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Doménech E, Martorell S. Review of the Terminology, Approaches, and Formulations Used in the Guidelines on Quantitative Risk Assessment of Chemical Hazards in Food. Foods 2024; 13:714. [PMID: 38472827 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the published terminology, mathematical models, and the possible approaches used to characterise the risk of foodborne chemical hazards, particularly pesticides, metals, mycotoxins, acrylamide, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results confirmed the wide variability of the nomenclature used, e.g., 28 different ways of referencing exposure, 13 of cancer risk, or 9 of slope factor. On the other hand, a total of 16 equations were identified to formulate all the risk characterisation parameters of interest. Therefore, the present study proposes a terminology and formulation for some risk characterisation parameters based on the guidelines of international organisations and the literature review. The mathematical model used for non-genotoxic hazards is a ratio in all cases. However, the authors used the probability of cancer or different ratios, such as the margin of exposure (MOE) for genotoxic hazards. For each effect studied per hazard, the non-genotoxic effect was mostly studied in pesticides (79.73%), the genotoxic effect was mostly studied in PAHs (71.15%), and both effects were mainly studied in metals (59.4%). The authors of the works reviewed generally opted for a deterministic approach, although most of those who assessed the risk for mycotoxins or the ratio and risk for acrylamide used the probabilistic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Doménech
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos Food-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sebastián Martorell
- MEDASEGI Research Group, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Dippong T, Cadar O, Kovacs MH, Dan M, Senila L. Chemical Analysis of Various Tea Samples Concerning Volatile Compounds, Fatty Acids, Minerals and Assessment of Their Thermal Behavior. Foods 2023; 12:3063. [PMID: 37628061 PMCID: PMC10453188 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea is the most consumed drink worldwide due to its pleasant taste and various beneficial effects on human health. This paper assesses the physicochemical analysis of different varieties of tea (leaves, flowers, and instant) after prior drying and fine grinding. The thermal decomposition behavior of the tea components shows that the tea has three stages of decomposition, depending on temperature. The first stage was attributed to the volatilization of water, while the second stage involved the degradation of volatiles, polyphenols, and fatty acids. The degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content occurs at the highest temperature of 400 °C in the third stage. A total of 66 volatile compounds, divided into eight classes, were identified in the tea samples. The volatile compounds were classified into nine odor classes: floral, fruity, green, sweet, chemical, woody, citrus, roasted, and alcohol. In all flower and leaf tea samples, monounsaturated (MUFAs), polyunsaturated (PUFAs), and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were identified. A high content of omega-6 was quantified in acacia, Saint John's Wort, rose, and yarrow, while omega-3 was found in mint, Saint John's Wort, green, blueberry, and lavender samples. The flower and leaf tea samples studied could be a good dietary source of polyphenolic compounds, essential elements. In instant tea samples, a low quantity of polyphenols and major elements were identified. The physicochemical analysis demonstrated that both flower and leaf teas have high-quality properties when compared to instant tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dippong
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 76 Victoriei Street, 430122 Baia Mare, Romania;
| | - Oana Cadar
- INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.C.); (M.H.K.)
| | - Melinda Haydee Kovacs
- INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.C.); (M.H.K.)
| | - Monica Dan
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Lacrimioara Senila
- INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.C.); (M.H.K.)
