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Ugbaja SC, Lawal IA, Abubakar BH, Mushebenge AG, Lawal MM, Kumalo HM. Allostery Inhibition of BACE1 by Psychotic and Meroterpenoid Drugs in Alzheimer's Disease Therapy. Molecules 2022; 27:4372. [PMID: 35889246 PMCID: PMC9320338 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In over a century since its discovery, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has continued to be a global health concern due to its incurable nature and overwhelming increase among older people. In this paper, we give an overview of the efforts of researchers towards identifying potent BACE1 exosite-binding antibodies and allosteric inhibitors. Herein, we apply computer-aided drug design (CADD) methods to unravel the interactions of some proposed psychotic and meroterpenoid BACE1 allosteric site inhibitors. This study is aimed at validating the allosteric potentials of these selected compounds targeted at BACE1 inhibition. Molecular docking, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, and post-MD analyses are carried out on these selected compounds, which have been experimentally proven to exhibit allosteric inhibition on BACE1. The SwissDock software enabled us to identify more than five druggable pockets on the BACE1 structural surface using docking. Besides the active site region, a melatonin derivative (compound 1) previously proposed as a BACE1 allostery inhibitor showed appreciable stability at eight different subsites on BACE1. Refinement with molecular dynamic (MD) simulations shows that the identified non-catalytic sites are potential allostery sites for compound 1. The allostery and binding mechanism of the selected potent inhibitors show that the smaller the molecule, the easier the attachment to several enzyme regions. This finding hereby establishes that most of these selected compounds failed to exhibit strong allosteric binding with BACE1 except for compound 1. We hereby suggest that further studies and additional identification/validation of other BACE1 allosteric compounds be done. Furthermore, this additional allosteric site investigation will help in reducing the associated challenges with designing BACE1 inhibitors while exploring the opportunities in the design of allosteric BACE1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C. Ugbaja
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (A.G.M.); (M.M.L.)
| | - Isiaka A. Lawal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied and Computer Science, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa;
| | - Bahijjahtu H. Abubakar
- The Renewable Energy Programme, Federal Ministry of Environment, Aguiyi Ironsi St, Maitama, Abuja 904101, Nigeria;
| | - Aganze G. Mushebenge
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (A.G.M.); (M.M.L.)
| | - Monsurat M. Lawal
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (A.G.M.); (M.M.L.)
| | - Hezekiel M. Kumalo
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (A.G.M.); (M.M.L.)
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Rang Y, Liu H, Liu C. Potential for non-starch polysaccharides in the prevention and remediation of cognitive impairment: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:182-195. [PMID: 35301004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) are food ingredients proven to be beneficial in a large number of health issues. However, there is no literature systematic review about the effects and corresponding mechanisms of NSPs on the prevention and remediation of cognitive impairment. In this review, studies on prevention and remediation of NSPs for cognitive deficit caused by diseases, menopause, ageing, chronic stress and environmental pollutants were summarized and the corresponding mechanisms were established. The anti-cognitive deficit effects of NSPs were associated with the modulation of amyloid β (Aβ) deposition, p-Tau aggregation, oxidative stress, inflammation, neuron apoptosis, neurogenesis, neurotransmitters, synaptic plasticity, autophagy and gut microbiota. Although the structure-function relationship has not been elucidated, several structural properties of NSPs such as molecular weight, sulfate content, hydroxyl group content, monosaccharide composition and molecular chain linkage might be crucial for the anti-cognitive deficit property. Notably, this review revealed that NSPs had a positive effect on cognitive impairment and proposed the future perspectives for further research on the anti-cognitive dysfunction effects of NSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Rang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Ugbaja S, Lawal I, Kumalo H, Lawal M. Alzheimer's Disease and β-Secretase Inhibition: An Update With a Focus on Computer-Aided Inhibitor Design. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:266-285. [PMID: 34370634 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210809100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an intensifying neurodegenerative illness due to its irreversible nature. Identification of β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme1 (BACE1) has been a significant medicinal focus towards AD treatment, and this has opened ground for several investigations. Despite the numerous works in this direction, no BACE1 inhibitor has made it to the final approval stage as an anti-AD drug. METHOD We provide an introductory background of the subject with a general overview of the pathogenesis of AD. The review features BACE1 inhibitor design and development with a focus on some clinical trials and discontinued drugs. Using the topical keywords BACE1, inhibitor design, and computational/theoretical study in the Web of Science and Scopus database, we retrieved over 49 relevant articles. The search years are from 2010 and 2020, with analysis conducted from May 2020 to March 2021. