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Vural C, Ettadili H. Biodegradation of phthalic acid and terephthalic acid by Comamonas testosteroni strains. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024:10.1007/s12223-024-01176-x. [PMID: 38809402 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-024-01176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Phthalic acid isomers are the monomers of phthalate molecules, also known as phthalic acid esters, widely employed in the plastics industry. This study aims to investigate the biodegradation of phthalic acid (PA) and terephthalic acid (TPA) by five industry-borne Comamonas testosteroni strains: 3APTOL, 3ABBK, 2B, 3A1, and C8. To assess the ability of C. testosteroni strains to biodegrade phthalic acid isomers in fermentation media, an analytical method was employed, consisting of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses. Subsequently, molecular screening of the genomic and plasmid DNA was conducted to identify the degradative genes responsible for the breakdown of these chemicals. The genes of interest, including ophA2, tphA2, tphA3, pmdA, and pmdB, were screened by real-time PCR. The five C. testosteroni strains effectively degraded 100% of 100 mg/L PA (p = 0.033) and TPA (p = 0.0114). Molecular analyses indicated that all C. testosteroni strains contained the pertinent genes at different levels within their genomes and plasmids, as reflected in the threshold cycle (Ct) values. Additionally, DNA temperature of melting (Tm) analyses uncovered minor differences between groups of genes in genomic and plasmid DNA. C. testosteroni strains could be excellent candidates for the removal of phthalic acid isomers from environmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caner Vural
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Pamukkale University, 20160, Denizli, Turkey.
| | - Hamza Ettadili
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Pamukkale University, 20160, Denizli, Turkey
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Alak G, Köktürk M, Atamanalp M. Evaluation of phthalate migration potential in vacuum-packed. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7944. [PMID: 38575598 PMCID: PMC10995151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54730-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the presence and migration of PAEs in packaging materials and consumer products has become a serious concern. Based on this concern, the aim of our study is to determine the possible migration potential and speed of PAEs in benthic fish stored in vacuum packaging, as well as to monitor the storage time and type as well as polyethylene (PE) polymer detection.As a result of the analysis performed by µ-Raman spectroscopy, 1 microplastic (MP) of 6 µm in size was determined on the 30th day of storage in whiting fish muscle and the polymer type was found to be Polyethylene (PE) (low density polyethylene: LDPE). Depending on the storage time of the packaging used in the vacuum packaging process, it has been determined that its chemical composition is affected by temperature and different types of polymers are formed. 10 types of PAEs were identified in the packaging material and stored flesh fish: DIBP, DBP, DPENP, DHEXP, BBP, DEHP, DCHP, DNOP, DINP and DDP. While the most dominant PAEs in the packaging material were determined as DEHP, the most dominant PAEs in fish meat were recorded as BBP and the lowest as DMP. The findings provide a motivating model for monitoring the presence and migration of PAEs in foods, while filling an important gap in maintaining a safe food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonca Alak
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Mine Köktürk
- Department of Organic Agriculture Management, Faculty of Applied Science, Igdir University, TR- 76000, Igdir, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Atamanalp
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey
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Kang J, Cho SY, Yoon S. Relationship between the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage and urine phthalate metabolites: the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3. Ann Occup Environ Med 2023; 35:e53. [PMID: 38274361 PMCID: PMC10808087 DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Plastics are high-molecular-weight materials composed of long carbon chains. They are prevalent in daily life, present in various items such as food containers and microwavable packaging. Phthalates, an additive used to enhance their flexibility, are endocrine-disrupting chemicals. We utilized the data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3, representing the general South Korean population, to investigate the relationship between the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage and phthalate exposure. Methods We assessed 3,333 adult participants (aged ≥ 19 years) including 1,526 men and 1,807 women, using data from KoNEHS cycle 3. Using the 75th percentile concentration, urine phthalate metabolites were categorized into high and low-concentration groups. χ2 test was conducted to analyze variations in the distribution of each variable, considering sociodemographic factors, health-related factors, food intake, the use of plastics, and the concentration of urine phthalate metabolites as the variables. To calculate odds ratios (ORs) for the high-concentration group of urine phthalate metabolites based on the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage, logistic regression analysis was conducted. Results In men, the use of plastics in refrigerator food storage had significantly higher adjusted ORs compared to those using the others. The adjusted ORs were calculated as follows: mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) had an OR of 1.35 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.72), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) had an OR of 1.48 (95% CI: 1.16-1.88), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) had an OR of 1.32 (95% CI: 1.04-1.66), ∑di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (∑DEHP) had an OR of 1.37 (95% CI: 1.08-1.74) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) had an OR of 1.44 (95% CI: 1.13-1.84). Conclusion The concentrations of urine phthalate metabolites (MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, ∑DEHP, and MnBP) were significantly higher in men who used plastics in refrigerator food storage compared to those using the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Kang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Gumi Hospital, Gumi, Korea