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Mukhopadhyay S, Dutta R, Dhara A, Das P. Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack in South Kolkata, West Bengal, India: spatial and temporal variations. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:5761-5781. [PMID: 36823386 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Attempts have been made in the present study for ascertaining the concentrations of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using passive biosamplers in preference to conventional air sampling methods. Mechanical stirring, sonication, Soxhlet technique and microwave-assisted Soxhlet extraction (MASE) were employed to extract PAHs from an evergreen plant (Murraya paniculata) leaves (having long life-span) sampled from polluted places of South Kolkata, India, with dense population and heavy traffic. Effects of extraction methods and operational parameters (solvent and time) on the recovery levels of PAHs were also investigated. Purified extracts, acquired through adsorption chromatography, were subjected to GC-MS and HPLC-UV analyses for qualitative and quantitative assessment of PAHs. Spatio-temporal distribution of accumulated PAHs across the sampling sites was monitored over premonsoon, postmonsoon and winter supported by pollutant source characterization. The results displayed that the extraction yields of Soxhlet (272.07 ± 26.15 μg g-1) and MASE (280.17 ± 15.46 μg g-1) were the highest among the four techniques. Conditions of extraction with toluene for 6 h were found to be most favorable for PAHs. In spatio-temporal analysis, total concentrations of PAHs in the foliar samples varied from 200.98 ± 2.72 to 550.79 ± 10.11 μg g-1 dry weight, and the highest values being recorded in the samples of Exide More because of daylong inexorable traffic flow/crowding increasing the burden of ambient PAHs. Widespread changes in meteorology exerted influence on seasonal concentrations of PAHs in plant leaves, and extent of leaf contamination by PAHs was observed extreme in winter followed by postmonsoon and then, premonsoon. Foliar accretion of PAHs differed in the study sites with diverse sources of emission from motor vehicles, fossil fuel and biomass burning along with other human interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ratna Dutta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Aparna Dhara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Papita Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
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4
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Zhao X, Feng X, Chen J, Zhang L, Zhai L, Lv S, Ye Y, Chen Y, Zhong T, Yu X, Xiao Y. Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Tea Leaves Using Magnetic Approach. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112270. [PMID: 37297514 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid and efficient method using an alkyl-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles-based extraction technique combined with Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography was developed for the detection of trace amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea leaves. As a popular coating for chromatographic column packing materials, C18-alkyl has been demonstrated to be effective in separating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Additionally, the magnetism of the nanomaterials accelerates the extraction process while their high surface ratio enables desirable dispersity in the sample matrix. Meanwhile, the adsorbents can be washed and reused 30 times without compromising recovery, which greatly reduces the budget. The effects of various parameters were investigated and optimized, and the recoveries for five analytes were in the range of 84.8-105.4%. The RSD of intra-day and inter-day were below 11.9% and 6.8%, respectively. The limits of detection and limits of quantification ranged from 1.69-9.97 ng g-1 and 5.12-30.21 ng g-1, indicating satisfactory sensitivity. Thus, the proposed methodology is rapid, highly efficient, and economical, and it expands the application of magnetic cleanup approaches in complex food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Lanxin Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Lingzi Zhai
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Sizhe Lv
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Yonghao Ye
- Zhuhai Resproly Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Blk 11, International Health Port, No. 628, Airport West Road, Jinwan District, Zhuhai 519040, China
| | - Yongqi Chen
- Zhuhai Resproly Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Blk 11, International Health Port, No. 628, Airport West Road, Jinwan District, Zhuhai 519040, China
| | - Tian Zhong
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macao 999078, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
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Ma J, Zhu Z, Du S, Zhang D, Li X, Zheng Q, Shen J, Xiao L, Wu X, Chen Y, Ji J, Lu S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in commercial tea from China and implications for human exposure. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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7
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Concentrations, sources, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in black, green and fruit flavored tea in Turkey. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Bratu MM, Birghila S, Coatu V, Danilov DA, Radu MD, Birghila C. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Some Commercial Herbal Teas. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2042332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Mirela Bratu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences II, Ovidius University of Constanta, Aleea Universitatii, Campus 1, Constanta, Romania
| | - Semaghiul Birghila
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ovidius University of Constanta, Constanta, Romania
| | - Valentina Coatu
- NIMRD “Grigore Antipa” National Institute for Marine Research and Development, Constanta, Romania Bvd.Mamaia, Romania
