1
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Dong H, Li Y, Lai X, Hao M, Sun L, Li Q, Chen R, Li Q, Sun S, Wang B, Zhang Z, Liu X. Effects of fermentation duration on the flavour quality of large leaf black tea based on metabolomics. Food Chem 2024; 444:138680. [PMID: 38325077 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Fermentation durations are crucial in determining the quality of black tea flavour. The mechanism underlying the degradation of black tea flavour caused by inappropriate fermentation duration remains unclear. In this study, the taste of black teas with different fermentation durations (BTFs) was analysed using sensory evaluation, electronic tongue, and metabolomics. The results revealed significant differences in 46 flavour profile components within the BTFs. Notably, metabolites such as gallocatechin gallate, gallocatechin, and epigallocatechin were found to be primarily reduced during fermentation, leading to a reduction in the astringency of black tea. Conversely, an increase in d-mandelic acid and guanine among others was observed to enhance the bitter flavour of black tea, while 3-Hydroxy-5-methylphenol nucleotides were found to contribute to sweetness. Furthermore, succinic acid and cyclic-3',5'-adenine nucleotides were associated with diminished freshness. This study offers a theoretical foundation for the regulation of flavour quality in large leaf black tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Dong
- College of Tea Science, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Yonghui Li
- College of Tea Science, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Xingfei Lai
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Mengjiao Hao
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Lingli Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Qiuhua Li
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ruohong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Qian Li
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute / Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China.
| | - Shili Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Baijuan Wang
- College of Tea Science, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Zhenbiao Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- College of Tea Science, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, China.
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2
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Wang J, Qu L, Yu Z, Jiang Y, Yu C, Zhu X, Lin Q, Niu L, Yu Y, Lin Q, Shang Y, Yuan H, Hua J. Targeted quantitative metabolomic and flavor objective quantification technique reveal the impact mechanism of shaking on black tea quality and non-volatile metabolites. Food Chem 2024; 458:140226. [PMID: 38943961 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Shaking constitutes a pivotal technique for enhancing black tea quality; nevertheless, its impact on the transformation mechanism of non-volatile metabolites (NVMs) in black tea remains obscure. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of shaking-withering methods (SWM) and traditional-withering methods (TWM) on black tea quality and NVMs conversion. A total of 57 NVMs and 14 objective quantitative indicators were obtained. SWM enhanced sweetness and umami taste, as well as appearance and liquor color brightness of black tea. Eight key differential NVMs were identified by multivariate statistical and dose over threshold value analysis. Metabolic pathway and evolution law analysis revealed that SWM enhanced the oxidation of catechins and flavonol glycosides, promoted the decarboxylation of glutamic acid, then facilitated the formation of theaflavin-3,3'-digallate, finally enhanced the taste and color quality of black tea. This study offers theoretical guidance and technical support for the targeted processing of high-quality black tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Lichi Qu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Ziming Yu
- Xianning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 168 Wenquan Hesheng Road, Xianning, Hubei 437199, PR China
| | - Yongwen Jiang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Chengfa Yu
- Fu'an Tea Industry Development Center, 11 Jiefang Road, Fu'an, Fujian, 355099, PR China
| | - Xizhe Zhu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Qingju Lin
- Fu'an Tea Industry Development Center, 11 Jiefang Road, Fu'an, Fujian, 355099, PR China
| | - Linchi Niu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Yaya Yu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Qing Lin
- Fu'an Tea Industry Development Center, 11 Jiefang Road, Fu'an, Fujian, 355099, PR China
| | - Yan Shang
- Hangzhou Zhishan Tea Co., LTD, 123 Tongwu Village Road West, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, PR China
| | - Haibo Yuan
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China.
| | - Jinjie Hua
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China.