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Researchers have employed computational methodologies to unravel potential BACE1 inhibitors with a significant outcome. The most used computer-aided approach in BACE1 inhibitor design and binding/interaction studies are pharmacophore development, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), virtual screening, docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. These methods, plus more advanced ones including quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) and QM, have proven substantial in the computational framework for BACE1 inhibitor design. Computational chemists have embraced the incorporation of in vitro assay to provide insight into the inhibition performance of identified molecules with potential inhibition towards BACE1. Significant IC50 values up to 50 nM, better than clinical trial compounds, are available in the literature. CONCLUSION The continuous failure of potent BACE1 inhibitors at clinical trials is attracting many queries prompting researchers to investigate newer concepts necessary for effective inhibitor design. The considered properties for efficient BACE1 inhibitor design seem enormous and require thorough scrutiny. Lately, researchers noticed that besides appreciable binding affinity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation, BACE1 inhibitor must show low or no affinity for permeability-glycoprotein. Computational modeling methods have profound applications in drug discovery strategy. With the volume of recent in silico studies on BACE1 inhibition, the prospect of identifying potent molecules that would reach the approved level is feasible. Investigators should try pushing many of the identified BACE1 compounds with significant anti-AD properties to preclinical and clinical trial stages. We also advise computational research on allosteric inhibitor design, exosite modeling, and multisite inhibition of BACE1. These alternatives might be a solution to BACE1 drug discovery in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ugbaja
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Isiaka Lawal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied and Computer Science, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Boulevard, 1900, Vanderbijlpark, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hezekiel Kumalo
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Monsurat Lawal
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, Saudi Arabia
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Ugbaja SC, Lawal M, Kumalo H. An Overview of β-Amyloid Cleaving Enzyme 1 (Bace1) in Alzheimer's Disease Therapy Elucidating its Exosite-Binding Antibody and Allosteric Inhibitor. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:114-135. [PMID: 34102967 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210608145357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over decades of its identification, numerous past and ongoing researches have focused on the therapeutic roles of β-amyloid cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) as a target in treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the initial BACE1 inhibitors at phase-3 clinical trials tremendously reduced β-amyloid-associated plaques in patients with AD, the researchers eventually discontinued the tests due to the lack of potency. This discontinuation has resulted in limited drug development and discovery targeted at BACE1, despite the high demand for dementia and AD therapies. It is, therefore, imperative to describe the detailed underlying biological basis of the BACE1 therapeutic option in neurological diseases. Herein, we highlight BACE1 bioactivity, genetic properties, and role in neurodegenerative therapy. We review research contributions to BACE1 exosite-binding antibody and allosteric inhibitor development as AD therapies. The review also covers BACE1 biological function, the disease-associated mechanisms, and the enzyme conditions for amyloid precursor protein sites splitting. Based on the present review, we suggest further studies on anti-BACE1 exosite antibodies and BACE1 allosteric inhibitors. Non-active site inhibition might be the way forward to BACE1 therapy in Alzheimer's neurological disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Ugbaja
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Monsurat Lawal
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Hezekiel Kumalo
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
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Youn K, Lee S, Jun M. Gamma-linolenic acid ameliorates Aβ-induced neuroinflammation through NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Ramasamy T, Sundaramoorthy P, Ruttala HB, Choi Y, Shin WH, Jeong JH, Ku SK, Choi HG, Kim HM, Yong CS, Kim JO. Polyunsaturated fatty acid-based targeted nanotherapeutics to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of docetaxel. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:1262-1272. [PMID: 28891336 PMCID: PMC8241009 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1373163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since breast cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies, targeted strategies are urgently needed. In this study, we report the enhanced therapeutic efficacy of docetaxel (DTX) when combined with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for effective treatment of multi-resistant breast cancers. Folic acid (FA)-conjugated PUFA-based lipid nanoparticles (FA-PLN/DTX) was developed. The physicochemical properties, in vitro uptake, in vitro cytotoxicity, and in vivo anticancer activity of FA-PLN/DTX were evaluated. FA-PLN/DTX could efficiently target and treat human breast tumor xenografts in vivo. They showed high payload carrying capacity with controlled release characteristics and selective endocytic uptake in folate receptor-overexpressing MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. PUFA synergistically improved the anticancer efficacy of DTX in both tested cancer cell lines by inducing a G2/M phase arrest and cell apoptosis. Combination of PUFA and DTX remarkably downregulated the expression levels of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic markers, and blocked the phosphorylation of AKT signaling pathways. Compared to DTX alone, FA-PLN/DTX showed superior antitumor efficacy, with no signs of toxic effects in cancer xenograft animal models. We propose that PUFA could improve the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer agents in cancer therapy. Further studies are necessary to fully understand these findings and achieve clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiruganesh Ramasamy