| | - Seong-yong Cho
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Gumi Hospital, Gumi, Korea
| | - Seongyong Yoon
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Gumi Hospital, Gumi, Korea
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Songue Same O, Nobosse P, Ngolong Ngea GL, Piveteau C, Lemdani M, Kamga R, Deprez B. Migration study of phthalates from non-food plastic containers used in food preservation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20002. [PMID: 37809712 PMCID: PMC10559742 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAE) are used as additives in the formulation of plastics, to increase their flexibility and transparency. They can migrate from plastic packaging to food, then cause endocrine disruption in consumers. This migration depends on the conditions of use defined for each plastic. Non-food plastics are likely to release more PAE than food-grade plastics. In Cameroon, non-food grade plastics such as old paint buckets are used by people to preserve liquid food. The present work aimed at studying the conditions and mechanism of migration of total PAE from paint buckets to pap. For this purpose, the effects of seven factors were determined through Plackett-Burman experimental design. The interactions of the most influential factors were determined through a full factorial design. The conditions of the migration of total PAE were obtained via face-centered composite design. Then experimental results of migration kinetics were modelled according to equations of pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intra-particle diffusion. The results revealed that the most influential factors were pH, temperature and contact time. The effects of these factors are non-linear, and their interactions have to be considered. When pap is preserved in paint buckets according to the conditions: temperature of pap >70 °C, pH of pap ≤4 or ≥10 and contact time > 2 h, as is the case in donut shops in Cameroon, the amount of total PAE released is greater than 50 μg/L. Migration of total PAE from paint buckets to pap is best described by the pseudo-second order model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Songue Same
- Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Physicochemical Section of Hygiene and Environment Department, PO Box 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- University of Ngaoundere, National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences, Department of Applied Chemistry, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
- University of Lille, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Nobosse
- University of Ngaoundere, National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Guillaume Legrand Ngolong Ngea
- Université de Douala à Yabassi, Institut des Sciences Halieutiques, Département de Trasformation et Contrôle de Qualité des Produits Halieutiques, P.O. Box 7236, Douala-Bassa, Cameroon
| | - Catherine Piveteau
- University of Lille, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Mohamed Lemdani
- University of Lille, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lab. Biomaths Metrics, 59006, Lille, France
| | - Richard Kamga
- University of Ngaoundere, National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences, Department of Applied Chemistry, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Benoit Deprez
- University of Lille, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, EGID, F-59000, Lille, France
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Qin Y, He S, Peng H, Ye X, Zhang H, Ding S. Dibutyl Phthalate Adsorbed on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Causes Fetal Developmental Toxicity in Balb/C Mice. TOXICS 2023; 11:565. [PMID: 37505531 PMCID: PMC10385951 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a carrier for dibutyl phthalate (DBP) could delay the degradation rate of DBP in mice and increase its estrogen-like interference effect. Pregnant Balb/C mice were divided into four groups and exposed to different treatments via tail-vein injection every 3 days until gestational day 20. The female and male mice were then sacrificed for toxicological study. The results showed that the combination of MWCNTs and DBP resulted in a higher fetal mortality rate than if the mice were exposed to MWCNTs or DBP alone. H&E staining showed that the estrous period of the exposed mice was delayed, the development of oocytes was blocked in the combination group, the number of spermatogenic cells decreased, and the quality of sperm decreased. Our experiment showed that the expression levels of the genes involved in sex hormone synthesis in the testis and ovaries were significantly increased after combined treatment compared with the MWCNT group (p < 0.01). The study suggests that DBP degradation is delayed when absorbed on MWCNTs, which increases its estrogen-like interference and interferes with fetal development, ultimately leading to increased fetal mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Suli He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Haiyan Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xin Ye