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3
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Hua J, Ouyang W, Zhu X, Wang J, Yu Y, Chen M, Yang L, Yuan H, Jiang Y. Objective quantification technique and widely targeted metabolomic reveal the effect of drying temperature on sensory attributes and related non-volatile metabolites of black tea. Food Chem 2024; 439:138154. [PMID: 38071844 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Drying temperature (DT) considerably affects the flavor of black tea (BT); however, its influence on non-volatile metabolites (NVMs) and their correlations remain unclear. In this study, an objective quantification technique and widely targeted metabolomics were applied to explore the effects of DT (130 °C, 110 °C, 90 °C, and 70 °C) on BT flavor and NVMs conversion. BT with a DT of 90 °C presented the highest umami, sweetness, overall taste, and brightness color values. Using the weighted gene co-expression network and multiple factor analysis, 455 sensory trait-related NVMs were explored across six key modules. Moreover, 169 differential NVMs were screened, and flavonoids, phenolic acids, amino acids, organic acids, and lipids were identified as key differential NVMs affecting the taste and color attributes of BT in response to DT. These findings enrich the BT processing theory and offer technical support for the precise and targeted processing of high-quality BT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie Hua
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Wen Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Xizhe Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Jinjin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Yaya Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Liyue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Haibo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China.
| | - Yongwen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China.
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4
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Chen Q, Fu Y, Heng W, Yu S, Xie F, Dong F, Lin Z, Dai W, Fu H. Re-rolling treatment in the fermentation process improves the taste and liquor color qualities of black tea. Food Chem X 2024; 21:101143. [PMID: 38312489 PMCID: PMC10837478 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Fermentation is a vital process occurred under the premise of rolling affecting black tea quality. Theoretically, re-rolling during fermentation will remodel the biochemical conditions of tea leaves, and thus influence black tea quality. Herein, we studied the effect of re-rolling on black tea taste and liquor color. Sensory evaluation showed that re-rolling significantly weakened the astringency taste and improved the redness and luminance of liquor. With re-rolling, the color attributes of a* and L* and the contents of theaflavins and thearubigins were significantly improved. Metabolomics analysis showed that the contents of 110 non-volatile compounds were significantly different among black teas with different rolling treatments. In summary, re-rolling accelerated the oxidation of polyphenols into pigments, the hydrolysis of proteins into amino acids, and the metabolism of alkaloids, organic acids, glycosidically-bound volatiles, and lipids during the fermentation period. Our study provided a novel and simple way to improve black tea quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qincao Chen
- College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Xinjian District, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330045, China
| | - Ying Fu
- College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Xinjian District, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330045, China
| | - Wenting Heng
- College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Xinjian District, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330045, China
| | - Shuai Yu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.9 Meiling South Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310008, China
| | - Feng Xie
- Horticulture Research Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 602 Nanlian Avenue, Nanchang County, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330200, China
| | - Fang Dong
- Horticulture Research Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 602 Nanlian Avenue, Nanchang County, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330200, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.9 Meiling South Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310008, China
| | - Weidong Dai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.9 Meiling South Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310008, China
| | - Haihui Fu
- College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Xinjian District, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330045, China
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5
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Zou C, Zhang X, Xu Y, Yin J. Recent Advances Regarding Polyphenol Oxidase in Camellia sinensis: Extraction, Purification, Characterization, and Application. Foods 2024; 13:545. [PMID: 38397522 PMCID: PMC10887689 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is an important metalloenzyme in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). However, there has recently been a lack of comprehensive reviews on Camellia sinensis PPO. In this study, the methods for extracting PPO from Camellia sinensis, including acetone extraction, buffer extraction, and surfactant extraction, are compared in detail. The main purification methods for Camellia sinensis PPO, such as ammonium sulfate precipitation, three-phase partitioning, dialysis, ultrafiltration, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, and affinity chromatography, are summarized. PPOs from different sources of tea plants are characterized and systematically compared in terms of optimal pH, optimal temperature, molecular weight, substrate specificity, and activators and inhibitors. In addition, the applications of PPO in tea processing and the in vitro synthesis of theaflavins are outlined. In this review, detailed research regarding the extraction, purification, properties, and application of Camellia sinensis PPO is summarized to provide a reference for further research on PPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yongquan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Junfeng Yin
- National Engineering Research Center for Tea Processing, Hangzhou 310008, China
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6
