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Toyama Y, Fujita Y, Toshima S, Hirano T, Yamasaki M, Kunitake H. Comparison of Proanthocyanidin Content in Rabbiteye Blueberry ( Vaccinium virgatum Aiton) Leaves and the Promotion of Apoptosis against HL-60 Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells Using 'Kunisato 35 Gou' Leaf Extract. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:948. [PMID: 36840296 PMCID: PMC9962561 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol-rich rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum Aiton) leaves have attracted attention as a food material. In this study, we compared the total polyphenols, total proanthocyanidin content, and antioxidant activity of the leaves of 18 blueberry varieties and investigated the seasonal variation in polyphenols. We also evaluated the anti-cancer cell proliferation properties of the rabbiteye blueberry leaf specific cultivar 'Kunisato 35 Gou'. Rabbiteye blueberry leaves had significantly higher total polyphenol and total proanthocyanidin values than northern highbush blueberry and southern highbush blueberry leaves. The antioxidant activity of blueberry leaves was highly positively correlated with both the total polyphenol and total proanthocyanidin content. Variations were observed in the total polyphenol and total proanthocyanidin content of rabbiteye blueberry leaves harvested at different points in the growing season; leaves collected in fall to winter contained more epicatechin in addition to proanthocyanidins. In the evaluation of anti-cancer cell proliferation properties against HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells, the September-harvested extracts of rabbiteye blueberry 'Kunisato 35 Gou' showed strong properties, and the use of an FITC Annexin V apoptosis detection kit with propidium iodide confirmed that this HL-60 cell death occurred via apoptosis. Limiting the harvest time would make rabbiteye blueberry leaves a more functional food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Toyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoko Fujita
- Michimoto Foods Products Co., Ltd., 1667 Kou Tano-cho, Miyazaki 889-1701, Japan
| | - Saki Toshima
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadainishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Tomonari Hirano
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masao Yamasaki
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hisato Kunitake
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Ichikawa T, Sugamoto K, Matsuura Y, Kunitake H, Shimoda K, Morishita K. Inhibition of ATL cell proliferation by polymerized proanthocyanidin from blueberry leaves through JAK proteolysis. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:1406-1416. [PMID: 35100463 PMCID: PMC8990289 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the proanthocyanidin (PAC) fraction of blueberry leaf extract (BB-PAC) inhibits the proliferation of human T lymphotropic retrovirus (HTLV-1)-infected adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) by inducing apoptosis. In the present study, we further analyzed the structure of BB-PAC and elucidated the molecular mechanism underlying the inhibitory function of HTLV-1 infected and ATL cells. After hot water extraction with fractionation with methanol-acetone, BB-PAC was found to be concentrated in fractions 4 to 7 (Fr 7). The strongest inhibition of ATL cell growth was observed with Fr7, which contained the highest BB-PAC polymerization degree of 14. The basic structure of BB-PAC is mainly B-type bonds, with A-type bonds (7.1%) and cinchonain I units as the terminal unit (6.1%). The molecular mechanism of cytotoxicity observed around Fr7 against ATL cells was the degradation of JAK1 to 3 and the dephosphorylation of STAT3/5, which occurs by proteasome-dependent proteolysis, confirming that PAC directly binds to HSP90. JAK degradation was caused by proteasome-dependent proteolysis, and we identified the direct binding of PAC to HSP90. In addition, the binding of cochaperone ATPase homolog 1 (AHA1) to HSP90, which is required for activation of the cofactor HSP90, was inhibited by BB-PAC treatment. Therefore, BB-PAC inhibited the formation of the HSP90/AHA1 complex and promoted the degradation of JAK protein due to HSP90 dysfunction. These results suggest that the highly polymerized PAC component from blueberry leaves has great potential as a preventive and therapeutic agent against HTLV-1 infected and ATL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonaga Ichikawa
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sugamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Matsuura
- Miyazaki Prefectural Food Research and Development Center, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hisato Kunitake
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.,Director of Center for Collaborative Research & Community Cooperation, University of Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimoda
- Division of Hematology, Diabetes, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Morishita
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.,Project for Advanced Medical Research and Development, Project Research Division, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Vaccinium virgatum Aiton Leaves Extract Suppressed Lipid Accumulation and Uric Acid Production in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122638. [PMID: 34961109 PMCID: PMC8705443 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum Aiton; Kinisato 35 Gou) leaves have recently attracted increasing attention as a useful material for the prevention of lifestyle diseases. Here, we examined the effects of the hot water extract of blueberry leaves (BLEx) on lipogenesis and uric acid production in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The results showed that BLEx suppressed lipid accumulation and the mRNA expression of differentiation markers in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. A fractionation study showed that the highly polymerized proanthocyanidin-rich fraction was responsible for this effect. Upon maturation to adipocytes, 3T3-L1 cells produced uric acid and tumor necrosis factor-α, and hypoxia stimulated the production of uric acid and xanthine oxidoreductase activity. BLEx suppressed the production of uric acid under these conditions. Although BLEx inhibited the enzymatic activity of xanthine oxidase, this activity was observed in several fractions containing catechin, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and low molecular weight proanthocyanidins. Taken together, these results indicate that BLEx contains various compounds with the ability to suppress lipid accumulation and uric acid production in adipocytes.