| | - Diana Andreea Danilov
- NIMRD “Grigore Antipa” National Institute for Marine Research and Development, Constanta, Romania Bvd.Mamaia, Romania
| | - Marius Daniel Radu
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Ovidius University of Constanta, Aleea Universitatii, Constanta, Romania Campus 1, Romania
| | - Corina Birghila
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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9
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Sample Preparation and Analysis in Beverages: A Review. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe monitoring of food contaminants is of interests to both food regulatory bodies and the consumers. This literature review covers polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with regard to their background, sources of exposures, and occurrence in food and environment as well as health hazards. Furthermore, analytical methods focusing on the analysis of PAHs in tea, coffee, milk, and alcoholic samples for the last 16 years are presented. Numerous experimental methods have been developed aiming to obtain better limits of detections (LODs) and percent recoveries as well as to reduce solvent consumption and laborious work. These include information such as the selected PAHs analyzed, food matrix of PAHs, methods of extraction, cleanup procedure, LOD, limits of quantitation (LOQ), and percent recovery. For the analysis of tea, coffee, milk, and alcoholic samples, a majority of the research papers focused on the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency PAHs, while PAH4, PAH8, and methylated PAHs were also of interests. Extraction methods range from the classic Soxhlet extraction and liquid–liquid extraction to newer methods such as QuEChERS, dispersive solid-phase microextraction, and magnetic solid-phase extraction. The cleanup methods involved mainly the use of column chromatography and SPE filled with either silica or Florisil adsorbents. Gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry or fluorescence detectors are the main analytical instruments used. A majority of the selected combined methods used are able to achieve LODs and percent recoveries in the ranges of 0.01–5 ug/kg and 70–110%, respectively, for the analysis of tea, coffee, milk, and alcoholic samples.
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Grosshagauer S, Pirkwieser P, Kraemer K, Somoza V. The Future of Moringa Foods: A Food Chemistry Perspective. Front Nutr 2021; 8:751076. [PMID: 34796194 PMCID: PMC8594418 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.751076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The tree Moringa oleifera Lam. provides its leaves, pods, flowers and seeds for human nutrition. The chemical profile of all these Moringa products varies substantially, not only among the different parts of the plants used. Cultivating, processing as well as storage conditions chiefly determine the contents of nutrients and anti-nutritive constituents. Anti-nutrients, e.g., phytic acid or tannins, are present in notable amounts and may affect micronutrient bioavailability. Although Moringa oleifera products have been promoted for several health benefits and are discussed as an alternative treatment in various diseases, risk assessment studies evaluating contamination levels are scarce. Recent investigations have demonstrated alarming contents of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and mycotoxins in Moringa oleifera products, indicating the need for a comprehensive risk assessment and contingent legal regulation of these products. In this mini review, we briefly outline pivotal, food chemistry and nutrition related data on Moringa preparations in order to stimulate in-depth research to close the presented knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Grosshagauer
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philip Pirkwieser
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Klaus Kraemer
- Sight and Life Foundation, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Chair of Nutritional Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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11
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Chiang SM, Ueng KC, Chen HS, Wu CJ, Yang YS, Yang DJ. Effects of manufacturing procedures and preparation conditions on European Union priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Oolong tea samples. Food Chem 2021; 358:129885. [PMID: 33933958 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated the changes in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of Oolong tea samples at each heat treatment stage of the manufacturing process, different post-treatment methods and different brewing conditions. The content of PAHs in the tea leaves was significantly increased during stir fixation (280 °C for 8 min) stage of the manufacturing process. In the subsequent heat treatment process, the PAHs content did not change much until the Oolong tea product (primary) was further roasted. The level of PAHs increased with the roasting time. Charcoal roasting resulted in higher PAHs content in the product compared with electric roasting. Higher brewing temperature caused higher level of PAHs released into the tea infusion. The level of released PAHs decreased with the increase of the number of tea brewing (the total released PAHs was about 4%). The risk assessment results for PAHs in the tea infusions showed a low level of health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Min Chiang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kwo-Chang Ueng
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiang-Shun Chen
- Department of Health Food, Chung-Chou University of Science and Technology, 6, Lane 2, Sec. 3, Shanjiao Rd., Yuanlin City, Changhua County 510, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Jung Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Sun Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Deng-Jye Yang
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Nutrition and Master Program of Food and Drug Safety, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, ROC.