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Li L, Chen Y, Dong S, Shen J, Cao S, Cui Q, Song Y, Ning J. Rapid and comprehensive grade evaluation of Keemun black tea using efficient multidimensional data fusion. Food Chem X 2023; 20:100924. [PMID: 38144790 PMCID: PMC10740040 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop a comprehensive evaluation method for Keemun black tea, we used micro-near-infrared spectroscopy, computer vision, and colorimetric sensor array to collect data. We used support vector machine, least-squares support vector machine (LS-SVM), extreme learning machine, and partial least squares discriminant analysis algorithms to qualitatively discriminate between different grades of tea. Our results indicated that the LS-SVM model with mid-level data fusion attained an accuracy of 98.57% in the testing set. To quantitatively determine flavour substances in black tea, we used support vector regression. The correlation coefficient for the predicted sets of gallic acid, caffeine, epigallocatechin, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin, gallocatechin gallate and total catechins were 0.84089, 0.94249, 0.94050, 0.83820, 0.81111, 0.82670, 0.93230, and 0.93608, respectively. Furthermore, all compounds exhibited residual predictive deviation values exceeding 2. Hence, combining spectral, shape, colour, and aroma data with mid-level data can provide a rapid and comprehensive assessment of Keemun black tea quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yurong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shuai Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jingfei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shuci Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qingqing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yan Song
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jingming Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
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7
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Zhang S, Wu S, Yu Q, Shan X, Chen L, Deng Y, Hua J, Zhu J, Zhou Q, Jiang Y, Yuan H, Li J. The influence of rolling pressure on the changes in non-volatile compounds and sensory quality of congou black tea: The combination of metabolomics, E-tongue, and chromatic differences analyses. Food Chem X 2023; 20:100989. [PMID: 38144743 PMCID: PMC10740076 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rolling represents an essential stage in congou black tea processing. However, the influence of rolling pressure on tea flavor and non-volatile compounds remains unclear. Herein, a combination of untargeted metabolomics, tea pigments quantification, E-tongue, colorimeter and sensory evaluation was used to evaluate the effect of rolling pressure on black tea quality. As the rolling pressure increased, theaflavins (TFs), thearubigins (TRs), and theabrownins (TBs) significantly elevated. The tea metabolic profiles fluctuated and 47 metabolites were identified as key differential metabolites including flavan-3-ols, flavonol/flavone glycosides, phenolic acids, amino acids. These substances altered possibly due to the variations in enzymatic oxidation of tea phenolics and amino acids. Overall, black tea with moderate rolling pressure presented higher sweetness, lower bitterness, and higher quality index (10 TFs + TRs)/TBs. The results were verified by a validation batch. This study provided new insights into the regulation of rolling pressure and a guidance for black tea processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- School of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Shimin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Qinyan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xujiang Shan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Le Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yuliang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jinjie Hua
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jiayi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yongwen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Haibo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
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8
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Yu Y, Zhu X, Ouyang W, Chen M, Jiang Y, Wang J, Hua J, Yuan H. Effects of electromagnetic roller-hot-air-steam triple-coupled fixation on reducing the bitterness and astringency and improving the flavor quality of green tea. Food Chem X 2023; 19:100844. [PMID: 37780241 PMCID: PMC10534162 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of fixation in determining green tea quality, its role in reducing the bitter and astringent taste of this beverage remains largely unknown. Herein, an electromagnetic roller-hot-air-steam triple-coupled fixation (ERHSF) device was developed, and its operating parameters were optimized (steam volume: 20 kg/h; hot-air temperature: 90 °C; hot-air blower speed: 1200 r/min). Compared with conventional fixation treated samples, the ratio of tea polyphenols to free amino acids and ester-catechins to simple-catechins in ERHSF-treated samples was reduced by 11.0% and 3.2%, reducing bitterness and astringency of green tea; amino acids, soluble sugars, and chlorophyll contents were significantly increased, enhancing the freshness, sweetness, and greenness; the color indexes, such as L/L* value of brightness and -a/-a* value of greenness, were also improved, and ERHSF-treated samples had the highest sensory scores. These results provided theoretical support and technical guidance for precise quality improvement of summer-autumn green tea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wen Ouyang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongwen Jiang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinjin Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinjie Hua
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haibo Yuan
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
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9
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Wang W, Le T, Wang W, Yu L, Yang L, Jiang H. Effects of Key Components on the Antioxidant Activity of Black Tea. Foods 2023; 12:3134. [PMID: 37628133 PMCID: PMC10453510 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Many components (such as tea polyphenols, catechins, theaflavins, theasinensins, thearubigins, flavonoids, gallic acid, etc.) in black tea have antioxidant activities. However, it is not clear which components have a greater influence on the antioxidant activity of black tea. In this study, the antioxidant activity and contents of tea polyphenols, catechins, theaflavins, thearubigins, theabrownins, TSA, total flavonoids, amino acids, caffeine, and total soluble sugar were analyzed in 51 black teas. Principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA), and the correlation analysis method were used for data analysis. The results showed that catechins in tea polyphenols were the most important components that determine the antioxidant activity of black tea. Among them, epicatechin gallate (ECG), epi-gallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin (EC), and epi-gallocatechin (EGC) were significantly positively correlated with the antioxidant activity of black tea, and theabrownin was negatively correlated with the antioxidant activity of black tea. Furthermore, this study analyzed the correlation between the changes in catechin and its oxidized polymers with antioxidant activity during black tea fermentation; it verified that catechins were significantly positively correlated with the antioxidant activity of black tea, and theabrownin showed a negative correlation. And the antioxidant activity of catechins and their oxidation products in vitro and their correlation in black tea processing were used as validation. This study provides a comparison method for comparing the antioxidant activity of black tea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Heyuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (W.W.); (T.L.); (W.W.); (L.Y.); (L.Y.)
