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Haider A, Iqbal SZ, Bhatti IA, Alim MB, Waseem M, Iqbal M, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Food authentication, current issues, analytical techniques, and future challenges: A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13360. [PMID: 38741454 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Food authentication and contamination are significant concerns, especially for consumers with unique nutritional, cultural, lifestyle, and religious needs. Food authenticity involves identifying food contamination for many purposes, such as adherence to religious beliefs, safeguarding health, and consuming sanitary and organic food products. This review article examines the issues related to food authentication and food fraud in recent periods. Furthermore, the development and innovations in analytical techniques employed to authenticate various food products are comprehensively focused. Food products derived from animals are susceptible to deceptive practices, which can undermine customer confidence and pose potential health hazards due to the transmission of diseases from animals to humans. Therefore, it is necessary to employ suitable and robust analytical techniques for complex and high-risk animal-derived goods, in which molecular biomarker-based (genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) techniques are covered. Various analytical methods have been employed to ascertain the geographical provenance of food items that exhibit rapid response times, low cost, nondestructiveness, and condensability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Haider
- Food Safety and Toxicology Lab, Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Zafar Iqbal
- Food Safety and Toxicology Lab, Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ahmad Bhatti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Waseem
- Food Safety and Toxicology Lab, Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Munawar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
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Kong L, Dong Y, Shu G, Feng Y, Zhu M. Multienzyme-Mediated Dual-Channel Magnetic Relaxation Switching Taste Biosensor (D-MRSTB) for Simultaneous Detection of Umami Compounds and Synergistic Enhancement in Food. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1820-1830. [PMID: 38604805 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Umami substances play a significant role in the evaluation of food quality, and their synergistic enhancement is of great importance in improving and intensifying food flavors and tastes. Current biosensors available for umami detection still confront challenges in simultaneous quantification of multiple umami substances and umami intensities. In this study, an innovative dual-channel magnetic relaxation switching taste biosensor (D-MRSTB) was developed for the quantitative detection of representative umami substances. The multienzyme signal of D-MRSTB specifically catalyzes the umami substances of interest to generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is then used to oxidate Fe2+ to Fe3+. Such a valence-state transition of paramagnetic ions was utilized as a magnetic relaxation signaling switch to influence the transverse magnetic relaxation time (T2) within the reaction milieu, thus achieving simultaneous detection of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP). The biosensor showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99) in the concentration range of 50-1000 and 10-1000 μmol/L, with limits of detection (LOD) of 0.61 and 0.09 μmol/L for MSG and IMP, respectively. Furthermore, the biosensor accurately characterized the synergistic effect of the mixed solution of IMP and MSG, where ΔT2 showed a good linear relationship with the equivalent umami concentration (EUC) of the mixed solution (R2 = 0.998). Moreover, the D-MRSTB successfully achieved the quantitative detection of umami compounds in real samples. This sensing technology provides a powerful tool for achieving the detection of synergistic enhancement among umami compounds and demonstrates its potential for application in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Kong
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yongzhen Dong
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116039, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116039, Liaoning, China
| | - Guoqiang Shu
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yaoze Feng
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
- Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
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Sánchez-García J, Muñoz-Pina S, García-Hernández J, Tárrega A, Heredia A, Andrés A. Protein digestibility and ACE inhibitory activity of fermented flours in older adults and standard gastrointestinal simulation. Food Res Int 2024; 180:114080. [PMID: 38395555 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Consumption of essential amino acids responsible for muscle protein synthesis is important in preventing sarcopenia among older individuals. This population may experience gastrointestinal disorders that inhibit protein digestibility, making it crucial to address. Therefore, solid-state fermentation (SSF) using Pleurotus ostreatus and air drying has been suggested as a means of improving the protein digestibility of lentils and quinoa. SSF combined with air drying at 70 °C resulted in a slight increase in protein hydrolysis compared to unfermented samples. SSF was found to boost the proportion of small peptides to 35 %. Following digestion, SSF and drying yielded bioactive peptides of 1400 and 450 Da, with a range of 11 % to 28 %, respectively, and peptides < 190 Da making up 60 % of the total. SSF promoted valine, leucine, and isoleucine generation; however, hot air drying reduced free amino acids due to the amino acid-reducing sugar bonding but was never lower than the initial content of its unfermented counterpart. Furthermore, SSF and drying at 70 °C improved the release of hydrophobic amino acids (>70 mg/g dry basis) and negatively charged amino acids (>20 mg/g dry basis) in lentils during digestion. The SSF samples exhibited lower angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, ≤35 %, compared to unfermented flours after digestion. However, the ACE inhibitory activity increased in SSF-dried samples, in part because of melanoidins generated during drying. Finally, lower values of protein digestibility and thus smaller peptides, amino acid profile, and ACE inhibitory activity of fermented flours were found in the older adult digestion model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Sánchez-García