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Chai Z, Tian L, Yu H, Zhang L, Zeng Q, Wu H, Yan Z, Li D, Hutabarat RP, Huang W. Comparison on chemical compositions and antioxidant capacities of the green, oolong, and red tea from blueberry leaves. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:1688-1699. [PMID: 32180976 PMCID: PMC7063381 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blueberry leaves, by‐products of the blueberry industry, could be explored as source of functional foods, such as teas. Three different types of tea, including nonfermented green tea, semifermented oolong tea, and fully fermented red tea from blueberry leaves, were investigated on their chemical compositions and antioxidant capacities here. The contents of individual amino acids in three types varied, while the total amounts retained constant. A total of 167 volatiles were detected with alcohols, alkenes, and aldehydes as the dominant. More volatiles produced in the fermented teas. The total phenolic/flavonoid contents were highest in the green tea and decreased significantly in the oolong and red teas, correlating inversely with the fermentation degree. The highest levels of representative phenolics, that is, phenolic acids and flavonol glycosides, contributed to the strongest antioxidant capacity in the green tea. These indicated that blueberry leaves provided promising and prospective potential to develop new teas beneficial for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chai
- Institute of Agro-Product Processing Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing PR China
| | - Liangliang Tian
- Institute of Botany Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing PR China
| | - Hong Yu
- Institute of Botany Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing PR China
| | - Liangcong Zhang
- Institute of Agro-Product Processing Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing PR China.,Institute of Translational Medicine & Medical College Yangzhou University Yangzhou PR China
| | - Qilong Zeng
- Institute of Botany Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing PR China
| | - Han Wu
- Institute of Agro-Product Processing Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing PR China
| | - Zheng Yan
- Institute of Agro-Product Processing Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing PR China
| | - Dajing Li
- Institute of Agro-Product Processing Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing PR China
| | - Ruth Paulina Hutabarat
- Institute of Agro-Product Processing Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing PR China
| | - Wuyang Huang
- Institute of Agro-Product Processing Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing PR China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang PR China
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Yang L, Ma S, Han Y, Wang Y, Guo Y, Weng Q, Xu M. Walnut Polyphenol Extract Attenuates Immunotoxicity Induced by 4-Pentylphenol and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol in Murine Splenic Lymphocyte. Nutrients 2016; 8:E287. [PMID: 27187455 PMCID: PMC4882700 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
4-pentylphenol (PP) and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (PNMC), two important components of vehicle emissions, have been shown to confer toxicity in splenocytes. Certain natural products, such as those derived from walnuts, exhibit a range of antioxidative, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we investigated the effects of walnut polyphenol extract (WPE) on immunotoxicity induced by PP and PNMC in murine splenic lymphocytes. Treatment with WPE was shown to significantly enhance proliferation of splenocytes exposed to PP or PNMC, characterized by increases in the percentages of splenic T lymphocytes (CD3+ T cells) and T cell subsets (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells), as well as the production of T cell-related cytokines and granzymes (interleukin-2, interleukin-4, and granzyme-B) in cells exposed to PP or PNMC. These effects were associated with a decrease in oxidative stress, as evidenced by changes in OH, SOD, GSH-Px, and MDA levels. The total phenolic content of WPE was 34,800 ± 200 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g, consisting of at least 16 unique phenols, including ellagitannins, quercetin, valoneic acid dilactone, and gallic acid. Taken together, these results suggest that walnut polyphenols significantly attenuated PP and PNMC-mediated immunotoxicity and improved immune function by inhibiting oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubing Yang
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Sihui Ma
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yu Han
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yan Guo
- College of Basic Medicine, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Qiang Weng
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Meiyu Xu
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Wang LJ, Wu J, Wang HX, Li SS, Zheng XC, Du H, Xu YJ, Wang LS. Composition of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in the leaves of blueberry cultivars. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Fu C, Yang X, Lai S, Liu C, Huang S, Yang H. Structure, antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activities of longan pericarp proanthocyanidins. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Cilla A, Attanzio A, Barberá R, Tesoriere L, Livrea MA. Anti-proliferative effect of main dietary phytosterols and β-cryptoxanthin alone or combined in human colon cancer Caco-2 cells through cytosolic Ca+2 – and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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