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10
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Li M, Zhang Y, Chen C, Zhong S, Li M, Xu K, Zhu Y, Li P, You S, Jin S. Chemical and Quality Analysis of Beauty Tea Processed from Fresh Leaves of Tieguanyin Variety with Different Puncturing Degrees. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091737. [PMID: 37174277 PMCID: PMC10178084 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Beauty tea with special flavor can be affected by the degree of leafhopper puncturing. The present research adopted widely targeted metabolomics to analyze the characteristic metabolites of fresh tea leaves and beauty tea with different degrees of leafhopper puncturing. Low-puncturing beauty tea (LPBT) exhibited a superior quality. Altogether, 95 and 65 differential metabolites, including tea polyphenols, saccharides, and lipids, were identified from fresh leaves and beauty tea, respectively. The partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis results showed that isomaltulose, theaflavic acid, and ellagic acid, may be the characteristic metabolites that form the different taste outlines of beauty tea. Based on odor activity values (OAVs) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), dihydrolinalool and cis-linalool oxide were identified as characteristic volatile components, which may be essential for the formation of the different aroma characteristic of beauty tea. The results provide a theoretical basis for selecting raw materials, performing quality research, and developing beauty tea industrially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjin Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yunzhi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chunmei Chen
- Fujian Fengyuan Tea Industry Co., Ltd., Sanming 366100, China
| | - Sitong Zhong
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Minxuan Li
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Kai Xu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yanyu Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Pengchun Li
- Fujian Jiangshan Beauty Tea Co., Ltd., Sanming 366100, China
| | - Shijun You
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shan Jin
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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11
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Zhang S, Jiang X, Li C, Qiu L, Chen Y, Yu Z, Ni D. Effect of Fermentation Humidity on Quality of Congou Black Tea. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081726. [PMID: 37107521 PMCID: PMC10138149 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of different fermentation humidities (55%, 65%, 75%, 85% and 95%) on congou black tea quality and bioactivity. Fermentation humidity mainly affected the tea's appearance, aroma and taste quality. The tea fermented at low humidity (75% or below) showed a decrease in tightness, evenness and moistening degree, as well as a heavy grassy and greenish scent, plus a green, astringent and bitter taste. The tea fermented at a high humidity (85% or above) presented a sweet and pure aroma, as well as a mellow taste, plus an increase of sweetness and umami. With increasing fermentation humidity, the tea exhibited a drop in the content of flavones, tea polyphenols, catechins (EGCG, ECG) and theaflavins (TF, TF-3-G), contrasted by a rise in the content of soluble sugars, thearubigins and theabrownins, contributing to the development of a sweet and mellow taste. Additionally, the tea showed a gradual increase in the total amount of volatile compounds and in the content of alcohols, alkanes, alkenes, aldehydes, ketones and acids. Moreover, the tea fermented at a low humidity had stronger antioxidant activity against 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and a higher inhibiting capability on the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Overall results indicated the desirable fermentation humidity of congou black tea should be 85% or above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinfeng Jiang
- Jiangxi Sericulture and Tea Research Institute, Nanchang 330202, China
| | - Chen Li
- Jiangxi Sericulture and Tea Research Institute, Nanchang 330202, China
| | - Li Qiu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuqiong Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhi Yu
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dejiang Ni
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Wuhan 430070, China
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12
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An In Vitro Catalysis of Tea Polyphenols by Polyphenol Oxidase. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041722. [PMID: 36838710 PMCID: PMC9959171 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea polyphenol (TPs) oxidation caused by polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in manufacturing is responsible for the sensory characteristics and health function of fermented tea, therefore, this subject is rich in scientific and commercial interests. In this work, an in vitro catalysis of TPs in liquid nitrogen grinding of sun-dried green tea leaves by PPO was developed, and the changes in metabolites were analyzed by metabolomics. A total of 441 metabolites were identified in the catalyzed tea powder and control check samples, which were classified into 11 classes, including flavonoids (125 metabolites), phenolic acids (67 metabolites), and lipids (55 metabolites). The relative levels of 28 metabolites after catalysis were decreased significantly (variable importance in projection (VIP) > 1.0, p < 0.05, and fold change (FC) < 0.5)), while the relative levels of 45 metabolites, including theaflavin, theaflavin-3'-gallate, theaflavin-3-gallate, and theaflavin 3,3'-digallate were increased significantly (VIP > 1.0, p < 0.05, and FC > 2). The increase in theaflavins was associated with the polymerization of catechins catalyzed by PPO. This work provided an in vitro method for the study of the catalysis of enzymes in tea leaves.