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pasupathi Sundaramoorthy
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies & Cellular Therapy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Yongjoo Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Hyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Heon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Mook Kim
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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Zhang Y, Yang X, Jin G, Yang X, Zhang Y. Polysaccharides from Pleurotus ostreatus alleviate cognitive impairment in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:935-941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Youn K, Park JH, Lee J, Jeong WS, Ho CT, Jun M. The Identification of Biochanin A as a Potent and Selective β-Site App-Cleaving Enzyme 1 (Bace1) Inhibitor. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8100637. [PMID: 27754406 PMCID: PMC5084024 DOI: 10.3390/nu8100637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the enzyme involved in the abnormal production of the amyloidogenic peptide Aβ, one of the major causes of histological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Thus, BACE1 represents a key target protein in the development of new potential target for the prevention and treatment of AD. In this study, in vitro anti-AD activity of biochanin A, a dietary isoflavone found in legumes and most notably red clover, were evaluated via human recombinant BACE1 inhibition assay, as well as enzyme kinetic and molecular docking predictions. Enzyme-based assays revealed that biochanin A exhibited a non-competitive inhibitory effect on BACE1 with an IC50 value of 28 μM and a Ki of 43 μM. In addition, docking simulation results demonstrated that ASN37, SER35, SER36, TRP76, and ARG128 residues of BACE1 interacted with biochanin A. Moreover, the binding energy of biochanin A was negative (−8.4 kcal/mol), indicating that it might potentiate a strong binding between the compound and the allosteric site of BACE1, resulting in further effective BACE1 inhibition. The present novel findings raise the possibility that biochanin A may be used as a preventative, developed into a therapeutic agent for AD, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumju Youn
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea.
| | - Ji-Hyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea.
| | - Jinhyuk Lee
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Sciences and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, Korea.
| | - Woo-Sik Jeong
- Department of Food & Life Science, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea.
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Mira Jun
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea.
- Institute of Convergence Bio-Health (ICBH), Dong-A University, 32, Daeshingongwon-Ro, Seo-Gu, Busan 602-715, Korea.
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The antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina: an overview. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:1817-40. [PMID: 27259333 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spirulina is a species of filamentous cyanobacteria that has long been used as a food supplement. In particular, Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima are the most important. Thanks to a high protein and vitamin content, Spirulina is used as a nutraceutical food supplement, although its other potential health benefits have attracted much attention. Oxidative stress and dysfunctional immunity cause many diseases in humans, including atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and hypertension. Thus, the antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of these microalgae may play an important role in human health. Here, we discuss the antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina in both animals and humans, along with the underlying mechanisms. In addition, its commercial and regulatory status in different countries is discussed as well. Spirulina activates cellular antioxidant enzymes, inhibits lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, scavenges free radicals, and increases the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Notably, there appears to be a threshold level above which Spirulina will taper off the antioxidant activity. Clinical trials show that Spirulina prevents skeletal muscle damage under conditions of exercise-induced oxidative stress and can stimulate the production of antibodies and up- or downregulate the expression of cytokine-encoding genes to induce immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory responses. The molecular mechanism(s) by which Spirulina induces these activities is unclear, but phycocyanin and β-carotene are important molecules. Moreover, Spirulina effectively regulates the ERK1/2, JNK, p38, and IκB pathways. This review provides new insight into the potential therapeutic applications of Spirulina and may provide new ideas for future studies.
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Youn K, Lee J, Ho CT, Jun M. Discovery of polymethoxyflavones from black ginger ( Kaempferia parviflora ) as potential β-secretase (BACE1) inhibitors. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Kim H, Youn K, Yun EY, Hwang JS, Jeong WS, Ho CT, Jun M. Oleic acid ameliorates Aβ-induced inflammation by downregulation of COX-2 and iNOS via NFκB signaling pathway. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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