linearity, recovery and precision for reliable quantifications in all the test matrices as well as demonstrated compliance with the EC 401/2006 guidelines for analytical quality control of aflatoxins in foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasharath Oulkar
- a National Referral Laboratory , ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Manjri Farm , Pune , Maharashtra , India
| | - Arnab Goon
- a National Referral Laboratory , ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Manjri Farm , Pune , Maharashtra , India
| | - Manisha Dhanshetty
- a National Referral Laboratory , ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Manjri Farm , Pune , Maharashtra , India
| | - Zareen Khan
- a National Referral Laboratory , ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Manjri Farm , Pune , Maharashtra , India
| | - Sagar Satav
- a National Referral Laboratory , ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Manjri Farm , Pune , Maharashtra , India
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- a National Referral Laboratory , ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Manjri Farm , Pune , Maharashtra , India
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Geremew T, Abate D, Landschoot S, Haesaert G, Audenaert K. Occurrence of toxigenic fungi and ochratoxin A in Ethiopian coffee for local consumption. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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