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13
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Zhou Q, Dai Z, Song F, Li Z, Song C, Ling C. Monitoring black tea fermentation quality by intelligent sensors: Comparison of image, e-nose and data fusion. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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14
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Gao J, Wang Z, Chen D, Peng J, Xie D, Lin Z, Lin Z, Dai W. Metabolomic characterization of the chemical compositions of Dracocephalum rupestre Hance. Food Res Int 2022; 161:111871. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Jia WB, Zhao YQ, Liao SY, Li PW, Zou Y, Chen SX, Chen W, He CL, Du X, Zhu MZ, Xu W. Dynamic changes in the diversity and function of bacterial community during black tea processing. Food Res Int 2022; 161:111856. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Wu S, Yu Q, Shen S, Shan X, Hua J, Zhu J, Qiu J, Deng Y, Zhou Q, Jiang Y, Yuan H, Li J. Non-targeted metabolomics and electronic tongue analysis reveal the effect of rolling time on the sensory quality and nonvolatile metabolites of congou black tea. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Relationship between the Grade and the Characteristic Flavor of PCT (Panyong Congou Black Tea). Foods 2022; 11:foods11182815. [PMID: 36140943 PMCID: PMC9497606 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Panyong Congou black tea (PCT) is one of the most representative and historically famous Congou black teas in China and has been gaining more and more attention for its beneficial health properties. Currently, four grades of PCT are available, based on the raw leaf materials and consumer palatability. The chemical profiles distinguishing different grades of PCT are yet to be defined, nor has the relationship with grade been evaluated. In the present study, chemometric analysis showed that epigallocatechin (EGC), catechin (C), polyphenols, gallic acid (GA), and free amino acids are grade related bio-markers of PCT. These compounds are associated with the sweet and mellow aftertaste of PCT. A total of 34 volatile components were identified, of which the three component types with the highest relative percentages were alcohols (51.34–52.51%), ketones (27.31–30.28%), and aldehydes (12.70–13.18%). Additionally, our results revealed that sweet floral and fruity aromas were positively correlated with six volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 1-pentanol, propyl hexanoate, linalool, cyclohexanone, hexanal, and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine. Clear discrimination was achieved using orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The findings provide vital information on the characteristic flavor of each grade of PCT.