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12
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Deng W, Huang A, Zheng Q, Yu L, Li X, Hu H, Xiao Y. A density-tunable liquid-phase microextraction system based on deep eutectic solvents for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea, medicinal herbs and liquid foods. Food Chem 2021; 352:129331. [PMID: 33652198 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel density-tunable liquid-phase microextraction (DT-LPME) system was developed with high-density deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as extractant and low-density organic solvents as emulsifier and density regulator. DES-rich phase was induced to form in the bottom or in the top by adjusting the emulsifier amount. This system was used to directly extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from liquid and solid foods, and the obtained DES-rich phase was easy to be collected for quantification. The method (LPME with HPLC-fluorescence detector) has linearity (R2 > 0.9974), detection limits of 0.6-4.2 ng L-1 for liquid foods and 0.05-0.35 ng g-1 for solid foods, recoveries of 86.2-114.9%, and intra-day/inter-day RSDs below 6.6%. The method was applied to detect PAHs in real samples, and the PAHs residue was found in honey and five solid foods. The DT-LPME method is simple, fast, green and suitable for direct extraction of analytes from both liquid and solid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; National 111 Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, School of Bioengineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Anqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qutong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Long Yu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hankun Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
| | - Yuxiu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Ofori SA, Cobbina SJ, Doke DA. The occurrence and levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in African environments-a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:32389-32431. [PMID: 32557045 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the African continent, several studies have been conducted to determine PAH pollution levels with their associated health risks in the environment. However, these studies are very much disconnected. The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic review that serves as a comprehensive report on the PAH-related studies conducted in the African continent. Data sources are from Google Scholar and PubMed. English language studies that reported on PAH levels in smoked fish and meat, soils and dust, aquatic environments, indoor and outdoor air, and ready-to-eat food items were selected. Specific PAHs included the following: 33 PAHs comprising of the 16 USEPA PAHs, non-alkylated PAHs, non-alkylated PAHs, oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), and azaarenes (AZAs). Study appraisal and synthesis methods: The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was adapted to assess the quality of the selected studies basing on their sampling methods, analytical techniques, and results. A total of 121 studies were reviewed, with the majority (56) being from Nigeria. PAH levels in smoked fish and meat, soils and dust, aquatic environments, indoor and outdoor air, and ready-to-eat food items recorded total concentrations of PAHs ranging from 5 to 3585 μg/kg, BDL to 6,950,000 μg/kg, 0 to 10,469,000 μg/kg, 0 to 7.82 ± 0.85 μg/m3, and 2.5 to 7889 ± 730 μg/kg respectively. Carcinogenic risk assessment for children and adults ranged from very low to very high levels when compared to the ILCR range (10-6 to 10-4) defined by the USEPA. Out of 54 African countries, only 19 were represented. The majority of selected studies failed to apply any standard protocols for sample collection and analysis. The low to very high PAH levels reported in studies calls for effective actions on environmental health. Similar systematic reviews are expected to be performed in other continents for a global assessment of PAH pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Appiah Ofori
- Department of Ecotourism and Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.
- Department of Biology of Organisms, Faculty of Science, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka.