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos - FoodUPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Muñoz-Pina
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos - FoodUPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jorge García-Hernández
- Centro Avanzado de Microbiología de Alimentos (CAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Tárrega
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Heredia
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos - FoodUPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Andrés
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos - FoodUPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Lee S, Kim E, Jo M, Choi YJ. Characterization of yeast protein isolates extracted via high-pressure homogenization and pH shift: A promising protein source enriched with essential amino acids and branched-chain amino acids. J Food Sci 2024; 89:900-912. [PMID: 38193157 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
In the global food industry, plant-based protein isolates are gaining prominence as an alternative to animal-based counterparts. However, their nutritional value often falters due to insufficient essential amino acids. To address this issue, our study introduces a sustainable protein isolate derived from yeast cells, achieved through high-pressure homogenization (HPH) and alkali pH-shifting treatment. Subjected to HPH pressures ranging from 60 to 120 MPa and 1 to 10 cycles, higher pressure and cycle numbers resulted in enhanced disruption of yeast cells. Combining HPH with alkali pH-shifting treatment significantly augmented protein extraction. Four cycles of HPH at 100 MPa yielded the optimized protein content, resulting in a yeast protein isolate (YPI) with 75.3 g protein per 100 g powder, including 30.0 g of essential amino acids and 18.4 g of branched-chain amino acids per 100 g protein. YPI exhibited superior water and oil-holding capacities compared to pea protein isolate, whey protein isolate (WPI), and soy protein isolate. Although YPI exhibited lower emulsifying ability than WPI, it excelled in stabilizing protein-stabilized emulsions. For foaming, YPI outperformed others in both foaming ability and stabilizing protein-based foam. In conclusion, YPI surpasses numerous plant-based protein alternatives in essential amino acids and branched-chain amino acids contents, positioning it as an excellent candidate for widespread utilization as a sustainable protein source in the food industry, owing to its exceptional nutritional advantages, as well as emulsifying and foaming properties. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study introduces a sustainable protein isolate derived from yeast cells. YPI exhibited considerable promise as a protein source. Nutritionally, YPI notably surpassed plant-based protein isolates in EAA and BCAA contents. Functionally, YPI demonstrated superior water-holding and oil-holding capacities, as well as an effective emulsion and foam stabilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyoon Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Gwanakgu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunghee Kim
- Smart Food Manufacturing Project Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongsu Jo
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Gwanakgu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Gwanakgu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Gwanakgu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanakgu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Xing M, Liu F, Lin J, Xu D, Zhong J, Xia F, Feng J, Shen G. Origin tracing and adulteration identification of bird's nest by high- and low-field NMR combined with pattern recognition. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113780. [PMID: 38129006 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Edible bird's nest (EBN) is a high-value health food with various nutrients and bioactive components. With increasing demand for EBN, they are often adulterated with cheaper ingredients or falsely labeled by the origin information, thus harming consumer interests. In this study, high- and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (HF/LF-NMR) technology combined with multivariate statistical analysis was used to identify the geographical marker of EBN from different origins and authenticate the adulterated EBN with various adulterants at different adulteration rates. Authentic EBN samples from Malaysia were used to simulate adulteration using gelatin (GL), agar (AG) and starch (ST) at 10 %, 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 %, and 100 % w/w, respectively. The results showed significant differences in composition among EBN from different origins, with isocaproate and citric acid serving as geographical markers for Malaysia and Vietnam, respectively. Leucine, glutamic acid, and N-acetylglycoprotein serving as geographical markers for Indonesia. In addition, PLS model further verified the accuracy of origin identification of EBN. The LF-NMR results of adulteration EBN showed a linear correlation between the transverse relaxation (T2, S2) and the adulterated ratio. The OPLS-DA based on T2 spectra could accurately identify authentic EBN from adulterated with GL, AG and ST at 40 %, 20 %, and 20 %, respectively. Fisher discrimination model was able to differentiate at 20 %, 20 %, and 40 %, respectively. These results show that the 1H NMR combined with multivariate statistical analysis method could be a potential tool for the detection of origin and adulteration of EBN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Xing
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Fengji Liu
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jianzhong Lin