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Lu J, Cao Y, Pan Y, Mei S, Zhang G, Chu Q, Chen P. Sensory-Guided Identification and Characterization of Kokumi-Tasting Compounds in Green Tea ( Camellia sinensis L.). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27175677. [PMID: 36080442 PMCID: PMC9458127 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The chemical substances responsible for the kokumi taste of green tea infusion are still unclear. Here, we isolated the kokumi compound-containing fractions from green tea infusion through ultrafiltration, and the major kokumi compounds were characterized as γ-Glu-Gln and γ-Glu-Cys-Gly (GSH) through ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). The results indicated that peptides and amino acids were essential compounds in the kokumi-enriched fractions for conducting the sense of kokumi. L-theanine had an enhancing effect on the kokumi taste of green tea infusion, which was confirmed in the sensory reconstitution study. Thus, peptides, especially γ-Glu-Gln and GSH, are the major kokumi compounds in green tea infusion, which has the potential of improving the flavor of tea beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ping Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18857183162
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19
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Effect of Strobilanthes tonkinensis Lindau Addition on Black Tea Flavor Quality and Volatile Metabolite Content. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121678. [PMID: 35741875 PMCID: PMC9222377 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristic aroma of Chinese black tea (BT) produced in summer usually lacks intensity and persistence, reducing consumer acceptance and market demand. Strobilanthes tonkinensis Lindau (STL) possesses excellent biological characteristics, making it a promising novel tea ingredient. We investigated the effects of different addition methods and concentrations for the novel additive STL on the sensory quality of BT. A 20:1500 g/g addition to rolled tea leaves was identified as the best BT with STL (BoS) treatment. We identified 141 volatile metabolites (VMs) for the first time in STL, with high alcohol, ester, ketone, enyne, alkyne, and alkane contents. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis distinguished the samples and revealed 28, 26, and 14 differential VMs in STL vs. BoS, BT vs. STL, and BT vs. BoS comparisons, respectively. Using a combination of Venn, multiple experiment viewer, and odor activity value analysis, 16 key differential VMs were identified. Compared to BT, the 1-octen-3-ol, 1-hexanol, 1-dodecanol, (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, phenylethyl alcohol, and 2-methoxy-3-(2-methylpropyl)-pyrazine contents in BoS were 394.7%, 53.6%, 34.1%, 24.4%, 9.9%, and 5.7% higher, respectively. BoS combined the aromatic properties of BT and STL into a sweet and glutinous rice flavor. The results provide theoretical support for future research and development of novel BT-based products.
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Enzymatic treatment in black tea manufacturing processing: Impact on bioactive compounds, quality, and bioactivities of black tea. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Analysis of non-volatile and volatile metabolites reveals the influence of second-drying heat transfer methods on green tea quality. Food Chem X 2022; 14:100354. [PMID: 35693454 PMCID: PMC9184872 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Effect of second-drying heat-transfer modes on green tea quality was investigated. Microwave second-drying (MWSD) was the optimal method for green tea aroma and color. Seventeen non-volatile and eight volatile differential metabolites were identified. Nonanal, trans-β-ionone, linalool, and jasmone had highest content in MWSD. MWSD was beneficial to the retention of chlorophyll, theanine, and soluble sugars.
Second-drying is a key process of green tea manufacturing, however, hitherto the effect of second-drying methods on green tea quality has not been assessed. In this study, we compared the effect of three heat transfer drying methods (heat radiation, heat convection, and heat conduction) on green tea quality. Gas chromatography-tandem dual mass spectrometry was used to detect volatile compounds, while absolute quantitative methods were used to detect the non-volatile ones. We identified 45 non-volatile metabolites, 101 volatile metabolites, and 15 objective flavor indicators. Seventeen differential non-volatiles and 8 differential volatiles were screened. Microwave second-drying in heat radiation was the optimal method for green tea flavor, as it can promote the retention of chlorophyll, the degradation of flavonoid glycosides, and the enrichment of amino acids, soluble sugars, nonanal, trans-β-ionone, linalool, and jasmone. The results provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance for the precise and directional processing of high-quality green tea.
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22
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Xiao Y, He C, Chen Y, Ho CT, Wu X, Huang Y, Gao Y, Hou A, Li Z, Wang Y, Liu Z. UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS-based widely targeted metabolomic analysis reveals the effect of solid-state fermentation with Eurotium cristatum on the dynamic changes in the metabolite profile of dark tea. Food Chem 2022; 378:131999. [PMID: 35081481 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Eurotium cristatum is the predominant fungus and key contributor to the characteristics of post-fermented Fu brick tea (FBT) during manufacturing. In this study, the influence of solid-state fermentation (SSF) with E. cristatum on the chemical profile dynamic changes of dark tea was investigated. Results indicated that total phenolics, flavonoids, theaflavins, thearubigins, and galloyl catechins consistently decreased, degalloyl catechins and gallic acid increased in the initial stage of fermentation and decreased after long-term fermentation, and theabrownins continually increased. UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS-based widely targeted metabolomic analysis revealed that the metabolites of dark tea processed by SSF with E. cristatum were drastically different from the raw material. A total of 574 differential metabolites covering 11 subclasses were detected in the whole SSF of dark tea, and the most drastic changes occurred in the middle stage. Phenolic acids and flavonoids were the two major classes of differential metabolites. A series of reactions such as degradation, glycosylation, deglycosylation, methylation, and oxidative polymerization occurred during SSF. Overall, SSF with E. cristatum greatly influenced the metabolites of dark tea, which provided valuable insights that E. cristatum is critical in forming the chemical constituents of FBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Cheng He
