Effect of sinapic acid on aripiprazole pharmacokinetics in rats: Possible food drug interaction

Investigating the effects of solvent polarity and temperature on the molecular, photophysical, and thermodynamic properties of sinapic acid using DFT and TDDFT

Sinapic acid (SA) is widely used in cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceuticals due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, and cardioprotective properties. However, environmental factors such as solvent polarity and temperature can influence its biological activity. This work determined how solvent polarity and temperature affected the molecular, photophysical, and thermodynamic properties of SA in gas and various solvents using semi-empirical (MP6), Hartree-Fock (HF) with the B3LYP method and a 6-311++G(d,p) basis set, and density functional theory (DFT) with various basis sets, such as 3TO-3G*, 3-21G+, 6-31G++G(d,p), 6-311++G(d,p), aug-CC-PVDZ, LanL2DZ, SDD, and DGD2VP. The results indicated that solvent polarity influences molecular and spectroscopic properties, such as bond angles, dihedral angles, bond lengths, FTIR spectra, solvation energy, dipole moments, HOMO-LUMO band gaps, chemical reactivity, and thermodynamic properties, resulting from interactions between the drug and solvent molecules. The findings suggested that increasing the temperature within the range of 100 to 1000 Kelvin leads to an increase in heat capacity, enthalpy, and entropy due to molecular vibrations, ultimately causing degradation and instability in SA. Furthermore, the results showed that SA underwent a redshift in the absorption peak (from 320.18 to 356.26 nm) and a shift in the fluorescence peak (from 381 to 429 nm) in the solvent phase compared to those in the gas phase. Overall, this study provides background knowledge on how solvent polarity and temperature affect the properties of SA molecules.

Impact of Sinapic Acid on Bovine Serum Albumin Thermal Stability

The thermal stability of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in Tris buffer, as well as the effect of sinapic acid (SA) on protein conformation were investigated via calorimetric (differential scanning microcalorimetry-μDSC), spectroscopic (dynamic light scattering-DLS; circular dichroism-CD), and molecular docking approaches. μDSC data revealed both the denaturation (endotherm) and aggregation (exotherm) of the protein, demonstrating the dual effect of SA on protein thermal stability. With an increase in ligand concentration, (i) protein denaturation shifts to a higher temperature (indicating native form stabilization), while (ii) the aggregation process shifts to a lower temperature (indicating enhanced reactivity of the denatured form). The stabilization effect of SA on the native structure of the protein was supported by CD results. High temperature (338 K) incubation induced protein unfolding and aggregation, and increasing the concentration of SA altered the size distribution of the protein population, as DLS measurements demonstrated. Complementary information offered by molecular docking allowed for the assessment of the ligand binding within the Sudlow's site I of the protein. The deeper insight into the SA-BSA interaction offered by the present study may serve in the clarification of ligand pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, thus opening paths for future research and therapeutic applications.

Herb-drug interaction: Effect of sinapic acid on the pharmacokinetics of dasatinib in rats

Dasatinib (DAS) is a narrow therapeutic index drug and novel oral multitarget inhibitor of tyrosine kinase and approved for the first-line therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosome (Ph + ) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). DAS, a known potent substrate of cytochrome (CYP) 3A, P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and is subject to auto-induction. The dietary supplementation of sinapic acid (SA) or concomitant use of SA containing herbs/foods may alter the pharmacokinetics as well as pharmacodynamics of DAS, that may probably lead to potential interactions. Protein expression in rat hepatic and intestinal tissues, as well as the in vivo pharmacokinetics of DAS and the roles of CYP3 A2 and drug transporters Pgp-MDR1 and BCPR/ABCG2, suggested a likely interaction mechanism. The single dose of DAS (25 mg/kg) was given orally to rats with or without SA pretreatment (20 mg/kg p.o. per day for 7 days, n = 6). The plasma concentration of DAS was estimated by using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The in vivo pharmacokinetics and protein expression study demonstrate that SA pretreatment has potential to alter the DAS pharmacokinetics. The increase in Cmax, AUC and AUMC proposes increase in bioavailability and rate of absorption via modulation of CYP3 A2, PgP-MDR1 and BCPR/ABCG2 protein expression. Thus, the concomitant use of SA alone or with DAS may cause serious life-threatening drug interactions.