- Technology Center of Xiamen Customs, Xiamen 361012, China
| | - Dunming Xu
- Technology Center of Xiamen Customs, Xiamen 361012, China
| | - Jinshui Zhong
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Feng Xia
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jianghua Feng
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Guiping Shen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Long W, Wang S, Hai C, Chen H, Gu HW, Yin XL, Yang J, Fu H. UHPLC-QTOF-MS-based untargeted metabolomics revealing the differential chemical constituents and its application on the geographical origins traceability of lily bulbs. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Nutritional Attributes and Phenolic Composition of Flower and Bud of Sophora japonica L. and Robinia pseudoacacia L. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248932. [PMID: 36558062 PMCID: PMC9782067 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sophora japonica L. (SJL) and Robinia pseudoacacia L. (RPL) are widely cultivated in China. However, the utilization of their main by-products are limited due to a lack of comprehensive nutritional attributes. Herein, the proximate composition, mineral elements, fatty acids, amino acids, monosaccharides, and phenolics were analyzed to investigate the nutritional attributes of SJL and RPL. Dietary fiber was the main ingredient in SJL and RPL, followed by protein and lipids. The content of Fe in SJL and RPL was highest, especially in flowers of SJL, reaching about 1179.51 mg/kg. The total unsaturated fatty acids accounted for 89.67% of the bud of SJL. Meanwhile, the essential amino acids contents of the flower and bud of SJL and RPL accounted for 35.95-40.59% of total amino acids. The flower of SJL (373.75 mg/g) exhibited the most abundant monosaccharides. Meanwhile, the total phenolics and flavonoid contents in the buds of SJL and RPL were significantly higher than that of the flower, implying the buds possessed better biological activity. Moreover, the bud of SJL possessed the most abundant phenolics. The results provided a reference for the development of functional food derived from SJL and RPL.
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Enzyme-free colorimetric detection of biothiols based on the photoinduced oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7731-7740. [PMID: 36040483 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Realizing the rapid and on-site detection of biothiols in complex biological and food samples using simple assays and devices remains a major challenge. In this study, biothiols containing sulfhydryl groups were found to be able to inhibit the photo-triggered oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). Based on the discovery, using the commercially available and low-cost TMB as the chromogenic substrate, an enzyme-free colorimetric approach was developed for the rapid determination of biothiols. The method does not involve the introduction of any natural enzymes, nanoenzymes, and external oxidants. The mechanisms of the photoinduced oxidation of TMB and the detection of biothiols were proposed. Furthermore, a smartphone-based portable device integrated with test strips was constructed by the 3D printing technique. This device can simultaneously meet the requirements of the photocatalytic oxidation reaction of TMB and the detection of biothiols. The entire process only takes less than 5 min. The successful detection of cysteine in urine and milk samples demonstrates the great potential of the device in the on-site assays.
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Wu WJ, Li LF, Cheng HY, Fung HY, Kong HY, Wong TL, Zhang QW, Liu M, Bao WR, Huo CY, Han QB. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Edible Bird's Nest Based on Peptide Markers by LC-QTOF-MS/MS. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092945. [PMID: 35566296 PMCID: PMC9104280 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible bird's nest (EBN) is an expensive health food. There are many adulterants in the market. It remains challenging to discriminate EBN from its adulterants due to a lack of high-specificity markers. Besides, the current markers are confined to soluble fraction of EBN. Here, both soluble and insoluble fractions were analyzed by LC-QTOF-MS/MS. A total of 26 high-specificity peptides that were specific to EBN were selected as qualitative authentication markers. Among them, 10 markers can discriminate EBN from common adulterants, 13 markers discriminate white EBN from grass EBN/common adulterants, and 3 markers discriminate grass EBN from white EBN/common adulterants. Three of them, which showed high signal abundance (Peak area ≥ 106) and satisfactory linearity (R2 ≥ 0.995) with EBN references, were selected as the assay marker; and their peptide sequences were confidently identified by searching database/de novo sequencing. Based on these markers, a qualitative and quantitative analytical method was successfully developed and well-validated in terms of linearity, precision, repeatability, and accuracy. The method was subsequently applied to detect EBN products on the market. The results indicated that more than half of EBN products were not consistent with what the merchants claimed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Li-Feng Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
- Hong Kong Authentication Centre of Valuable Chinese Medicines, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hui-Yuan Cheng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Hau-Yee Fung
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Hau-Yee Kong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Tin-Long Wong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Quan-Wei Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Man Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Wan-Rong Bao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Chu-Ying Huo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Quan-Bin Han
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
- Hong Kong Authentication Centre of Valuable Chinese Medicines, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-34112906; Fax: +852-34112461
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