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yulian Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Xing Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yuxin Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yao Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Aixiang Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zongjun Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Yuanliang Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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23
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Hua J, Wang H, Yuan H, Yin P, Wang J, Guo G, Jiang Y. New insights into the effect of fermentation temperature and duration on catechins conversion and formation of tea pigments and theasinensins in black tea. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:2750-2760. [PMID: 34719036 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phenol oxidative pathway during fermentation remains unclear. To elucidate the effect of fermentation on phenol conversion, we investigated the effects of fermentation temperature and duration on the conversion of catechins and the formation of theasinensins (TSs), theaflavins (TFs), thearubigins (TRs), and theabrownins (TBs). RESULTS During fermentation, TSs formation increased initially and then decreased. Long fermentation durations were unfavorable for liquor brightness (LB) and resulted in the production of large amounts of TRs and TBs. Low fermentation temperatures (20 °C and 25 °C) favored the maintenance of polyphenol oxidase activity and the continuous formation of TFs, TSs, and TRSI (a TRs fraction), resulting in better LB and liquor color. Higher temperatures (30 °C, 35 °C, and 40 °C) resulted in higher peroxidase activity, higher oxidative depletion rates of catechins, and excessive production of TRSII (a TRs fraction) and TBs. Analysis of the conversion pathway of polyphenolic compounds during fermentation showed that, during early fermentation, large amounts of catechins were oxidized and converted to TFs and theasinensin B. As fermentation progressed, considerable amounts of theaflavin-3'-gallate, theasinensin A, theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3,3'-digallate, and theasinensin C were produced and then converted to TRSI; in the final stage, TRSII and TBs were converted continuously. CONCLUSION Different fermentation temperature and duration combinations directly affected the type and composition of phenolic compounds. The key conditions for controlling phenolic compound conversion and fermentation direction were 60 or 90 min and 25 or 30 °C. Our study provides insights into the regulation of phenolic compound conversion during black tea fermentation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie Hua
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huajie Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Yuan
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Yin
- Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Comprehensive Utilization in South Henan, Xinyang, China
| | - Jinjin Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guiyi Guo
- Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Comprehensive Utilization in South Henan, Xinyang, China
| | - Yongwen Jiang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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24
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Wang H, Shen S, Wang J, Jiang Y, Li J, Yang Y, Hua J, Yuan H. Novel insight into the effect of fermentation time on quality of Yunnan Congou black tea. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Xue J, Liu P, Guo G, Wang W, Zhang J, Wang W, Le T, Yin J, Ni D, Jiang H. Profiling of dynamic changes in non-volatile metabolites of shaken black tea during the manufacturing process using targeted and non-targeted metabolomics analysis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.113010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Tea processing steps affect chemical compositions, enzyme activities, and antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities of coffee leaves. FOOD FRONTIERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Dong C, Yang C, Liu Z, Zhang R, Yan P, An T, Zhao Y, Li Y. Nondestructive Testing and Visualization of Catechin Content in Black Tea Fermentation Using Hyperspectral Imaging. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21238051. [PMID: 34884054 PMCID: PMC8659440 DOI: 10.3390/s21238051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Catechin is a major reactive substance involved in black tea fermentation. It has a determinant effect on the final quality and taste of made teas. In this study, we applied hyperspectral technology with the chemometrics method and used different pretreatment and variable filtering algorithms to reduce noise interference. After reduction of the spectral data dimensions by principal component analysis (PCA), an optimal prediction model for catechin content was constructed, followed by visual analysis of catechin content when fermenting leaves for different periods of time. The results showed that zero mean normalization (Z-score), multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), and standard normal variate (SNV) can effectively improve model accuracy; while the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA), the variable combination population analysis genetic algorithm (VCPA-GA), and variable combination population analysis iteratively retaining informative variables (VCPA-IRIV) can significantly reduce spectral data and enhance the calculation speed of the model. We found that nonlinear models performed better than linear ones. The prediction accuracy for the total amount of catechins and for epicatechin gallate (ECG) of the extreme learning machine (ELM), based on optimal variables, reached 0.989 and 0.994, respectively, and the prediction accuracy for EGC, C, EC, and EGCG of the content support vector regression (SVR) models reached 0.972, 0.993, 0.990, and 0.994, respectively. The optimal model offers accurate prediction, and visual analysis can determine the distribution of the catechin content when fermenting leaves for different fermentation periods. The findings provide significant reference material for intelligent digital assessment of black tea during processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwang Dong
- Tea Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (C.D.); (C.Y.); (Z.L.); (R.Z.); (P.Y.); (T.A.)
| | - Chongshan Yang
- Tea Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (C.D.); (C.Y.); (Z.L.); (R.Z.); (P.Y.); (T.A.)