Micropipette-guided Drug Administration (MDA) as a non-invasive chronic oral administration method in male rats

BACKGROUND

In preclinical studies resorting to rodents, the effects of prolonged oral intake of active substances are difficult to evaluate. Indeed, to get closer to clinical reality, oral gavage (OG) is frequently used but the repetition of administrations induces risks of lesions of the digestive tract, and stress for animals which can compromise the quality of the results.

NEW METHOD

This study describes the development of a non-invasive oral administration method in male Sprague Dawley rats, as a safe alternative of OG, more faithful to clinical reality and limiting biases in pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics interpretation. Micropipette-guided Drug Administration (MDA) is based on the administration by micropipette of a sufficiently palatable vehicle for the animals to voluntarily take its contents.

RESULTS

MDA was not demonstrated as less stressful than OG. A pharmacokinetics equivalence between MDA and OG was demonstrated for pregabalin administration but not for aripiprazole. Despite the use of a sweet vehicle, the MDA method does not result in weight gain or significant elevation of blood glucose and fructosamines level. Regarding the time needed to administrate the solution, the MDA method is significantly faster than OG.

COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S)

Contrastingly to procedures using food or water, this method allows for a rigorous control of the time and dose administered and is delivered in discrete administration windows which is therefore closer to the clinical reality. This method appears particularly suitable for pharmacological evaluation of hydrophilic compounds.

CONCLUSIONS

The MDA procedure represents a respectful and adapted pharmacological administration method to study the effects of chronic oral administration in rats.

Cytochrome P450 3A2 and PGP-MDR1-Mediated Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Sinapic Acid with Ibrutinib in Rats: Potential Food/Herb–Drug Interaction

Ibrutinib (IBR) metabolism (primarily by CYP3A enzyme) is the main route of excretion for IBR, which could lead to drug–drug/herb–drug interactions with herbal medicines, nutritional supplements, and other foods. Sinapic acid (SA) is a bioactive phytonutrient that is used as a dietary supplement to treat a variety of illnesses. Pharmacokinetic interactions may occur when IBR interacts with SA, which influences the pharmacokinetic processes such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Therefore, it is obligatory to investigate the safety apprehensions of such parallel usage and to evaluate the possible impact of SA on the pharmacokinetics of IBR and propose a possible interaction mechanism in an animal model. The IBR concentration in plasma samples was determined using a validated UHPLC-MS/MS method after administration of a single oral dosage of IBR (50 mg/kg) in rats with or without SA pretreatment (40 mg/kg p.o. each day for 7 days, n = 6). The co-administration of IBR with SA displayed significant increases in Cmax ~18.77%, AUC0–T ~28.07%, MRT ~16.87%, and Kel ~24.76%, and a significant decrease in the volume of distribution Vz/F_obs ~37.66%, the rate of clearance (Cl/F) ~21.81%, and T½ ~20.43%, respectively, were observed as compared to rats that were administered IBR alone, which may result in increased bioavailability of IBR. The metabolism of IBR in the liver and intestines is significantly inhibited when SA is given, which may lead to an increase in the absorption rate of IBR. These findings need to be investigated further before they can be used in clinical practice.