- Liquor Marking Biological Technology and Application of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Hongmao Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shumao Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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Duan Y, Xu Z, Liu Z. A multi-site recognition molecularly imprinted solid-phase microextraction fiber for selective enrichment of three cross-class environmental endocrine disruptors. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:1020-1028. [PMID: 36637004 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02156k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted solid-phase microextraction fibers with multi-site recognition were prepared for the simultaneous enrichment of three cross-class environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) in environmental water. The surface morphology of the multi-site recognition molecularly imprinted fibers was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and surface area and pore size analyzer. Under optimal extraction conditions, the molecularly imprinted fibers showed higher extraction capacity to bisphenol F, diethyl phthalate, and methyl paraben than non-imprinted polymer fibers and commercial fibers. Compared with commercial solid-phase microextraction fibers, the multi-site recognition molecularly imprinted fibers showed superior extraction performance at different concentrations of analytes. The selectivity study confirmed that the multi-site recognition molecularly imprinted solid-phase microextraction fibers were highly selective not only for specific template molecules but also for bisphenols, parabens, and phthalates. Furthermore, the method achieved a limit of detection of 0.003-0.02 μg L-1 for the three cross-class EEDs in environmental water samples with recoveries ranging from 75.76% to 112.69% and relative standard deviations below 11.46%. Thus, the novel MIP fibers with multi-site recognition prepared in this work have provided a promising approach in the field of specific adsorption and a strategy for the simultaneous and sensitive monitoring of multiple cross-class trace EEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Duan
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Zhimin Liu
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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Occurrence of phthalates and 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene in dry foods packed in cellulosic materials. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-022-01412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Isci G, Topdas EF, Dagdemir E, Genis HE. Risk assessment of oral exposure to phthalates from coffee samples marketed in Turkey. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Tang Z, Gong Z, Jia W, Shen W, Han Q, Fang F, Peng C. Occurrence and exposure risk assessment of phthalate esters in edible plant oils with a high-frequency import rate in west China. RSC Adv 2022; 12:7383-7390. [PMID: 35424693 PMCID: PMC8982168 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00578f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are ubiquitous pollutants in the environment with toxicological and epidemiological effects for humans. As one of the daily necessities, edible plant oil is an important exposure source of PAEs, due to the inevitable contact with PAE-containing materials and the intrinsic lipid solubility of PAEs. However, limited information is currently available on the exposure risk of PAEs in commercial plant oil. This study was aimed at investigating the occurrence and risk assessment of PAEs in plant oils with a high-frequency import rate in west China. The analysis method was referenced to the Chinese national standard for the determination of PAEs in food. Results indicated that PAEs (mainly including DBP and DEHP) were ubiquitous contaminants in imported plant oils with the detectable rate being up to 56.83% in 366 samples. The detected concentrations were in the range of 0.10–3.20 mg kg−1 (median 0.28 mg kg−1) for dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and 0.25–1.95 mg kg−1 (median 0.44 mg kg−1) for bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). Based on an integrated probabilistic analysis method, the values of non-carcinogenic risk were lower than 1 in all cases, indicating that there would be an unlikely incremental non-carcinogenic risk to humans. Generally, the carcinogenic risk of DEHP was lower than the upper acceptable carcinogenic risk level (<10−4), while 50.40% of the carcinogenic risk exceeded the lower acceptable carcinogenic risk level (>10−6). Besides, diverse health risks were obviously shown and discussed for different categories of plant oils. The obtained results in this study could provide valuable information to understand the contamination status and health risk of PAEs in plant oil and improve the relative supervision and regulation. And the proposed strategy suggests a potential application for health risk assessment of other contaminants in food or even environments. A strategy was proposed for the occurrence and exposure risk assessment of phthalate esters in edible plant oils, which revealed the diverse health risks for different categories of plant oils.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiguo Gong
- Urumqi Customs District P. R. China, Urumqi, China
| | - Wei Jia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenxuan Shen
- Urumqi Customs District P. R. China, Urumqi, China
| | - Qingrong Han
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Urumqi Customs District P. R. China, Urumqi, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Comparison of Two Extraction Procedures, SPE and DLLME, for Determining Plasticizer Residues in Hot Drinks at Vending Machines. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper would like to compare two extraction procedures for analyzing phthalates (PAEs) in hot drinks collected at vending machines, usually coffee and tea. The two analytical procedures are based on Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) using C18 cartridge and on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) assisted by ultrasound and vortex for improving the dispersion mechanically, with each followed by a routinary analytical method such as GC-FID. Seven phthalates (DMP, DEP, DiBP, DBP, DEHP, DOP, DDP) have been analyzed and determined. All the analytical parameters (i.e., recovery, limit of detection, limit of quantification, enrichment factors, repeatability, reproducibility) have been investigated and discussed, as has the matrix effect. The entire procedure has been applied to hot drink matrices, e.g., coffee, decaffeinated coffee, barley coffee, ginseng coffee and tea.
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