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- Tea Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (C.D.); (C.Y.); (Z.L.); (R.Z.); (P.Y.); (T.A.)
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Rentian Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (C.D.); (C.Y.); (Z.L.); (R.Z.); (P.Y.); (T.A.)
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Tea Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (C.D.); (C.Y.); (Z.L.); (R.Z.); (P.Y.); (T.A.)
| | - Ting An
- Tea Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (C.D.); (C.Y.); (Z.L.); (R.Z.); (P.Y.); (T.A.)
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yang Li
- Tea Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (C.D.); (C.Y.); (Z.L.); (R.Z.); (P.Y.); (T.A.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
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28
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Chen D, Zhao Y, Peng J, Zhang Y, Gao J, Wu W, Xie D, Hu Z, Lin Z, Dai W. Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Four Novel N-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone-Substituted Theaflavins as Storage-Related Marker Compounds in Black Tea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14037-14047. [PMID: 34780189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tea market is currently oversupplied, and unsold tea often needs to be properly stored for a period of time. However, the chemical changes occurring in black tea during storage are limitedly understood. In this study, a comprehensive nontargeted and targeted metabolomics approach was used to investigate the dynamic changes in compounds in time-series (0-19 months)-stored black teas. The contents of flavanols, theaflavins (TFs), theasinensins, procyanidins, most phenolic acids, amino acids, quercetin-O-glycosides, and myricetin-O-glycosides decreased during storage, while the contents of N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone-substituted flavanols, flavone-C-glycosides, and most kaempferol-O-glycosides increased. More importantly, four novel compounds strongly positively correlated with storage duration (r = 0.922-0.969) were structurally assigned as N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone-substituted TFs and validated with synthetic reactions of TFs and theanine standards. The content of N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone-substituted TFs was 51.54 μg/g in black tea stored for 19 months. To the best of our knowledge, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone-substituted TFs were discovered in tea for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, P. R. China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Yanni Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Jiakun Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, P. R. China
| | - Jianjian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, P. R. China
| | - Wenliang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, P. R. China
- Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, P. R. China
| | - Dongchao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyan Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Dai
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, P. R. China
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29
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Wu X, Ozawa T, Li Y, Duan J, Zhu K, Huang J, Liu Z, Wang K. Effect of fermentation time and temperature on the of polyphenol compounds change of different Congou black tea. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China
- Hunan Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Science and Space Breeding Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changsha China
| | - Tetsuo Ozawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan
| | - Yinhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients Changsha China
- Co‐Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients Changsha China
| | - Jihua Duan
- Institute of Tea Research Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changsha China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China
| | - Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients Changsha China
- Co‐Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients Changsha China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients Changsha China
- Co‐Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients Changsha China
| | - Keqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China
- Hunan Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Science and Space Breeding Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changsha China
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30
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Wen M, Cui Y, Dong CX, Zhang L. Quantitative changes in monosaccharides of Keemun black tea and qualitative analysis of theaflavins-glucose adducts during processing. Food Res Int 2021; 148:110588. [PMID: 34507733 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Monosaccharides of Keemun black tea were quantitatively determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (PMP) pre-column derivatization. The methodology of developed analytical method was established with good linearity, recovery, repeatability and precision. The quantitative results showed that D-mannose, D-glucuronic acid, D-glucose, D-galactose and L-arabinose were detected in Keemun black tea samples. D-glucose was the predominant monosaccharide in black tea, and its concentration was continuously increased from fresh tea leaves to fermentation, but after drying its concentration was significantly decreased. Meanwhile, theaflavins' concentrations were obviously decreased after drying. When theaflavins were heated with D-glucose, the loss of theaflavins was increased. Correspondingly, theaflavins also prevented the caramelization of D-glucose and restored the loss of D-glucose during heating. Through the liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry some theaflavins glucose adducts were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yuqing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Cai-Xia Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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