Sinapic acid ameliorates cardiac dysfunction and cardiomyopathy by modulating NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways in streptozocin induced diabetic rats

Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia-arbitrated mitochondrial oxidative insult is key reason for cardiac dysfunction and cardiomyopathy. Sinapic acid (SA) is a hydroxycinnamic acid (a polyphenolic acid) present in multiple plants and possesses several pharmacological activities. In this study, we examined the cardio protective effects of SA on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced cardiac insults. STZ and both STZ induced diabetes and normal control rats were administered with 20 and 40 mg/kg SA for 12 weeks. STZ rats demonstrated hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Additionally, STZ administered rats exhibited various histological changes in the cardiac muscles and significantly enhanced CK-MB and LDH. The significant enhancement of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic markers, and the capacity to curb oxidative stress was significantly abridged in the STZ induced diabetic heart. Chronic treatment with SA (20-40 mg/kg) ameliorated the increased level of glucose, lipid, and cardiac function markers and curtailed histological changes in the cardiac muscles. Chronic treatment also repressed inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis thereby and restoring antioxidant defenses in the myocardium of STZ induced diabetic rats. STZ induced cardiac dysfunction and cardiomyopathy by promoting inflammation and oxidative stress. Sinapic acid ameliorates cardiac dysfunction and cardiomyopathy via improvement of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Thus, SA possesses possible therapeutic value for the prevention of diabetic cardiac dysfunction and cardiomyopathy via the NRF2/HO-1 and NF-κB pathways.

Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Cilostazol with Metoclopramide after Oral Administration in Human

BACKGROUND

Metoclopramide is mainly metabolized by CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP2C19, and CYP1A2 enzymes, while cilostazol is also metabolized by CYP3A4, CYP2C19, and CYP1A2 enzymes.

AIM

This study evaluates the effect of cilostazol on the pharmacokinetics of oral metoclopramide.

METHODS

This was a randomized, two-phase cross-over pharmacokinetic study separated by a 4-week wash-out time period, 12 healthy non-smoking volunteers received metoclopramide 20 mg as a single oral dose and after 4 weeks, cilostazol 100 mg twice daily for 4 days then with metoclopramide 20 mg on test day. Serial blood samples were analyzed by using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet method to determine maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax), time to reach (Tmax), and area under the curve (AUC0-∞) of metoclopramide.

RESULTS

Cilostazol increased the mean Cmax, AUC0-∞ and half-life (T1/2) of metoclopramide by 6%, 27% and by 0.79 %, respectively. In addition, Tmax of metoclopramide was delayed by cilostazol.

CONCLUSION

The results showed delayed Tmax of metoclopramide by cilostazol, which could lead to the conclusion that cilostazol affects the absorption of metoclopramide. Both drugs when necessary to administer together must not be administered at the same time especially when given in gastroparesis patients.

Evaluation of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS) for Poorly Water-Soluble Talinolol: Preparation, in vitro and in vivo Assessment

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo performance of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDSs) of talinolol (TAL), a poorly water-soluble drug.

Methods

Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems of TAL were prepared using various oils, non-ionic surfactants and/or water-soluble co-solvents and assessed visually/by droplet size measurement. Equilibrium solubility of TAL in the anhydrous and diluted SNEDDS was conducted to achieve the maximum drug loading. The in vitro dissolution experiments and human red blood cells (RBCs) toxicity test, ex vivo gut permeation studies, and bioavailability of SNEDDS in rats were studied to compare the representative formulations with marketed product Cordanum^® 50 mg and raw drug.

Results

The results from the characterization and solubility studies showed that SNEDDS formulations were stable with lower droplet sizes and higher TAL solubility. From the dissolution studies, it was found that the developed SNEDDS provided significantly higher rate of TAL release (>97% in 2.0 h) compared to raw TAL and marketed product Cordanum^®. The RBC lysis test suggested negligible toxicity of the formulation to the cells. The ex vivo permeability assessment and in vivo pharmacokinetics study of a selected SNEDDS formulation (F6) showed about four-fold increase in permeability and 1.58-fold enhanced oral bioavailability of TAL in comparison to pure drug, respectively.

Conclusion

Talinolol loaded SNEDDS formulations could be a potential oral pharmaceutical product with high drug-loading capacity, improved drug dissolution, increased gut permeation, reduced/no human RBC toxicity, and enhanced oral bioavailability.