| | - Samuel Jerry Cobbina
- Department of Ecotourism and Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Dzigbodi Adzo Doke
- Department of Ecotourism and Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
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14
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Wu P, Zhang L, Hu Z, Zhang N, Wang L, Zhao Y. Contamination of 15+1 European Union polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in various types of tea and their infusions purchased on Hangzhou city market in China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1621-1632. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1784469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pinggu Wu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyan Hu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Nianhua Zhang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yongxin Zhao
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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15
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Jiang H, Xu W, Chen Q. Evaluating aroma quality of black tea by an olfactory visualization system: Selection of feature sensor using particle swarm optimization. Food Res Int 2019; 126:108605. [PMID: 31732085 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aroma is an important index to evaluate the quality and grade of black tea. This work innovatively proposed the sensory evaluation of black tea aroma quality based on an olfactory visual sensor system. Firstly, the olfactory visualization system, which can visually represent the aroma quality of black tea, was assembled using a lab-made color sensitive sensor array including eleven porphyrins and one pH indicator for data acquisition and color components extraction. Then, the color components from different color sensitive spots were optimized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Finally, the back propagation neural network (BPNN) model was developed using the optimized characteristic color components for the sensory evaluation of black tea aroma quality. Results demonstrated that the BPNN models, which were developed using three color components from FTPPFeCl (component G), MTPPTE (component B) and BTB (component B), can get better results based on comprehensive consideration of the generalization performance of the model and the fabrication cost of the sensor. In the validation set, the average of correlation coefficient (RP) value was 0.8843 and the variance was 0.0362. The average of root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.3811 and the variance was 0.0525. The overall results sufficiently reveal that the optimized sensor array has promising applications for the sensory evaluation of black tea products in the process of practical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Weidong Xu
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Quansheng Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
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Fred-Ahmadu OH, Benson NU. Data on quantification of PAHs and elemental content in dry Camellia sinensis and herbal tea. Data Brief 2018; 20:1286-1296. [PMID: 30238041 PMCID: PMC6143754 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.08.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present data on potentially toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in commercially sold tea brands in Nigeria. The article provides data on the sequential extraction and the pseudo-total concentrations of eight metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in dry Camellia sinensis and herbal tea. The three-step Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) method and acid digestion with aqua regia were adopted for sequential and total metal extractions, respectively. The extraction of branded tea samples for PAHs analysis has been described in "Concentrations, sources and risk characterisation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in green, herbal and black tea products in Nigeria" [1] and "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Occurrence and Toxicity in C. sinensis and Herbal Tea" [2]. Elemental and PAHs analyses of extracts were determined by Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (Agilent MP-AES 4100) and Agilent gas chromatograph 7890A coupled with flame ionization detector (FID), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nsikak U. Benson
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
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17
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Fred-Ahmadu OH, Adedapo AE, Oloyede MO, Benson NU. Chemical Speciation and Characterization of Trace Metals in Dry Camellia sinensis and Herbal Tea Marketed in Nigeria. J Health Pollut 2018; 8:180912. [PMID: 30524871 PMCID: PMC6257168 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-8.19.180912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trace metals from anthropogenic activities have been found to occur in tea brands and pose potential human health risks to consumers. OBJECTIVES The present study assessed the concentrations of trace metals in green, black and herbal tea brands using a modified Community Bureau of Reference sequential extraction method. METHODS Fifteen (15) Camellia sinensis and eight (8) herbal tea samples commonly consumed in Nigeria were collected and analyzed for trace metals. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) in extract fractions were analyzed using microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES). RESULTS Trace metals were detected in all of the samples investigated. The concentrations of trace metals in 4 stages (soluble/exchangeable/carbonates bound fraction, reducible fraction, oxidizable fraction, residual fraction) of sequential and pseudo-total metal extraction procedures are presented. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn in the exchangeable/carbonate bound fraction for green tea ranged between 0.27-1.47, ND-0.33, ND-0.44, 7.05-33.04, 0.23-0.69, ND-0.51, ND-0.16 and 0.18-1.99 mg/kg, ND-0.73, 0.15-0.36, 0.36-0.59, 1.38-30.07, 0.15-0.54, 0.05-0.76, 0.15-0.34 and 0.27-0.77 mg/kg and 0.54-0.64, 0.25-0.41, 0.35-0.47, 18.72-23.98, 0.30-0.55, 0.15-0.21, 0.15-0.23 and 0.30-0.48 mg/kg for hebal tea, respectively. CONCLUSION The metal content in the investigated tea indicated low to enhanced concentrations. Locally produced black teas recorded relatively low trace metal contents compared to the green and herbal tea samples. The most bioavailable trace metal was Mn, while Zn was most preferably bound to the residual fraction. Cadmium, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and V were distributed at varied concentrations among other extractable phases. Daily consumption of the investigated tea products may expose consumers to potentially toxic metals as well as essential elements. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omowunmi H. Fred-Ahmadu
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Adebusayo E. Adedapo
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Mary O. Oloyede
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Nsikak U. Benson
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
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